881 Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 16.

882 Phil. Trans., vol. ii. p. 872.

883 Wood's Zoography, vol. i. p. 11.

884 On the authority of Mr. Campbell. Library of Entert. Know., Menageries. vol. i. p. 152.

885 Cuvier's Animal Kingdom by Griffiths, vol. ii. p. 109. Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Menageries, vol. i. p. 366.

886 Horsfield, Zoological Researches in Java, No. ii., from which the figure is taken.

887 Append. to Parry's Second Voyage, years 1819-20.

888 Account of the Arctic Regions, vol. i. p. 518.

889 Turton in a note to Goldsmith's Nat. Hist., vol. iii. p. 43.

890 Supplement to Parry's First Voyage of Discovery, p. 189.

891 Goldman's American Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 22.

892 Dr. Richardson, Brit. Assoc. Report, vol. v. p. 161.

893 System of Geography, vol. v. p. 157.

894 Spix and Martius, Reise, &c., vol. iii. pp. 1011. 1013.

895 Sir W. Parish's Buenos Ayres, p. 187., and Robertson's Letters on Paraguay, p. 220.

896 United Service Journal, No. xxiv. p. 697.

897 Krantz, vol. i. p. 129., cited by Goldsmith, Nat. Hist., vol. iii. p. 260.

898 Darwin's Journal, &c., p. 461.

899 Prichard, vol. i. p. 47.

900 Bewick's Birds, vol. ii. p. 294., who cites Latham.

901 Pisa, 1827 (not sold).

902 Bachman, Silliman's Amer. Journ., No. 61, p. 92.

903 Voyage aux Régions Equinoxiales, tome vii. p. 429.

904 Fleming, Phil. Zool., vol. ii. p. 43.

905 Silliman's Amer. Journ., No. 61. p. 83.

906 Richardson, Brit. Assoc. Rep., vol. v. p. 202.

907 Brit. Animals, p. 149., who cites Sibbald.

908 Zool. Journ. vol iii. p. 406. Dec. 1827.

909 Sur les Habitations des Animaux Marins.—Ann. du Mus., tome. xv., cited by Prichard, Phys. Hist. of Mankind, vol. i. p. 51.

910 Brit. Assoc. Reports, vol. v. p. 203.

911 Report to the Brit. Assoc., 1845, p. 192.

912 Richardson, ibid. p. 190.

913 Sir J. Richardson, ibid. p. 190.

914 Phil. Trans. 1747, p. 395.

915 Amœn. Acad., Essay 75.

916 Report to the Brit Assoc. 1843, p. 130.

917 Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc., 1846, vol. ii. p. 268.

918 Four individuals of a large species of land shell (Bulimus), from Valparaiso, were brought to England by Lieutenant Graves, who accompanied Captain King in his expedition to the Straits of Magellan. They had been packed up in a box, and enveloped in cotton: two for a space of thirteen, one for seventeen, and a fourth for upwards of twenty months: but, on being exposed by Mr. Broderip to the warmth of a fire in London, and provided with tepid water and leaves, they revived, and lived for several months in Mr. Loddiges' palm-house, till accidentally drowned.

919 Camb. Phil. Trans., vol. iv. 1831.

920 Edin. New Phil. Journ., April 1844

921 Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 303.

922 The specimen is preserved in the Museum of the Zool. Soc. of London.

923 This specimen is in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip, who observes, that this crab, which was apparently in perfect health, could not have cast her shell for six years, whereas some naturalists have stated that the species moults annually, without limiting the moulting period to the early stages of the growth of the animal.

924 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 336.

925 Voy. aux Terres Australes, tom. i. p. 492.

926 Géographie Générale des Insectes et des Arachnides. Mém. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., tom. iii.

927 Kirby and Spence, vol. iv. p. 487; and other authors.

928 Kirby and Spence, vol. iv. p. 497.

929 Washington Irving's Tour in the Prairies, ch. ix.

930 Malte-Brun, vol. v. p. 379.

931 Kirby and Spence, vol. ii. p. 9. 1817.

932 Kirby and Spence, vol. ii. p. 12. 1817.

933 I am indebted to Lieutenant Graves, R.N., for this information.

934 I state this fact on the authority of my friend, Mr. John Curtis.

935 Brand's Select Dissert. from the Amœn. Acad., vol. i. p. 118.

936 Ibid.

937 Sir H. Davy, Consolations in Travel, p. 74.

938 W. von Humboldt, "On the Kawi Language," &c. cited in Cosmos. Introduction.

939 Egypten's Stelle, &c. Egypt restored to her Place in Universal History, by C. C. J. Bunsen. 1845.

940 For Grecian and Asiatic deluges, see above, p. 356.; Cimbrian, p. 331., Chinese, p. 7. Peruvian, p. 502.; Chilian or Araucanian deluge, p. 500.

941 See p. 615.

942 Malte-Brun's Geography, vol. iii. p. 419.

943 Chamisso states that the water which they brought up was cooler, and in their opinion, less salt. It is difficult to conceive its being fresher near the bottom, except where submarine springs may happen to rise.

944 Kotzebue's Voyage, 1815-1818. Quarterly Review, vol. xxvi. p. 361.

945 Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific, &c., in the years 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, p. 170.

946 Gloger, Abänd. der Vögel, p. 103.; Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., tom. ii. p. 197.

947 Syst. of Geog., vol. viii. p. 169.

948 De terrâ habitabili incremento; also Prichard, Phys. Hist, of Mankind, vol. i. p. 17., where the hypotheses of different naturalists are enumerated.

949 Necker, Phytozool. Philosoph. p. 21.; Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap., tome i. p. 229.

950 Amœn. Acad. vol. vi. p. 17. § 12.

951 Ibid. vol. vii. p. 409.

952 Amœn. Acad., vol. vi. p. 17. § 11, 12.

953 Kirby and Spence, vol. i. p. 178.

954 Amœn. Acad., vol. vi. p. 26. § 14.

955 Kirby and Spence, vol. iv. p. 218.

956 Kirby and Spence, vol. i. p. 250.

957 Wilcke, Amœn. Acad. c. ii.

958 Kirby and Spence, vol. i. p. 174.

959 Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. vi.

960 Lib. Ent. Know., Insect Trans., p. 203. See Haworth, Lep.

961 Reaumur, ii. 337.

962 Lib. Ent. Know., Insect Trans., p. 212.

963 Kirby and Spence, vol. i. p. 183. Castle, Phil. Trans., xxx. 346.

964 Travels in Africa, p. 257. Kirby and Spence, vol. i. p. 215.

965 Journal of a Residence in Iceland, p. 276.

966 Tour in Iceland, vol. i. p. 64, 2nd edit.

967 Travels in Brazil, vol. i. p. 260.

968 Ed. Phil. Journ., No. xxii p. 287. Oct. 1824.

969 Ray. Syn. Quad., p. 214.

970 Fleming, Ed. Phil. Journ., No. xxii. p. 295.

971 Fleming, ibid., p. 292.

972 Vol. iii. London, 1821.

973 Land Birds, vol. i. p. 316. ed. 1821.

974 Some have complained that inscriptions on tomb-stones convey no general information, except that individuals were born and died, accidents which must happen alike to all men. But the death of a species is so remarkable an event in natural history that it deserves commemoration, and it is with no small interest that we learn, from the archives of the University of Oxford, the exact day and year when the remains of the last specimen of the dodo, which had been permitted to rot in the Ashmolean Museum, were cast away. The relics, we are told, were "a musæo subducta, annuente vice-cancellario aliisque curatoribus, ad ea lustranda convocatis, die Januarii 8vo, A.D. 1755." Zool. Journ. No. 12. p. 559. 1828.

975 Penny Cyclopædia, "Dodo." 1837.

976 Messrs. Strickland and Melville on "the Dodo and its Kindred." London, 1848.

977 Pers. Nar. vol. iv.

978 Quarterly Review, vol. xxi. p. 335.

979 Ibid.

980 Ulloa's Voyage. Wood's Zoog. vol. i. p. 9.

981 Buffon, vol. v. p. 100. Ulloa's Voyage, vol. ii. p. 220.

982 Travels in Iceland in 1810, p. 342.

983 Maclaren, art. America, Encyc. Brit.

984 See a note on this subject, chap. x. p. 157.

985 See above, p. 317.

986 Darwin's Journal, p. 156., 2d ed. p. 133. Sir W. Parish, Buenos Ayres, &c. p. 371. and 151.

987 See above, chap. vii. p. 112.

988 See above, chaps. vi. vii. and viii.

989 Journ. of Nat. Hist. &c. 2d edit., 1845, p. 175; also Lyell's 2d Visit to the United States, vol. i. p. 351.

990 This and the preceding chapter, on the causes of extinction of species and their present geographical distribution, are reprinted almost verbatim from the original edition of the second volume of "The Principles," published in January, 1832. It was I believe the first attempt to point out how former changes in the geography and local climate of many parts of the globe must be taken into account when we endeavor to explain the actual provinces of plants and animals, the changes alluded to having been proved by geological evidence to be subsequent to the creation of a great proportion of the species now living, and these having been, according to the view which I advocated, introduced in succession, and not all at one geological epoch. In my third volume, published in May, 1833, I announced my conviction that the greater part of the existing Fauna and Flora of Sicily were older than the mountains, plains, and rivers, which the same species of animals and plants now inhabit. (Prin. of Geol., vol. iii. ch. ix.; repeated in Elements of Geol., 2d edit., vol. i. p. 297.) This line of reasoning has since been ably followed up and elucidated by Professor E. Forbes in an excellent paper (published in 1846) already alluded to. (See page 86.)

991 Essai Elémentaire, &c. p. 46.

992 Geog. des Plantes. Diet. des Sci.

993 See Catalogue of Brit. Insects, by John Curtis, Esq.

994 See some good remarks on the Formation of Soils, Bakewell's Geology, chap. xviii.

995 See Professor Sedgwick's Anniversary Address to the Geological Society, Feb. 1831, p. 24.

996 Treatise on Rivers and Torrents, p. 5. Garston's translation.

997 De la Beche, Geol. Man., p. 184., 1st ed.

998 Phil. Trans., vol. ii. p. 294.

999 Maclaren, art. America, Encyc. Britannica.

1000 Maclaren, art. America, Encyc. Britannica, where the position of the American forests, in accordance with this theory, is laid down in a map.

1001 Annuaire du Bureau des Long. 1834.

1002 Since this was written I have seen in New Brunswick (1852) a lake formed by beavers who had thrown a dam, consisting of stakes, stones, and mud, across the course of a small streamlet, between Dorchester and the Portage south of the Peticodiac river. The beavers have since been extirpated by man, but the lake remains, and musk rats have taken possession of the shallow parts of the lake to build their habitations in them.

1003 For a catalogue of plants which form peat, see Rev. Dr. Rennie's Essays on Peat, p. 171; and Dr. MacCulloch's Western Isles, vol. i. p. 129.

1004 Irish Bog Reports, p. 209.

1005 System of Geology, vol. ii. p. 353.

1006 Rev. Dr. Rennie on Peat, p. 260.

1007 Darwin's Journal, p. 349.; 2d ed. p. 287.

1008 Rennie's Essays on Peat, p. 65.

1009 Ibid. p. 30.

1010 Essays on Peat, &c., p. 74.

1011 See above, p. 388, note.

1012 Ehrenberg, Taylor's Scientific Mem. vol. i. part iii. p. 402.

1013 Dr. Rennie, on Peat, p. 521; where several other instances are referred to.

1014 Phil. Trans., vol. xxxviii. 1734.

1015 Dr. Rennie, on Peat, &c., p. 521.

1016 Syst. of Geol. vol. ii. pp. 340-346.

1017 Ibid. p. 531.

1018 Phil. Trans. vol. xv. p. 949.

1019 Gilpin, Observ. on Picturesque Beauty, &c., 1772.

1020 Travels, &c., in 1841, 1842, vol. i. p. 143.

1021 Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii. p. 26.

1022 Dr. Rennie, Essays on Peat Moss, p. 205.

1023 M. G. A. De Luc, Mercure de France, Sept. 1809.

1024 See p. 262.

1025 Stratton, Ed. Phil. Journ., No. v. p. 62.

1026 Travels in North Africa in the Years 1818, 1819, and 1820, p. 83.

1027 Mém. de l'Acad. des Sci. de Paris, 1772. See also the case of the buried church of Eccles, above, p. 306.

1028 Phil. Trans., vol. ii. p. 722.

1029 Boase on Submersion of Part of the Mount's Bay, &c., Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, vol. ii. p. 140.

1030 Narrative of Journey from Agra to Oujein, Asiatic Researches, vol. vi. p. 36.

1031 Asiatic Journal, vol. ix. p. 35.

1032 See above, p. 460.

1033 Sir J. Malcolm's Central India. Appendix, No. 2. p. 324.

1034 Sir T. D. Lauder, Bart., on Floods in Morayshire, Aug. 1839, p. 177.

1035 Dodsley's Ann. Regist., 1788.

1036 Edwards, Hist. of West Indies, vol. i. p. 235, ed. 1801.

1037 Journ. of Asiat. Soc., Nos. xxv. and xxix., 1834.

1038 Ann. des Sci. Nat. tom. xxii. p. 117, Feb. 1831.

1039 Malte-Brun's Geog., vol. i. p. 435.

1040 Bakewell, Travels in the Tarentaise, vol. i. p. 201.

1041 Nahum Ward, Trans. of Antiq. Soc. of Massachusetts. Holmes's United States, p. 438.

1042 Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii. p. 329.

1043 See above, p. 240.

1044 See remarks by M. Boblaye, Ann. des Mines, 3me série, tom. iv.

1045 Ann. des Mines, 3me série, tom. iv., 1833.