[53] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1843, p. 135.

[54] Ibid., 1842, p. 55.

[55] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1867, p. 235.

[56] Gärtner ‘Bastarderzeugung,’ s. 305.

[57] Mr. D. Beaton, in ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 250.

[58] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, p. 536.

[59] Braun, ‘Ray Soc. Bot. Mem.,’ 1853, p. 315; Hopkirk’s ‘Flora Anomala,’ p. 164; Lecoq ‘Géograph. Bot. de l’Europe,’ tom. iii. 1854, p. 405; and ‘De la Fécondation,’ 1862, p. 303.

[60] ‘Des Variétés,’ 1865, p. 5.

[61] W. Mason, in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1843, p. 878.

[62] Alex. Braun, ‘Ray Soc. Bot. Mem.,’ 1853, p. 315; ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 329.

[63] Dr. M. T. Masters, ‘Royal Institution Lecture,’ March 16th, 1860.

[64] See Mr. W. K. Bridgeman’s curious paper in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,’ Dec. 1861; also Mr. J. Scott, ‘Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,’ June 12th, 1862.

[65] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ 1861, p. 336; Verlot, ‘Des Variétés,’ p. 76.

[66] See also Verlot, ‘Des Variétés,’ p. 74.

[67] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1844, p. 86.

[68] Ibid., 1861, p. 963.

[69] Ibid., 1861, p. 433; ‘Cottage Gardener,’ 1860, p. 2.

[70] M. Lemoine (quoted in ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1867, p. 74) has lately observed that the Symphytum with variegated leaves cannot be propagated by division of the roots. He also found that out of 500 plants of a Phlox with striped flowers, which had been propagated by root-division, only seven or eight produced striped flowers. See also on striped Pelargoniums, ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1867, p. 1000.

[71] Anderson’s ‘Recreations in Agriculture,’ vol. v. p. 152.

[72] For wheat, see ‘Improvement of the Cereals,’ by P. Shirreff, 1873, p. 47. For maize and sugar-cane, Carrière, ibid., pp. 40, 42. With respect to the sugar-cane Mr. J. Caldwell of Mauritius, says (‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1874, p. 316) the Ribbon cane has here “sported into a perfectly green cane and a perfectly red cane from the same head. I verified this myself, and saw at least 200 instances in the same plantation, and the fact has completely upset all our preconceived ideas of the difference of colour being permanent. The conversion of a striped cane into a green cane was not uncommon, but the change into a red cane universally disbelieved, and that both events should occur in the same plant incredible. I find, however, in Fleischman’s ‘Report on Sugar Cultivation in Louisiana for 1848,’ by the American Patent Office, the circumstance is mentioned, but he says he never saw it himself.”

[73] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1857, p. 662.

[74] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 814.

[75] Ibid., 1857, p. 613.

[76] Ibid., 1857, p. 679. See also Philips ‘Hist. of Vegetables,’ vol. ii. p. 91, for other and similar accounts.)

[77] ‘Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc.,’ vol. ii. Botany, p. 132.

[78] Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. viii. 1832, p. 94.

[79] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1850, p. 536; and 1842, p. 729.

[80] ‘Des Jacinthes,’ etc., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 122.

[81] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle.’ 1845. p. 212.

[82] Loudon’s ‘Encyclopædia of Gardening,’ p. 1024.

[83] ‘Production des Variétés,’ 1865, p. 63.

[84] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1841, p. 782; 1842, p. 55.

[85] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1849. p. 565.

[86] ‘Transact. Lin. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 354.

[87] Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 84.

[88] M. Carrière has lately described in the ‘Revue Horticole,’ (Dec. 1st, 1866, p. 457,) an extraordinary case. He twice inserted grafts of the Aria vestita on thorn-trees (épines) growing in pots; and the grafts, as they grew, produced shoots with bark, buds, leaves, petioles, petals, and flower-stalks, all widely different from those of the Aria. The grafted shoots were also much hardier, and flowered earlier, than those on the ungrafted Aria.

[89] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 160.

[90] For the cases of oaks see Alph. De Candolle in ‘Bibl. Univers.,’ Geneva, Nov. 1862; for limes, etc., Loudon’s ‘Gard. Mag.,’ vol. xi. 1835, p. 503.

[91] For analogous facts, see Braun ‘Rejuvenescence,’ in ‘Ray Soc. Bot. Mem.,’ 1853, p. 320; and ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1842, p. 397; also Braun in ‘Sitzungsberichte der Ges. naturforschender Freunde,’ June, 1873, p. 63.

[92] ‘Journal of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. ii. 1847, p. 100.

[93] See ‘Transact. of Hort. Congress of Amsterdam,’ 1865; but I owe most of the following information to Prof. Caspary’s letters.

[94] ‘Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,’ tom. i. p. 143.

[95] See on this head, Naudin, ibid., p. 141.

[96] Braun, in ‘Bot. Mem. Ray. Soc.,’ 1853, p. 23.

[97] This hybrid has never been described. It is exactly intermediate in foliage, time of flowering, dark striæ at the base of the standard petal, hairiness of the ovarium, and in almost every other character, between C. laburnum and alpinus; but it approaches the former species more nearly in colour, and exceeds it in the length of the racemes. We have before seen that 20·3 per cent of its pollen-grains are ill-formed and worthless. My plant, though growing not above thirty or forty yards from both parent-species, during some seasons yielded no good seeds; but in 1866 it was unusually fertile, and its long racemes produced from one to occasionally even four pods. Many of the pods contained no good seeds, but generally they contained a single apparently good seed, sometimes two, and in one case three seeds. Some of these seeds germinated, and I raised two trees from them; one resembles the present form; the other has a remarkable dwarf character with small leaves, but has not yet flowered.

[98] ‘Annales de la Soc. de l’Hort. de Paris,’ tom. vii. 1830, p. 93.

[99] An account was given in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle’ (1857, pp. 382, 400) of a common laburnum on which grafts of C. purpureus had been inserted, and which gradually assumed the character of C. adami; but I have little doubt that C. adami had been sold to the purchaser, who was not a botanist, in the place of C. purpureus. I have ascertained that this occurred in another instance.

[100] Gallesio, ‘Gli Agrumi dei Giard. Bot. Agrar. di. Firenze,’ 1839, p. 11. In his ‘Traité du Citrus,’ 1811, p. 146, he speaks as if the compound fruit consisted in part of a lemon, but this apparently was a mistake.

[101] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1855, p. 628. See also Prof. Caspary in ‘Transact. Hort. Congress of Amsterdam,’ 1865.

[102] Gärtner (‘Bastarderzeugung,’ s. 611) gives many references on this subject.

[103] A nearly similar account was given by Brabley, in 1724, in his ‘Treatise on Husbandry,’ vol. i. p. 199.

[104] Morren, ‘Bull. de l’Acad. R. des Sciences de Belgique,’ 2de séries, tom. xxviii. 1869, p. 434. Also Magnus ‘Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, Berlin,’ Feb. 21st, 1871, p. 13; ibid., June 21st, 1870, and Oct. 17th, 1871. Also ‘Bot. Zeitung,’ Feb. 24th, 1871.

[105] Loudon’s ‘Arboretum,’ vol. iv. p. 2595.

[106] ‘Bastarderzeugung,’ s. 619.

[107] Amsterdam, 1768, p. 124.

[108] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1860, p. 672, with a woodcut.

[109] See ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1869, p. 220.

[110] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1869, p. 335.

[111] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1869, p. 1018, with remarks by Dr. Masters on the adhesion of the united wedges. See also ibid., 1870, pp. 1277, 1283.

[112] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1871, p. 837.

[113] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1870, p. 1506.

[114] ‘Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin,’ Oct. 17th, 1871.

[115] Ibid., Nov. 17th, 1874. See also excellent remarks by Herr Magnus.

[116] ‘Bastarderzeugung,’ s. 549. It is, however, doubtful whether these plants should be ranked as species or varieties.

[117] Gärtner, ibid., s. 550.

[118] ‘Journal de Physique,’ tom. xxiii. 1873, p. 100. ‘Act. Acad. St. Petersburgh,’ 1781, part i. p. 249.

[119] ‘Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,’ tom. i. p. 49.

[120] L’Hermès, Jan. 14th, 1837, quoted in Loudon’s ‘Gardener’s Mag.,’ vol. xiii. p. 230.

[121] ‘Comptes Rendus,’ tom. xxxiv. 1852, p. 746.

[122] ‘Géograph. Bot. de l’Europe,’ tom. iii. 1854, p. 405; and ‘De la Fécondation,’ 1862, p. 302.

[123] ‘Traité du Citrus,’ 1811, p. 45.

[124] ‘Transact. Linn. Soc.,’ vol. ix. p. 268.

[125] ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,’ March, 1848.

[126] ‘Pomologie Physiolog.,’ 1830, p. 126.

[127] ‘Philosophical Transact.,’ vol. xliii. 1744-45, p. 525.

[128] Mr. Goss, ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 234: and Gärtner, ‘Bastarderzeugung,’ 1849, ss. 81 and 499.

[129] ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ 1854, p. 404.

[130] Ibid., 1866, p. 900.

[131] See also a paper by this observer read before the International Hort. and Bot. Congress of London, 1866.

[132] ‘Traité du Citrus,’ p. 40.

[133] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. iii. p. 318. See also vol. v. p. 65.

[134] Prof. Asa Gray, ‘Proc. Acad. Sc.,’ Boston, vol. iv. 1860, p. 21. I have received statements to the same effect from other persons in the United States.

[135] For the French case see ‘Journ. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i. new series, 1866, p. 50. For Germany, see M. Jack quoted in Henfrey’s ‘Botanical Gazette,’ vol. i. p. 277. A case in England has recently been alluded to by the Rev. J. M. Berkeley before the Hort. Soc. of London.

[136] ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ vol. xlvii. 1751-52, p. 206.

[137] Gallesio, ‘Teoria della Riproduzione,’ 1816, p. 95.

[138] ‘Bot. Zeitung,’ May, 1868, p. 326.

[139] See Dr. J. Stockton-Hough, in ‘American Naturalist,’ Jan. 1874, p. 29.

[140] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 69.

[141] ‘Bull. de l’Acad. Imp. de St. Petersburg,’ tom. xvii. p. 275, 1872. The author gives references to those cases in the Solanaceæ of fruit affected by foreign pollen, but as it does not appear that the mother-plant was artificially fertilised, I have not entered into details.

[142] ‘Bot. Zeitung,’ Sept. 1868, p. 631. For Maximowicz’s judgment, see the paper last referred to.

[143] ‘Journal of Horticulture,’ Jan. 20th, 1863, p. 46.

[144] See on this head the high authority of Prof. Decaisne, in a paper translated in ‘Journ. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. i., new series, 1866, p. 48.

[145] Vol. xliii., 1744-45, p. 525; vol. xlv., 1747-48, p. 602.

[146] ‘Transact. Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. pp. 65 and 68. See also Prof. Hildebrand, with a coloured figure, in ‘Bot. Zeitung,’ May 15th, 1868, p. 327. Puvis also has collected, ‘De La Dégénération,’ 1837, p. 36)several other instances; but it is not in all cases possible to distinguish between the direct action of foreign pollen and bud-variations.

[147] T. de Clermont-Tonnerre, in ‘Mém. de la Soc. Linn. de Paris,’ tom. iii. 1825, p. 164.

[148] ‘Transact. of Hort. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 68.

[149] ‘Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,’ 1844, s. 347-351.

[150] ‘Die Fruchtbildung der Orchideen, ein Beweis für die doppelte Wirkung des Pollens,’ ‘Botanische Zeitung,’ No. 44 et seq., Oct. 30th, 1865; and Aug. 4th, 1865, s. 249.

[151] ‘Philos. Transact.,’ 1821, p. 20.

[152] Dr. Alex. Harvey on ‘A remarkable Effect of Cross-breeding,’ 1851. On the ‘Physiology of Breeding,’ by Mr. Reginald Orton, 1855. ‘Intermarriage,’ by Alex. Walker, 1837. ‘L’Hérédité Naturelle,’ by Dr. Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 58. Mr. W. Sedgwick, in ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,’ 1863, July, p. 183. Bronn, in his ‘Geschichte der Natur,’ 1843, B. ii. s. 127, has collected several cases with respect to mares, sows, and dogs. Mr. W. C. L. Martin (‘History of the Dog,’ 1845, p. 104) says he can personally vouch for the influence of the male parent on subsequent litters by other dogs. A French poet, Jacques Savary, who wrote in 1665 on dogs, was aware of this singular fact. Dr. Bowerbank has given us the following striking case:—A black, hairless Barbary bitch was first accidentally impregnated by a mongrel spaniel with long brown hair, and she produced five puppies, three of which were hairless and two covered with short brown hair. The next time she was put to a black, hairless Barbary dog; “but the mischief had been implanted in the mother, and again about half the litter looked like pure Barbarys, and the other half like the short-haired progeny of the first father.” I have given in the text one case with pigs; an equally striking one has been recently published in Germany, ‘Illust. Landwirth. Zeitung,’ 1868, Nov. 17th, p. 143. It is worth notice that farmers in S. Brazil (as I hear from Fritz Müller), and at the C. of Good Hope (as I have heard from two trustworthy persons) are convinced that mares which have once borne mules, when subsequently put to horses, are extremely liable to produce colts, striped like a mule. Dr. Wilckens, of Pogarth, gives (‘Jahrbuch Landwirthschaft,’ ii. 1869, p. 325) a striking and analogous case. A merino ram, having two small lappets or flaps of skin on the neck, was in the winter of 1861-62 put to several Merino ewes, all of whom bore lambs with similar flaps on their necks. The ram was killed in the spring of 1862 and subsequently to his death the ewes were put to other Merino rams, and in 1863 to Southdown rams, none of whom ever have neck lappets: nevertheless, even as long afterwards as 1867, several of these ewes produced lambs bearing these appendages.

[153] ‘Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,’ 1865, p. 59.

[154] It may be worth while to call attention to the several means by which flowers and fruit become striped or mottled. Firstly, by the direct action of the pollen of another variety or species, as in the cases given of oranges and maize. Secondly, in crosses of the first generation, when the colours of the two parents do not readily unite, as with Mirabilis and Dianthus. Thirdly, in crossed plants of a subsequent generation by reversion, through either bud or seminal generation. Fourthly, by reversion to a character not originally gained by a cross, but which had long been lost, as with white-flowered varieties, which we shall hereafter see often become striped with some other colour. Lastly, there are cases, as when peaches are produced with a half or quarter of the fruit like a nectarine, in which the change is apparently due to mere variation, through either bud or seminal generation.

[155] ‘Production des Variétés,’ p. 37.

[156] ‘Flora Anomala,’ p. 164.

[157] ‘Schriften der physisch-okon. Gesell. zu Königsberg,’ B. vi. Feb. 3rd, 1865, s. 4.

[158] ‘Production des Variétés,’ pp. 58, 70.

[159] Carrière, ‘Production des Variétés,’ p. 39.