Fig 88. Hare's Ear. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.
Hare's Ear. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Seeds brown, surface checked off into minute irregular pits or patches; broad oval, 2–2.5 mm. long, in section nearly circular, except two opposite slight grooves near one side. Cotyledons incumbent. Introduced, not common.
Fig 89. Sand Rocket. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.
Sand Rocket. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Flowers yellow, seeds reddish yellow or reddish brown, broad oval, somewhat flattened. Mucilaginous when wet. Introduced from Europe. A vigorous weed.
Fig 90.Worm-seed or Treacle Mustard. Erysimum cheiranthoides L.
Worm-seed or Treacle Mustard. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Flowers yellow; seeds reddish yellow, smooth, dull, about 1.2 mm. long, ovoid or oval, more or less flattened, varying much in shape; some of them acute, rhombic or triangular, becoming mucilaginous when wet. Probably introduced from Europe. If not already in some portions of the state, we may at any time expect to find three other species of Erysimum. A vigorous and prominent weed.
Fig 91. Apetalous Pepper-Grass. Lepidium apetalum Willd.
Apetalous Pepper-Grass. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Petals usually wanting, sometimes 2 and minute; pods flat, nearly circular; seeds reddish yellow, flattened, ovate, 1.5–1.8 mm. long, or more exactly, nearly straight on one side and roundish on the other. Mucilaginous when wet. Cotyledons incumbent. When well developed in open places it becomes a tumble weed. Apparently naturalized from Europe.
Fig 92. Field Pepper-Grass or Cow Cress. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.
Field Pepper-Grass or Cow Cress. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Petals white; pods flat, nearly circular; seeds dull, dark brown, obovoid, with base acute, more or less flattened on three sides, 2–2.5 mm. long. Mucilaginous when wet. Cotyledons incumbent. Naturalized from Europe.
Fig 93. Hoary Cress. Lepidium Draba L.
Hoary Cress. Lepidium Draba L. Seed reddish brown, surface slightly uneven, slightly flattened, oval to broad oval, 2–2.3 mm. long, usually with two slight vertical grooves on each side, incumbent. This may soon appear in Michigan.
Fig 94. Golden Pepper-grass. Lepidium sativum L.
Golden Pepper-grass. Lepidium sativum L. Seed reddish yellow to reddish brown, oval, slightly compressed, often nearly straight on one edge, usually showing two vertical grooves on each side, 2.5 mm. long, cotyledons incumbent. This is not a grass but a plant of the mustard family; it has escaped from cultivation.
Fig 95. Wild Pepper-Grass. Lepidium Virginicum L.
Wild Pepper-Grass. Lepidium Virginicum L. Petals white, pods flat, nearly circular; seeds granular, dull, reddish yellow, flat, ovoid with one edge straight, the other rounded, usually with a slight wing on the broad end and on the round edge. 1.5–1.8 mm. long. Mucilaginous when wet. Cotyledons accumbent.
When mature, large plants become tumble weeds. Apparently native to this country.
Fig 96. Ball Mustard. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.
Ball Mustard. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Small fruits, greenish to light yellowish-brown, globular, 2 mm. in diameter, covered with net-veined ridges; 1–2 seeded, cotyledons incumbent. Not yet known in Michigan but may arrive any time. Native of Europe.
Tall or Tumbling Mustard. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Flowers cream-color; pods long and narrow; seeds reddish yellow, oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, the apex winged. Mucilaginous when wet. Cotyledons incumbent. Introduced from Europe. One of the worst weeds in the northwest.
Fig 98. Hedge Mustard. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.
Hedge Mustard. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Flowers yellow, seeds reddish brown or yellow, oblong, while lying on the flat side, circular in outline at the middle as viewed from the edge, straight on one side from the middle tapering to each end. 1–1.5 mm. long. Mucilaginous when wet. Cotyledons incumbent. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 99. Penny Cress. Thlaspi arvense L.
Penny Cress. Thlaspi arvense L. Flowers white; pods thin, double convex, nearly circular; seeds deep reddish brown, flat-oval or ovate, covered on each side by 12–14 curved ridges which originate and terminate at the narrow extremity. 1.5–2 mm. long. Cotyledons accumbent. When eaten by cows the milk and meat has a disagreeable taste. A bad weed, especially in the north-west. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 100. Mossy Stonecrop. Sedum acre L.
Mossy Stonecrop. Sedum acre L. Seed light, reddish-yellow, somewhat glossy, obovate to oblong, pointed at the base, slightly anatropous, compressed, 6–7 mm. long. This mossy little plant is persistent when once established in sandy soil. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 101. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Agrimonia gryposepala Wahl. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell.
Tall Hairy Agrimony. Agrimonia gryposepala Wahl. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Flowers yellow. Bur, consisting of calyx and two included fruits inside of which are two seeds; lower part of bur, top-shaped, rough, grooved, above which are numerous hooked prickles in several rows, the whole 7–10 mm. long. Native of woods in this country; seeds mottled brown, flat on one side, 2.5 by 2.5 mm. not found mixed with grass seed. Several other species are nearly as troublesome as this one. Seldom found out of the woods.
Fig 102. Small-flowered Agrimony. Agrimonia parviflora Ait.
Small-flowered Agrimony. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Flowers yellow; fruit 5–6 mm. long and nearly as wide including the hooked bristles; bristles few, erect or spreading, scarcely any recurved; seeds light brown, broad oval, 2.7 by 2.5 mm. with a rounded point at the base more pronounced than in the former species. Shady places.
Fig 103. Silvery Cinquefoil. Potentilla argentea L.
Silvery Cinquefoil. Potentilla argentea L. Flowers yellow, achenes dull white to brown, unsymmetrically ovoid or short kidney-shaped, slightly flattened, 0.5–0.7 mm. long, smooth or marked by a few longitudinal curved ridges, some of them forked. Introduced into Michigan from Europe or possibly from the eastern states. Thrives in sandy land.
Fig 104. One kind of Cinquefoil or Five-finger. Potentilla Canadensis L.
One kind of Cinquefoil or Five-finger. Potentilla Canadensis L. Achene unsymmetrically ovoid, light straw-color to brown, ridges indistinct, short, wavy, branched and broken up, (these ridges are different from those of P. argentea or P. monspeliensis) 1 mm. long, the achene is less flattened and narrower in proportion. Native from Me. to Ga. Miss.
Fig 105. Rough Cinquefoil. Potentilla Monspeliensis L.
Rough Cinquefoil. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. Flowers yellow; achenes nearly white to light brown, unsymmetrically ovoid, or short kidney-shaped, slightly flattened, 1 mm. or less in length, clearly marked by a few longitudinal curved ridges, the longer ones forked. Indigenous to Michigan, thriving on moist or wet land.
Fig 106. Ax Seed. Ax Wort. Coronilla scoparioides Koch.
Ax Seed. Ax Wort. Coronilla scoparioides Koch. Seed reddish brown, oblong, slightly flattened and curved, 4–5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, with a circular scar in a depression on the middle of one edge, and a slight ridge the entire length of both sides. Introduced from Europe, not yet a prominent weed in Michigan.
Fig 107. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-fell. Lotus corniculatus L.
Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-fell. Lotus corniculatus L. Seed light brown occasionally mottled with black, shining, spherical to ovoid, slightly compressed near one edge, 1–1.2 mm. in diameter, the compressed portion (raphe) extending half to three-fourths the length of the seed to the hilum or scar, above this the seed is narrower. Introduced from Europe. Seldom met with in this country.
Fig 108. Black Medick. Nonesuch. Medicago lupulina L.
Black Medick. Nonesuch. Medicago lupulina L. Flowers light yellow; pods black, oval, much flattened, spirally coiled, causing the two extremities to nearly meet; 2–2.8 mm. long; seeds smooth, dull yellow to green, oval, flattened, kidney-shaped, with a tubercle near the middle of the concave edge or like the figure, 1.5–1.8 mm. long. Introduced from Europe and becoming frequent in grass land. Its worst feature is to supply seeds that may be mistaken for and mixed with seeds of alfalfa and red clover. The seeds differ from those of alfalfa in being more commonly egg-shaped than kidney-shaped in outline. The scar is nearer the small extremity in these seeds than in those of alfalfa. For pasture this is less valuable than white clover.
Fig 109. Alfalfa. Lucerne. Medicago sativa L.
Alfalfa. Lucerne. Medicago sativa L. Seeds varying much in shape and size owing to their crowding in the pod when young, yellowish green to light brown. The cuts give a good idea of the variety of shapes; surface dull or somewhat glossy, often kidney shaped, with the scar in a depression near the middle, the tips may be truncate or acute or rounded, 2–2.5 mm. long in cross-section, oval; when viewed from one edge it is seen to be bent or warped in various ways, half anatropous, often seen with a slight depression extending along one edge from the scar to one end, larger seeds more often flattened than are the shorter. A prominent forage plant, the seeds of which are often adulterated. Native of Europe.
White Sweet Clover. Melilotus alba Desv. Flowers white; pods straw-color to brown, coarsely and irregularly reticulate-ridged or wrinkled; seeds smooth, dull, yellowish or greenish, more strictly elliptical-oblong in outline than those of red clover and alfalfa, bearing the broad, shallow notch near one extremity; 2–2.2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Seeds used to adulterate those of alfalfa.
Fig 111. Alsike Clover. Trifolium hybridum L.
Alsike Clover. Trifolium hybridum L. Seeds dull yellowish green to very dark green, some of them mottled, lighter about the seed scar, flattened, one of the rounded edges thicker than the other, and between the two a slight groove on each side; seed rounded at one end, the other truncate with the seed scar in the middle of the truncate end. Some seeds are half anatropous, resembling in shape those of red clover; 1.3–1.2 mm. in diameter. When compared with white clover, these seeds are larger and thicker. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 112. Crimson Clover. Scarlet Clover. Trifolium incarnatum L.
Crimson Clover. Scarlet Clover. Trifolium incarnatum L. Seed smooth, shining when not old, color light yellow to reddish yellow or brown, oval, scar about one-third the distance from the narrow end, three-fourths anatropous, 2–2.5 mm. long, very slightly compressed.
Fig 113. Red Clover. Trifolium pratense L.
Red Clover. Trifolium pratense L. Seeds usually dull, pure light yellow to purple, flattened, ovoid, having the seed scar near the middle of one edge or below the middle, half anatropous, a slight depression on each side from the scar toward the broad end, the short edge thinner than the long edge, 1.5–1.8 mm. long by 1.×1.4 mm. wide. Very common. Introduced from Europe.
Mammoth Clover is a variety or race or red clover, the seeds of which are indistinguishable from the seeds of red clover. As a rule they are darker in color and rather smaller. Red clover and mammoth clover are usually much mixed.
Fig 114.Low Hop-clover. Trifolium procumbens L.
Low Hop-clover. Trifolium procumbens L. A low, yellow-flowered annual, often becoming a tumble-weed at maturity. Seeds plump, shining, straw-colored to light brown, broad oval, very slightly flattened, 1 mm. long, three-fourths anatropous, i. e., the scar is a very little distance from one end of the seed. A little way back of the scar on each side is a light-colored depression. Rather rapidly spreading. From Europe.
Fig 115. White Clover. Trifolium repens L.
White Clover. Trifolium repens L. Seeds scarcely shining, yellow to light brown, flattened, one of the rounded edges thinner than the other, and between the two a slight groove on each side, one end rounded, the other truncate with a slight depression in the center containing the seed scar 1.-1.2 mm. long to 1 mm. wide. The seeds that are truncate at one end are anatropous, some of them resembling those of red clover are half anatropous. Common and well known, possibly native to the northern country.
Fig 116. Alfilaria. Storks-bill. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her.
Alfilaria. Storks-bill. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Flowers pink; achenes reddish brown, hairy, lance-shaped, the smaller end curved, hard, sharp, the larger end when mature bearing an awn spirally coiled for half its length, the sickle like apex turned to one side.
Achenes 5–6 mm. long, the coiled portion and cycle-like apex each 10–15 mm. long. True seed light brown, ovoid-lanceolate 2.5–2.7 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.
This plant is not yet common in our state, but, judging from its behavior in the botanic garden, it is destined soon to become a bad weed. On the desert ranches of Arizona, Nevada and elsewhere, it furnishes much pasture.
Fig 117. Cut-leaved Crane's bill. Geranium dissectum L.
Cut-leaved Crane's bill. Geranium dissectum L. Seed light brown, broadly oval or ovoid, surface deeply pitted requiring 25–30 pits to form one row transversely about the surface. Seed scar at the larger end from which extends a slight vertical ridge reaching nearly one-third the length of the seed. Introduced from Europe, becoming common.
Small-flowered Crane's bill. Geranium pusillum Burm. f. Flowers minute, pink, pubescent under a lens, slightly compressed, oval with the apex near one side of one end, about 2 mm. long, the beak nearly twice as long; seed reddish brown, smooth, oval, slightly flattened, 1.7–1.9 mm. long. Introduced from Europe, a bad weed when once established.
Fig 119. Three-Seeded Mercury. Acalypha Virginica L.
Three-Seeded Mercury. Acalypha Virginica L. Seeds 1.3–1.8 mm. long oval or obovoid, dull, light to dark reddish brown or gray, mottled with black spots, surface covered with numerous irregular vertical lines, a ridge (hilum) extending from the pointed end for about one-third the length, continuing to the broad extremity as a dark line (raphe). Native to this country. Moist land.
Fig 120. Cypress Spurge. Euphorbia Cyparissias L.
Cypress Spurge. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Seeds dull, light lead or ash-colored, oval or oblong, circular in transverse section, 1.5–2 mm. long, not including an irregular yellowish appendage (caruncle) at the base, a dark verticle line (raphe) extending along one side. Introduced from Europe. Thriving on thin sandy soil.
Fig 121. Toothed Spurge. Euphorbia dentata Michx.
Toothed Spurge. Euphorbia dentata Michx. Seeds ash colored, obovoid, or globose, inconspicuously four-angled, base obtuse, irregularly tuberculate, 1 mm. or more long. It thrives in the Botanic Garden and very likely may soon spread onto Michigan farms.
Fig 122. Leafy Spurge. Euphorbia Esula L.
Leafy Spurge. Euphorbia Esula L. Seeds dull, light drab colored, broad-oval, narrowed at one end, nearly circular in transverse section, 2.3 mm. long, not including a wrinkled bunch (caruncle) at the base, a dark vertical line (raphe) extending above one side opposite which is another ridge the color of the seed. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 123. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr). Weigand.
Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr). Weigand. Seeds lead colored, obovoid approximately square in transverse section with one side narrower than the others, 4–10 irregular transverse ridges on each side, the raphe standing along one corner, about 1.2 mm. long by 7 mm. wide. Sandy soil.
Fig 124. Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia maculata L.
Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia maculata L. Seeds obovoid-oblong, nearly square in cross-sections, minutely pitted and transversely wrinkled with 2–5 broken wavy ridges, a fine dark vertical line (raphe) along one corner, color reddish drab, .6-.8 mm. long. Probably introduced from west of the Rocky Mountains.
Fig 125. Upright Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia Preslii Guss. Euphorbia nutans Lag.
Upright Spotted Spurge. Euphorbia Preslii Guss. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Seeds lead-colored obovoid-oblong, with 4 unequal sides as seen in cross-section, pitted and transversely wrinkled, with 2–5 broken wavy ridges, a fine dark, verticle line (raphe) along one corner, 1–1.3 mm. long. Native of eastern North America. Introduced in seeds of red clover.
Fig 126. Thyme-leaved Spurge. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.
Thyme-leaved Spurge. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Seed ash-colored, obovoid, four-angled or nearly square in cross-section, the surface covered with four or five more or less broken obtuse transverse ridges, a slender, dark line (raphe) extending from end to end on one corner. Dry soils, like railway tracks.
Fig 127. Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron L.
Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron L. Berry nearly white, globular, about 5 mm. in diameter, drupe kidney-shaped, concave on both edges, 3 by 4.5 mm. in diameter, 2 mm. thick. To some people very poisonous to the touch; a woody shrub.
Fig 128. Indian Mallow. American Jute. Velvet Leaf. Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby.
Indian Mallow. American Jute. Velvet Leaf. Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby. Flowers yellow; seeds brown, flattened, 3.5–4 mm. long, ovoid excepting a piece cut from one side of the smaller end with 3–4 curved rows of minute slender objects on each side, the raphe extending from the pointed end to the notch on one side (half anatropous). Naturalized from northern Asia.
Fig 129. Bladder Ketmia. Hibiscus Trionum L.
Bladder Ketmia. Hibiscus Trionum L. Seed brown, the surface dotted with numerous, ragged, light-colored pimples. Think of the shape as obovoid, and then bent somewhat to the side. As now found the seed is triangular in outline with rounded corners, considerably thinned toward one corner near which is the seed scar in the midst of a depression. Each side of the triangle is about 2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Not yet a prominent weed in Michigan.
Fig 130. Cheeses. Running Mallow. Malva rotundifolia L.
Cheeses. Running Mallow. Malva rotundifolia L. Flowers white; cluster of 12–15 fruits flattened, circular with depression on each side, ovary circular, wedge-shaped, very slightly roughened, with radiating ridges; seeds light brown, nearly smooth, flattened, 1.4–1.7 mm. in diameter, wedge shaped, nearly circular with a small notch on the thin edge. Naturalized from Europe.
Fig 131. Whorled Mallow. Malva verticillata. L.
Whorled Mallow. Malva verticillata. L. Flowers white; cluster of 10–12 fruits flattened, circular with depression on each side, carpel circular, wedge-shaped, about three rows of irregular shallow pits on the wide edge, radiating ridges on each flat side; seeds light brown, nearly smooth, flattened, wedge-shaped, ovate or nearly circular, 1.5–1.7 mm. long, with a small notch on the thin edge. Introduced from the west.
Fig 132. Prickly Sida. Sida spinosa L.
Prickly Sida. Sida spinosa L. Seed smooth, dull brown or reddish brown, having one side round and two sides flat or more or less concave, all edges obtuse while lying on one flat side, broadly ovoid, with one side nearly straight, scar at the larger end in the midst of a slight depression, 1.5–1.8 mm. long. Not yet common in Michigan. Introduced from the tropics.
Fig 133. Common St. John's-wort. Hypericum perforatum L.
Common St. John's-wort. Hypericum perforatum L. Seed dark brown, mottled with about twenty-four vertical rows of small scars, short oblong, 1 mm. long, a little more or less, circular in cross-section, a slight point at one or both ends. Troublesome in old meadows and pastures. From Europe.
Fig 134. Small-flowered Gaura. Gaura parviflora Dougl.
Small-flowered Gaura. Gaura parviflora Dougl. Achenes greenish brown, at first glance, having the appearance of barley, linear, swollen in the middle, more or less grooved or channeled, 6–8 mm. long. Introduced from the South.
Fig 135. Common Evening-Primrose. Oenothera biennis L. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.
Common Evening-Primrose. Oenothera biennis L. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Flowers yellow; seeds reddish brown or darker, surface dull, minutely ridged, very irregular in shape owing to crowding in the pod, more or less pyramidal and four or five sided, the angles acute or with a wing-like border, 1.-1.5 mm. long. Native to this country.
Fig 136. Water Hemlock. Mosquash Root. Beaver Poison. Cicuta maculata L.
Water Hemlock. Mosquash Root. Beaver Poison. Cicuta maculata L. Achenes, when young grow in couples joined by their flat sides, broadly oval, somewhat flattened, a single one-half oval, 2.7–3.2 mm long, with five corky yellowish white vertical stripes alternating with four brown oil tubes, the flat side with two wide light corky stripes including two brown oil tubes. The roots are very poisonous. Native to Michigan and elsewhere. Moist or wet lands.
Fig 137. Poison Hemlock. Conium maculatum L.
Poison Hemlock. Conium maculatum L. Flowers white, achenes growing in pairs, light brown, oval, flat on one side, five ribs extending from one end to the other, between them the surface abounds in minute vertical projections, achene about 3.5 mm. long. Difficult to identify. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 138. Wild Carrot. Daucus Carota L.
Wild Carrot. Daucus Carota L. Flowers white; achenes light brown, striped with white, oval, flattened, bearing numerous frail spines along the edges and in two rows lengthwise of one face, tips of spines diverging, often hooked, about 3.5 mm. long not including the spines. Introduced from Europe. This is the cultivated carrot escaped from fields and gardens. A great pest in old meadows.
Fig 139. Wild Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa L.
Wild Parsnip. Pastinaca sativa L. Flowers yellow; achenes growing in pairs, 5–6 mm. long, with flat sides together, light brown, broad oval, much flattened, surrounded by a narrow thin ridge, 9-curved shallow ribs on one side. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 140.Common Milkweed. Asclepias Syriaca L.
Common Milkweed. Asclepias Syriaca L. Pods 8–12 cm. long, covered with soft spiny processes; seeds dull light brown, much flattened, narrowly obovate, 6.5–8 mm. long, the small end truncate, surrounded by a broad wrinkled wing-margin or hem. The concave side bears a slender vertical ridge (raphe) for two-thirds of its length; the convex side bearing fine, short ridges. Before escaping from the pods, the small end of the seed contains a cluster of spreading silky hairs (coma) 2–3 cm. long. Native of this country. Often troublesome and conspicuous in light soil, occasionally becoming small, pale, with slender branches and dying.
Fig 141. Black Swallow-wort. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench.
Black Swallow-wort. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench. Smooth pods of the vine about 5 cm. long; seeds brown when dry, much flattened, concave, obovate, 6–8 mm. long, nearly surrounded by a wing margin or hem, the small end truncate. The concave side bears a slender vertical ridge (raphe) for over half its length, both sides bearing fine short ridges. Before escaping from the pods, the small end of the seed contains a cluster of spreading silky hairs. Introduced from Europe; not yet common, but it is persistent where once started.
Fig 142. Small Bindweed. Convolvulus arvensis L.
Small Bindweed. Convolvulus arvensis L. Color of seeds dull dark brown, coarsely roughened, oval, 3–4 mm. long, one face convex, the other face sloping to the edges from a broad, central ridge, becoming mucilaginous when soaked in water. Introduced from Europe. Seldom, if ever, seeding in Michigan. On dry, poor land.
Fig 143. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Convolvulus sepium L.
Hedge or Great Bindweed. Convolvulus sepium L. Pod nearly globose, about 8 mm. in diameter, usually covered by the bracts and calyx; seeds dull black or dark brown, roughened, oval, about 5 mm. long, one face convex, the other face sloping to the edges from a central ridge. Native to this country. Seldom seeding in Michigan. On low land.
Fig 144. Field Dodder. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich.
Field Dodder. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. A pale yellow leafless parasitic vine; seeds dull, yellowish brown, minutely pitted, considerably resembling those of red clover, broad oval, ovoid or spherical, .7–1 mm. long, one side rounded the other often with two flat surfaces terminating in a ridge. Not uncommon with alfalfa.
Fig 145. Flax Dodder. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe.
Flax Dodder. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Stems very slender, yellow or red, a parasitic vine; seeds dull, yellowish to dark brown, minutely pitted, nearly spherical, oval, ovoid, 1–1.5 mm. long. Introduced from Europe.
Fig 146. Clover Dodder. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr.
Clover Dodder. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Stems very slender, a parasitic vine; seeds oval to spherical, dull, pitted, color yellowish, light to dark brown, light green to purple, about 2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Occasionally found on red clover.
Fig 147. Gronovius Dodder. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd.
Gronovius Dodder. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Seed light to dark brown, surface minutely granular, free from gloss, a few spherical, most of them indented as they dry or variously angled where they crowded against each other in the pod, 1.5–1.7 mm. in diameter. Species of dodder are difficult to distinguish one from the other. This is common on low land, where it draws nourishment from a great variety of plants, such as willows, balsams, nettles.
Fig 148. Spanish Dodder. Cuscuta planiflora Tenore.
Spanish Dodder. Cuscuta planiflora Tenore. Color light to dark pink, purple buff, olive green; surface well roughened, almost reticulated, in shape flattened on one side, ovoid, oval angled, indented in great variety, 0.7–1.2 mm. long.
Fig 149. Hound's Tongue. Cynoglossum officinale L.
Hound's Tongue. Cynoglossum officinale L. Flowers reddish purple; ovary brown deeply 4-lobed separating into four achenes, 5–7 mm. long, flattened, broadly ovate or circular, excepting a slight extension at one end, lower side having an ovate scar, nearly half as long as the achenes, all the rest of the surface clothed with straight, stiff, cap-shaped hairs, bearded on all sides. Introduced from Europe. Very objectionable in pastures.