[45] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ 1828, p. 53.

[46] Ibid., 1830, p. 597.

[47] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 617.

[48] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1844, p. 589.

[49] ‘Phytologist,’ vol. iv. p. 299.

[50] ‘Gardener’s Chron.,’ 1856, p. 531.

[51] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 97.

[52] ‘Gardener’s Chron.,’ 1856, p. 531.

[53] Alph. De Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.’ p. 886.

[54] Thompson, in Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 911.

[55] ‘Catalogue of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 1842, p. 105.

[56] Dr. A. Targioni-Tozzetti, ‘Journal Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 167. Alph. de Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 885.

[57] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 554. See also Carrière, ‘Description et Class. des Variétés de Pêchers.’

[58] Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 907.

[59] M. Carrière, in ‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1865, p. 1154.

[60] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. p. 332. See also ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1865, p. 271 to same effect. Also ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254.

[61] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 512.

[62] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Sept. 8th, 1853 p. 188.

[63] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 412.

[64] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1857, p. 216.

[65] ‘Journal of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ii. 283.

[66] Alph. de Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 879.

[67] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.’ (2nd series), vol. i. 1835, p. 56. See also ‘Cat. of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 3rd edit. 1842.

[68] Downing, ‘The Fruits of America,’ 1845, p. 157: with respect to the Alberge apricot in France See p. 153.

[69] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 364.

[70] ‘Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,’ vol. i. 1841, p. 295.

[71] See an excellent discussion on this subject in Hewett C. Watson’s ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. iv. p. 80.

[72] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1865, p. 27.

[73] ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 94. On the parentage of our plums see also Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 878. Also Targioni-Tozzetti, ‘Journal Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 164. Also Babington ‘Manual of Brit. Botany,’ 1851, p. 87.

[74] ‘Fruits of America,’ pp. 276, 278, 284, 310, 314. Mr. Rivers raised (‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1863, p. 27) from the Prune-pêche, which bears large, round, red plums on stout, robust shoots, a seedling which bears oval, smaller fruit on shoots that are so slender as to be almost pendulous.

[75] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1855, p. 726.

[76] Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees,’ p. 278.

[77] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 27. Sageret, in his ‘Pomologie Phys.,’ p. 346, enumerates five kinds which can be propagated in France by seed: see also Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees of America,’ pp. 305, 312, etc.

[78] Compare Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 877; Bentham and Targioni-Tozzetti, in ‘Hort. Journal,’ vol. ix. p. 163; Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 92.

[79] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. 1824, p. 295.

[80] Ibid., second series, vol. i. 1835, p. 248.

[81] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 138.

[82] These several statements are taken from the four following works, which may, I believe, be trusted: Thompson, in ‘Hort. Transact.,’ see above; Sageret’s ‘Pomologie Phys.,’ 1830, pp. 358, 364, 367, 379; ‘Catalogue of the Fruit in the Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 1842, pp. 57, 60; Downing, ‘The Fruits of America,’ 1845, pp. 189, 195, 200.

[83] Mr. Lowe states in his ‘Flora of Madeira’ (quoted in ‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1862, p. 215) that the P. malus, with its nearly sessile fruit, ranges farther south than the long-stalked P. acerba, which is entirely absent in Madeira, the Canaries, and apparently in Portugal. This fact supports the belief that these two forms deserve to be called species. But the characters separating them are of slight importance, and of a kind known to vary in other cultivated fruit-trees.

[84] See ‘Journ. of Hort. Tour, by Deputation of the Caledonian Hort. Soc.,’ 1823, p. 459.

[85] H. C. Watson, ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. i. p. 334.

[86] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. vi., 1830, p. 83.

[87] See ‘Catalogue of Fruit in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ 1842, and Downing’s ‘American Fruit Trees.’

[88] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. iv., 1828, p. 112.

[89] ‘The Culture of the Apple,’ p. 43. Van Mons makes the same remark on the pear, ‘Arbres Fruitiers,’ tom. ii., 1836, p. 414.

[90] Lindley’s ‘Horticulture,’ p. 116. See also Knight on the Apple-Tree, in ‘Transact. of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi., p. 229.

[91] Transact. Hort. Soc.’ vol. i. 1812, p. 120.

[92] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ March 13th, 1866, p. 194.

[93] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 68. For Knight’s case see vol. vi. p. 547. When the coccus first appeared in this country it is said (vol. ii. p. 163) that it was more injurious to crab-stocks than to the apples grafted on them. The Majetin apple has been found equally free of the coccus at Melbourne in Australia (‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1871, p. 1065). The wood of this tree has been there analysed, and it is said (but the fact seems a strange one) that its ash contained over 50 per cent of lime, while that of the crab exhibited not quite 23 per cent. In Tasmania Mr. Wade (‘Transact. New Zealand Institute,’ vol. iv. 1871, p. 431) raised seedlings of the Siberian Bitter Sweet for stocks, and he found barely one per cent of them attacked by the coccus. Riley shows (‘Fifth Report on Insects of Missouri,’ 1873, p. 87) that in the United States some varieties of apples are highly attractive to the coccus and others very little so. Turning to a very different pest, namely, the caterpillar of a moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), Walsh affirms (‘The American Entomologist,’ April, 1869, p. 160) that the maiden-blush “is entirely exempt from apple-worms.” So, it is said, are some few other varieties; whereas others are “peculiarly subject to the attacks of this little pest.”

[94] ‘Mém. de La Soc. Linn. de Paris,’ tom. iii. 1825, p. 164; and Seringe ‘Bulletin Bot.’ 1830, p. 117.

[95] Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849, p. 24.

[96] R. Thompson, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, p. 788.

[97] Sageret ‘Pomologie Physiologique,’ 1830, p. 263. Downing’s ‘Fruit Trees,’ pp. 130, 134, 139, etc. Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.’ vol. viii. p. 317. Alexis Jordan, ‘De l’Origine des diverses Variétés,’ in ‘Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. de Lyon,’ tom. ii. 1852, pp. 95, 114. ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, pp. 774, 788.

[98] ‘Comptes Rendus,’ July 6th, 1863.

[99] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1856, p. 804; 1857, p. 820; 1862, p. 1195.

[100] Most of the largest cultivated strawberries are the descendants of F. grandiflora or chiloensis, and I have seen no account of these forms in their wild state. Methuen’s Scarlet (Downing, ‘Fruits,’ p. 527) has “immense fruit of the largest size,” and belongs to the section descended from F. virginiana; and the fruit of this species, as I hear from Prof. A. Gray, is only a little larger than that of F. vesca, or our common wood-strawberry.

[101] ‘Le Fraisier,’ par le Comte L. de Lambertye, 1864, p. 50.

[102] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. 1820, p. 207.

[103] See an account by Prof. Decaisne, and by others in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 335, and 1858, p. 172; and Mr. Barnet’s paper in ‘Hort. Soc. Transact.,’ vol. vi. 1826, p. 170.

[104] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. 1824, p. 294.

[105] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Dec. 30th, 1862, p. 779. See also Mr. Prince to the same effect, ibid., 1863, p. 418.

[106] For additional evidence see ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Dec. 9th, 1862, p. 721.

[107] ‘Le Fraisier,’ par le Comte L. de Lambertye, pp. 221, 230.

[108] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 200.

[109] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1858, p. 173.

[110] Godron ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. i. p. 161.

[111] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1851, p. 440.

[112] F. Gloede in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1053.

[113] Downing’s ‘Fruits,’ p. 532.

[114] Barnet, in ‘Hort. Transact.,’ vol. vi. p. 210.

[115] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1847, p. 539.

[116] For the several statements with respect to the American strawberries see Downing, ‘Fruits,’ p. 524; ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1843, p. 188; 1847, p. 539; 1861, p. 717.

[117] Mr. D. Beaton, in ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 86. See also ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1855, p. 88, and many other authorities. For the Continent, see F. Gloede, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1053.

[118] Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in ‘Journal of Hort.,’ March 14th, 1865, p. 207.

[119] Mr. H. Doubleday in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1862, p. 1101.

[120] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1854, p. 254.

[121] Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 930; and Alph. De Candolle ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 910.

[122] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. iv. 1828, p. 112.

[123] The fullest account of the gooseberry is given by Mr. Thompson in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i., 2nd series, 1835, p. 218, from which most of the foregoing facts are taken.

[124] ‘Catalogue of Fruits of Hort. Soc. Garden,’ 3rd edit., 1842.

[125] Mr. Clarkson of Manchester, on the Culture of the Gooseberry, in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. iv. 1828, p. 482.

[126] Downing’s ‘Fruits of America,’ p. 213.

[127] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1844, p. 811, where a table is given; and 1845, p. 819. For the extreme weights gained, see ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ July 26th, 1864, p. 61.

[128] Mr. Saul, of Lancaster, in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. iii. 1828, p. 421; and vol. x. 1834, p. 42.

[129] ‘Himalayan Journals,’ 1854, vol. ii. p. 334. Moorcroft (‘Travels,’ vol. ii. p. 146) describes four varieties cultivated in Kashmir.

[130] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, p. 723.

[131] Paper translated in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ 1829, vol. v. p. 202.

[132] Quoted in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849, p. 101.

[133] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1847, pp. 541 and 558.

[134] The following details are taken from the ‘Catalogue of Fruits, 1842, in Garden of Hort. Soc.,’ p. 103; and from Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 943.

[135] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 956.

[136] ‘Annales des Sc. Nat. Bot.,’ 4th series, vol. vi. 1856, p. 5.

[137] ‘American Journ. of Science,’ 2nd series, vol. xxiv. 1857, p. 442.

[138] Gärtner ‘Bastarderzeugung,’ 1849, s. 87, and s. 169 with respect to Maize; on Verbascum, ibid., s. 92 and 181; also his ‘Kenntniss der Befruchtung,’ s. 137. With respect to Nicotiana see Kölreuter ‘Zweite Forts.,’ 1764, s. 53; though this is a somewhat different case.

[139] ‘De l’Espèce,’ par M. Godron, tom. ii. p. 64.

[140] Naudin, in ‘Annal. des Sc. Nat.,’ 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 28.

[141] ‘Mèmoire sur les Cucurbitacées,’ 1826, pp. 6, 24.

[142] ‘Flore des Serres,’ Oct. 1861, quoted in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1861, p. 1135. I have often consulted and taken some facts from M. Naudin’s Memoir on Cucumis in ‘Annal. des Sc. Nat.,’ 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 5.

[143] See also Sageret’s ‘Mémoire’ p. 7.

[144] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. ii. p. 1217.

[145] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1866, p. 1096.

[146] ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1096.

[147] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1842, p. 36.

[148] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iii. p. 1731.

[149] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 2489.

[150] Godron (‘De l’Espèce’ tom. ii. p. 91) describes four varieties of Robinia remarkable from their manner of growth.

[151] ‘Journal of a Horticultural Tour, by Caledonian Hort. Soc.,’ 1823, p. 107. Alph. De Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1083. Verlot, ‘Sur La Production des Variétés,’ 1865; p. 55 for the Barberry.

[152] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. ii. p. 508.

[153] Verlot ‘Des Variétés,’ 1865, p. 92.

[154] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iii. p. 1376.

[155] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 687.

[156] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 89. In Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. xii. 1836, p. 371, a variegated bushy ash is described and figured, as having simple leaves; it originated in Ireland.

[157] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1863, p. 575.

[158] Quoted from Royal Irish Academy in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 767.

[159] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum:’ for Elm, see vol. iii. p. 1376; for Oak, p. 1846.

[160] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849, p. 822.

[161] ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iv. p. 2150.

[162] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1852, p. 693.

[163] See ‘Beiträge zur Kenntniss Europäischer Pinus-arten von Dr. Christ: Flora, 1864.’ He shows that in the Ober-Engadin P. sylvestris and montana are connected by intermediate links.

[164] ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. iv. pp. 2159 and 2189.

[165] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 830; Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. vi. 1830, p. 714.

[166] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum et Fruticetum,’ vol. ii. p. 834.

[167] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. ix. 1833, p. 123.

[168] Ibid., vol. xi. 1835, p. 503.

[169] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1845, p. 623.

[170] D. Beaton, in ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 377. See also Mr. Beck, on the habits of Queen Mab, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1845, p. 226.

[171] Moquin-Tandon, ‘Eléments de Tératologie,’ 1841, p. 213.

[172] See also ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 133.

[173] Quoted by Alph. de Candolle, ‘Bibl. Univ.,’ November 1862, p. 58.

[174] Knight, ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 322.

[175] ‘Botanical Magazine,’ tab. 5160, fig. 4; Dr. Hooker, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 190; Prof. Harvey, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 145; Mr. Crocker, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1861, p. 1092.

[176] Alph. de Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1083; ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1861, p. 433. The inheritance of the white and golden zones in Pelargonium largely depends on the nature of the soil. See D. Beaton, in ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ 1861, p. 64.

[177] ‘Rose Amateur’s Guide,’ T. Rivers, 1837, p. 21.

[178] ‘Journal Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ix. 1855, p. 182.

[179] The Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ March 14th, 1865, p. 207.

[180] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1831, p. 46.

[181] Mr. Sabine, in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 285.

[182] ‘An Encyclop. of Plants,’ by J. C. Loudon, 1841, p. 443.

[183] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. xi. 1835, p. 427; also ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ April 14th, 1863, p. 275.

[184] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Magazine,’ vol. viii. p. 575: vol. ix. p. 689.

[185] Sir J. E. Smith, ‘English Flora,’ vol. i. p. 306. H. C. Watson, ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. i. 1847, p. 181.

[186] Quoted from ‘Annales des Sciences,’ in the Companion to the ‘Bot. Mag.,’ vol. i. 1835, p. 159.

[187] ‘Cybele Britannica,’ vol. i. p. 173. See also Dr. Herbert on the changes of colour in transplanted specimens, and on the natural variations of V. grandiflora, in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 19.

[188] Salisbury, in ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i. 1812, pp. 84, 92. A semi-double variety was produced in Madrid in 1790.

[189] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. 1820, p. 225.

[190] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. vi. 1830, p. 77.

[191] Loudon’s ‘Encyclop. of Gardening,’ p. 1035.

[192] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 91; and Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. iii. 1828, p. 179.

[193] Mr. Wildman, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1843, p. 87. ‘Cottage Gardener,’ April 8th, 1856, p. 33.

[194] M. Faivre has given an interesting account of the successive variations of the Chinese primrose, since its introduction into Europe about the year 1820: ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ June, 1869, p. 428.

[195] The best and fullest account of this plant which I have met with is by a famous horticulturist, Mr. Paul, of Waltham, in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1864, p. 342.

[196] ‘Des Jacinthes, de leur Anatomie, Reproduction, et Culture,’ Amsterdam, 1768.

[197] Alph. de Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 1082.

[198] Alph. De Candolle, ‘Géograph. Bot.,’ p. 983.