“Deer” (one of three kinds): Isham, 1949 (1743): 151 (description); 152 (inhabit Barren Grounds); 152-153 (snares); 154 (Eskimos hunting with spears and arrows).

“Rain-deer” or “Cariboux”: Dobbs, 1774: 9, 78, 94 (Marble Island); 19 (Indians living on Caribou W. of Hudson Bay); 20 (herds of up to 10,000 between Churchill and Nelson rivers); 22 (migration [of Barren Ground or Woodland species?] near York Factory—S. in March-April, N. in July-August); 47, 59 (N. of Churchill); 73-74 (Wager Inlet); 80 (Cape Fullerton).

“Deer”: Hearne, 1795: 4, 7, 8, 14, 24 (vicinity of Seal River or Shethanei Lake); 28 (near Baralzon Lake); 35 (spearing by Chipewyans on upper Kazan River); 39, 40 (W. of upper Kazan River, July 22-30); 40-42, 50-52 (vicinity of upper Dubawnt River); 50 (skins suitable for clothing in late August); 56, 66 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba, November and December); 67-68 (E. of Nueltin Lake); 69, 72, (Nueltin Lake); 69 (flesh of bucks still unpalatable on December 30); 73, 74 (W. of Nueltin Lake, January); 76 (plentiful W. of Kasba Lake); 77 (Snowbird Lake); 78 (Indians living all winter on deer at Wholdaia Lake); 78-80 (description of a pound); 80-84 (deer in Indian economy); 84 (remoteness a barrier to trade in skins); 85-87 (W. of Wholdaia Lake, plentiful, March); 87 (“Thelewey-aza-yeth” Lake [on Thelon River], numerous, April); 96 (Indians living all winter on deer near Clowey Lake); 112, 114 (“Peshew” [Artillery?] Lake and vicinity); 117 (plentiful, vicinity of Thoy-noy-kyed and Thoy-coy-lyned lakes); 119, 123 (N. of Cogead Lake, where Indians kill deer at a river crossing); 139 (N. of Buffalo Lake); 141 (E. of Coppermine River); 142, 143, 147, 171 (Coppermine River and vicinity); 184 (Stony Mountains); 195 (Thaye-chuck-gyed Lake [Lac de Gras?]; great numbers killed); 196-197 (use for clothing, boots, tents, etc.); 197 (warbles eaten by Indians); 198 (rutting season in October; subsequent segregation of sexes); 198-199 (old bucks’ antlers shed in November; young bucks still retain theirs at Christmas, and does till summer); 201, 204 (Point Lake); 222 (between Great Slave and MacKay lakes); 275 (large numbers reported on upper Taltson? River); 281 (W. of Hill Island Lake); 285, 286 (plentiful in April on Thee-lee-aza [Thelon?] River, NE. of Hill Island Lake); 293 (near Wholdaia Lake); 295, 296 (W. and E. of Kazan River); 297 (method of drying meat); 299 (plentiful in June, Nueltin Lake region); 300 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba); 316-319 (stomach contents, unborn young and uterus eaten by Indians); 321-322 (Indians driving deer between converging rows of sticks); 322-323 (tents of deerskin); 323-325 (skins used in manufacture of sledges, snowshoes, and clothing).

“Rein-deer”: Parry, 1821: 273 (E. coast of Baffin Island).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Franklin, 1823: 215-227, 285 (Yellowknife River region); 230-232, 239-240, 245, 248, 268-271, 285, 297, 299, 309, 315-320, 438-440, 459-462, 480-488 (Winter Lake region); 233, 324-325, 418-426, 446-447 (Point Lake region); 240 (back fat; rutting season); 240-241 (antler and pelage change); 241 (larvae of warble and nostril flies); 241-242 (migration); 242 (fawning; food; weight; predation by wolves); 243-244 (Indian hunting methods); 327, 328, 333, 337, 344 (Coppermine River region); 327 (pursuit by a wolf); 344 (driven by wolves over a precipice); 363-374 (coast of Coronation Gulf); 379-395 (Bathurst Inlet region); 397-400 (Hood River region); 404-413 (Contwoyto Lake region); 478 (Marten Lake); 486, 487 (pursuit and killing by wolves, Winter Lake region).

Cervus Tarandas. . .: Sabine, in Franklin, 1823: 665, 667 (Barren Grounds, migrating in summer to Arctic islands).

“Deer” or “reindeer”: Lyon, 1824: 48, 58-60 (Frozen Strait); 54 (Repulse Bay); 64-67 (Gore Bay; too fleet for a greyhound); 70, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82 (Lyon Inlet and vicinity); 119, 123, 130, 144, 203, 212 (Winter Island; food of Eskimos; bows made of antlers; use of sinews; deerskin clothing); 192-198, 217, 221, 223, 229, 238, 241, 282-283, 311-317 (Melville Peninsula, E. coast; deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 257, 269-270 (near Fury and Hecla Strait; buck shedding velvet, September 4); 324, 327 (Eskimo use of antlers in sledges and bows); 336 (Melville Peninsula, in summer; voice; inquisi­tiveness); 336-337 (Eskimo hunting with bow and spearing in water); 415, 419-423, 430, 436 (near Igloolik, Melville Peninsula, in June).

“Deer” or “reindeer”: Parry, 1824: 42 (Southampton Island); 52, 61, 69, 71, 72, 83, 84, 92, 101, 106-108, 214, 230, 235, 236, 245, 254, 265 (s. Melville Peninsula and vicinity); 289, 305, 308, 324, 329, 332, 339, 343, 434, 438, 439, 441, 446, 447, 453-460 (Fury and Hecla Strait); 289 (stomach contents eaten by Eskimos); 305 (estimated weight 220 lb.); 380 (venison supplied by Eskimos); 403 (15 deer killed by an Eskimo during a summer); 494-497 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos, Melville Peninsula); 505 (their dependence on reindeer for food); 508 (Eskimo spear for killing deer in water); 512 (Eskimo methods of hunting deer); 513 (numerous, Cockburn Land); 537 (Eskimo use of skins and sinew).

Cervus tarandus L.: Richardson, “1825” (= 1827?): 326 (native names); 327-328 (antler growth and change); 328 (rutting season and strong-tasting meat, about beginning of October; warble flies); 328-329 (migrations, in relation to attacks of parasitic flies and to food; does precede on northward migration); 329 (fawns born in May and June; stragglers in every part of the country at all seasons); 330 (utilization of Caribou—including fly larvae—as food by natives; nostril flies); 331 (marrow used as hair-dressing by native women).

Cervus tarandus. . .: J. C. Ross, 1826: 94 (North Somerset Island).

“Rein-deer”: Franklin, in Franklin and Richardson, 1828: 54, 57, 60, 64, 71, 72, 288 (Great Bear Lake).

“Rein-deer”: Richardson, in Franklin and Richardson, 1828: 200 (sinews used in Eskimo bows); 209, 218 (between Mackenzie River and Cape Dalhousie); 224 (Liverpool Bay); 231 (E. of Cape Bathurst); 241, 246 (near Cape Lyon); 249 (Cape Young); 255 (Dolphin and Union Strait); 269-273 (lower Coppermine River); 275 (stalking device of Hare Indians); 277 (Dease River); 282 (Great Bear Lake).

Cervus tarandus, var. [Greek: alpha] arctica Richardson: Richardson, 1829: 241-242 (original description); 239 (type locality, neighborhood of Fort Enterprise, Mackenzie); 241 (rutting season); 241-242 (antler change); 242 (pelage change; infestation with warble fly; foot click); 242-245 (economic uses of hide, flesh, bones, and antlers; migration; not wintering S. of Churchill); 242-244 (reproduction); 243, 245 (food); 245 (organization of herds; easy of approach); 245-249 (native methods of hunting).

Cervus tarandus L.: Godman, 1831, 2: 283-284 (migration); 284 (food; gadfly attacking both Woodland and Barren Ground Caribou); 285-293 (quotations from Franklin, 1823).

“Deer” or “reindeer”: John Ross, 1835a: 130-376, passim (Boothia Peninsula); 243-244 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 252 (Eskimo method of hunting); 328, 330 (only small numbers up to late April); 337 (many, early May); 352 (stomach contents as food for Eskimos); 376 (migrating N., May 26); 389 (large herd); 390 (hundreds, June 4); 402 (pursued and eaten by wolves); 432 (with fawns, June 10); 438 (many in June); 512 (many killed by Eskimos); 529 (many tracks, May 15); 530 (many passing, followed by a wolf); 534 (many, May 21, with two wolves); 537 (Eskimos killing deer in winter); 564 (a number pursued by a wolf); 612 (two, October 30); 628 (first tracks, March); 704 (tracks, Somerset Island, late June).

Cervus tarandus. . .: J. C. Ross, in John Ross, 1835b: xvii (great numbers, Boothia; weight 250 lb.; does arriving in April, bucks in May; fawns hunted by Eskimos with dogs; utilization by Eskimos; food; great numbers speared in water in autumn migration; stragglers found in winter); xviii (measurements).

“Rein-deer” or “deer”: Back, 1836: 86 (Thelon River); 105 (Great Slave Lake); 116 (Hoar-frost River); 128-129 (near Artillery Lake, reindeer chased by wolves); 138-143 (Clinton-Colden and Aylmer lakes); 156-157 (head of Great Fish River); 178, 205 (near Fort Reliance); 216, 225, 234 (remaining on Barren Grounds near Great Slave Lake during winter); 261, 267, 268, 273, 280, 281, 285, 286 (Artillery Lake); 290, 292 (Lake Aylmer); 299, 307, 311, 320, 323, 325, 328, 337 (upper Back’s River); 367 (lower Back’s River, deer drowned in rapids); 420 (Chantrey Inlet); 435, 439 (lower Back’s River).

Cervus tarandus Linn.: Richardson, in Back, 1836: 498 (Barren Grounds; migration; food); 499 (utilization by Indians and Eskimos; antlers).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Simpson, 1843: 76 (destruction in 1831 of a countless herd [of Woodland or Barren Ground species?] crossing Hayes River in summer); 196, 198 (Great Bear Lake, September); 206, 226, 232, 242, 247, 249, 250 (between Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River); 207 (solicitude of a buck for a wounded doe); 208 (antlers worn by Indian hunter as a decoy); 232 (deer driven over a cliff by wolves); 233 (numerous near Dease River, early April); 255, 256, 261, 264 (lower Coppermine River, June); 266, 271, 273 (Coppermine River to Cape Barrow, July); 277 (does apparently crossing the ice to islands for fawning); 278, 279 (Cape Barrow to Bathurst Inlet); 281 (first does with fawns seen, August 3); 284 (Bathurst Inlet); 295, 297, 301 (E. of Cape Franklin, migrating S., late August); 309, 310 (lower Coppermine River, September; drowned in rapids); 312 (deer snares, Dease River); 320-321 (retiring in winter to Coppermine River and country south of Great Bear Lake); 328 (numerous between Great Bear Lake and Mackenzie River in winter); 342 (between Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River, June); 347 (Eskimos hunting on Richardson River, summer); 352 (lower Coppermine River); 355 (Eskimos at Cape Barrow gone inland to hunt deer, July); 361 (Ellice River, July 31); 365, 367 (Adelaide Peninsula); 370, 374 (Elliot Bay); 379 (King William Island); 381 (does and fawns near Ogden Bay, early September); 382 (Melbourne Island); 386 (Victoria Island, early September); 391 (great numbers, lower Coppermine River, September 20).

“Rein-deer”: J. McLean, 1932 (1849): 195 (immense herds [Woodland or Barren Ground sp.?] in York Factory region prior to 1837; their disappearance reducing Indians to want); 359 (Yellowknife Indians reported to have the art of taming fawns, which follow them like dogs till killed and utilized).

“Deer” or “rein-deer”: Rae, 1850: 26, 27 (Rankin’s Inlet); 27 (Eskimos spearing deer while crossing Chesterfield Inlet); 28 (Cape Fullerton); 31, 32 (near Whale Point); 35, 39 (Eskimo clothing of caribou skin, Repulse Bay); 40, 64, 65, 73, 74, 76, 80, 84, 91, 92, 133, 134, 166, 169, 177 (Repulse Bay); 44 (stone monuments erected by Eskimos to deflect deer); 44, 68, 99 (Rae Isthmus); 52, 54, 55, 130, 132, 145, 160, 161 (Committee Bay); 79 (use by Eskimos for clothing and food); 93 (migrating N., Repulse Bay, early March); 116 (Pelly Bay); 149, 151 (Melville Peninsula); 150 (use of stomach contents as food); 170 (Eskimo drum of caribou skin); 184, 186 (near Chesterfield Inlet).

“Deer”: Osborn, 1852: 74 (near Pond Inlet).

“Deer”: Rae, 1852a: 75 (Victoria Island, near Richardson Islands); 79 (many crossing Dolphin and Union Straits to Victoria Island).

“Deer”: Rae, 1852b: 83 (lower Coppermine River); 91, 95 (Victoria Island, vicinity of Albert Edward Bay).

“Barren Ground reindeer”: Richardson, 1852: 156 (Point Atkinson); 158 (Cape Brown); 166 (Franklin Bay); 173 (Buchanan River); 188 (Rae’s River); 198 (Kendall River region); 290 (Great Bear Lake; weight; great numbers [of Woodland or Barren Ground species?] crossing Hayes River, 1833, and slaughtered there by Indians); 296 (Great Bear Lake, migrating N. in May).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Hooper, 1853: 296 (dried meat as winter fare at Fort Norman); 302 (few along Bear River, November); 342 (Kendall Island); 343 (Richard Island); 378, 381 (meat as winter fare at Fort Simpson); 391-393 (method of preparing pemmican).

“Rein-deer”: Kennedy, 1853: 128 (numerous tracks, North Somerset, early April); 133 (Bellot Strait); 144, 150 (numerous, Prince of Wales Island, late April).

Rangifer caribou . . . (C. tarandus, var. A. Arctica Richardson): Audubon and Bachman, 1854, 3: 114 (quotations from Richardson, 1829, and Hearne, 1795; “in every part of Arctic America, including the region from Hudson’s Bay to far within the Arctic circle”).

“Deer”: J. Anderson, 1856: 24 (about 100, mostly bucks, Adelaide Peninsula, early August; Eskimos at Lake Franklin preparing to hunt deer); 25 (a few does at Lake Macdougall, mid-August; numerous at Aylmer and Clinton-Colden Lakes, early September).

“Deer”: J. Anderson, 1857: 321 (Eskimos hunting deer, Lake Franklin, July 30); 322 (mouth of Back’s River, July 30); 323 (fat bucks killed, Montreal Island, August 2-3); 324, 325, 327 (100, mostly bucks, Adelaide Peninsula, August 6, 7, 11); 326 (all tracks going S., August 9); 328 (25 going S., Lake Pelly; good deer passes between Lakes Pelly and Garry and at Hawk Rapids).

“Reindeer” or “Deer”: Armstrong, 1857: 149, 154, 155 (Eskimos with Reindeer meat and skins, Point Warren, E. of Mackenzie River); 166 (skins and meat at Eskimo camp near Cape Dalhousie); 194 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos on coast of Mackenzie); 210, 316, 322, 384, 391, 395, 417 (Banks Island); 254, 335, 364, 365 (Victoria Island, in October, May, July, and August); 297, 336 (Prince of Wales Strait, January and May); 395 (predation by wolves, Banks Island); 475-488, 497-499, 505-510, 514, 515, 521-530, 545-556, 568 (Banks Island; maximum weight 240 lb.; distribution; remain during winter; fawning; 112 killed at Bay of Mercy; quality of meat varying with season; wariness; antler change; description; graze with heads to wind; pursuit by wolves).

Rangifer groenlandicus (Kerr) (part): Baird, 1857: 635 (description; weight); 635-636 (distribution).

Cervus Tarandus, var. [Greek: a] arctica Richardson: Murray, 1858: 191 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 193-198 (comparison with Lapland reindeer); 199-206 (antlers and shedding); 201-204 (quotations from previous literature on antlers, food, fawning season, and winter range); 206 (teeth); 206-210 (fur); 210 (damage by warble flies).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: M’Clintock, 1860?: 147 (s. shore of Pond Inlet); 167, 176, 177, 184-188, 191, 194, 201, 203, 217, 289, 290, 295, 299 (Bellot Strait); 184 (buck at Bellot Strait, minus paunch, weighing 354 lb.); 212 (Eskimo clothing of reindeer skins, Boothia Peninsula); 219 (Somerset Island); 239 (Adelaide Peninsula); 244 (Montreal Island); 245 (Chantrey Inlet); 252, 279, 280 (King William Island).

“Rein-deer” (part): Richardson, 1861: 274 (migration; rutting season; utilization by Indians and Eskimos); 275 (moving N. at Repulse Bay, March 1; food).

Rangifer arcticus . . .: B. R. Ross, 1861: 438 (between Hudson Bay and Arctic Ocean; infested by larvae of warble and nostril flies); 438-439 (migrations); 439 (antler and pelage change; food); 439-440 (value to Indians for food, clothing, etc.).

Rangifer Groënlandicus . . .: B. R. Ross, 1862: 141 (distribution).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Osborn, 1865: 70 (Cape Bathurst); 80, 110, 162, 170, 173, 182, 186, 188, 189, 192, 199, 206-208, 219 (Banks Island); 98, 139, 146 (Victoria Island); 112 (Prince of Wales Strait, January); 223-224 (resident in Arctic archipelago, including Banks Island); 226 (no migration across Barrow Strait or Melville Sound); 227 (weight; gait; antler change; fawning); 227-228, 231, 232 (wolf predation).

“Reindeer”: Kennicott, in Anonymous, 1869: 166 (dried reindeer meat one of chief foods at Fort Simpson); 170 (caribou clothing used by Yellow Knives).

Rangifer tarandus (Linné) Bd.: Kumlien, 1879: 19 (Eskimo hunting at Cumberland Sound); 23-25 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 36-37 (Eskimo arrows and bows of antlers); 53, 54 (pursuit by wolves); 54 (abundant in Cumberland Sound region; migration; food; hunting and utilization by Eskimos).

“Barren ground caribou”: R. Bell, 1881: 15C (migrating in great numbers, Reindeer Lake).

Rangifer Groenlandicus “Baird” (part): Caton, 1881: 105 (description); 106 (Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay); 107 (food); 108 (habits; migration); 366-371 (hunting by Indians and Eskimos).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Gilder, 1881: 11 (Eskimos near Lower Savage Islands, Hudson Strait, with skins and meat); 23, 25, 26, 28 (hunting by Eskimos near Connery River, Keewatin); 42, 46 (near Chesterfield Inlet); 43 (Eskimo drum of deerskin); 50 (dog harness of deerskin); 59, 61, 64, 67, 71 (522 reindeer killed by Schwatka’s party between Hudson Bay and King William Island); 61 (pursued by wolves); 78 (wariness in winter); 83, 192 (Adelaide Peninsula); 122, 132, 153, 157, 161, 162 (King William Island); 137-146 (Eskimo use of skins and meat); 154 (Eskimos use of fat and meat); 196-197 (reindeer collecting in immense herds to cross Simpson Strait on ice in early October); 217, 218 (lower Back’s River, December); 223, 224, 225, 226 (numerous between Back’s River and Chesterfield Inlet, January); 254-255 (deerskins as Eskimo bedding).

“Reindeer” or “deer”: Nourse, 1884: 220 (Eskimos dressing skins near Wager Bay); 232 (37 killed by Hall’s party in July, Wager Bay); 235 (a thousand passing in a day; many cached near North Pole River, late September; seen from September to January, and reappearing in March); 256 (deer-hunting, Melville Peninsula); 264-265 (18 deer and a fawn near Cape Weynton); 351 (found abundant by Schwatka between Wager Bay and Back’s River); 354 (King William Island); 356 (plentiful, Terror Bay; immense herds, Simpson Strait, September to October 14).

“Reindeer” or “Arctic deer”: Schwatka, 1885: 59-60, 65, 67-71, 73-75, 81-82, 86 (hunting by Eskimos and whites in n. Keewatin); 60-64 (skins for clothing, bedding, and drums); 60-61 (molt); 65, 67 (use of meat); 68, 71-72 (swimming); 72 (many on King William Island); 77-79 (migrating across Simpson’s Strait, June and October); 79 (Boothia and North Somerset); 81 (near mouth of Back’s River); 83 (rarely seen in herds of more than 100; migrations); 84-85 (weight); 85 (unwariness).

“Deer”: Boas, 1888: 419 (deer in Eskimo economy); 429, 461-462, 501 (Baffin Island; hunting by Eskimos in summer by spear or line of cairns); 438 (varying numbers on Cumberland Peninsula); 502 (migration, Baffin and King William Islands); 502-503 (bows made of antlers); 508-509 (stalking and trapping by Eskimos); 522 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 555-560 (clothing of deerskin).

“Reindeer”: Bompas, 1888: 24 (deflected in their migrations in Mackenzie district by burning of the country); 60 (attacked by wolves); 61 (Indian methods of hunting); 62 (palatability of the flesh); 100 (utilization of hides and meat).

“Deer”: Collinson, 1889: 153 (Banks Island; weight); 166, 171, 173-175, 181, 186, 197, 209, 220, 237, 264, 272-274 (Victoria Island); 200, 203, 229 (Prince of Wales Strait); 235 (Dolphin and Union Strait); 243, 247, 281, 283 (Cambridge Bay); 244 (large herds waiting to cross Dease Strait, October; trailed by wolves); 277 (stone monuments of Eskimos for deflecting deer, Dease Strait); 290 (large numbers migrating in autumn from Victoria Island to mainland).

“Reindeer”: MacFarlane, 1890: 32-34 (Anderson River; Eskimos hunting reindeer there; their clothing in part of deerskin); 38 (Eskimo fish nets of deer sinew); 38, 43, 47 (numerous on Anderson River).

“Barren Ground caribou”: Pike, 1917 (1892): 43, 64 (near Lake Mackay); 44-46 (Lake Camsell); 48 (Arctic islands to s. part of Hudson Bay and vicinity of Fort Smith, W. to Mackenzie River; rutting season in October); 48-49 (migration); 49 (segregation of sexes; antler change); 50 (migration deflected by burning of country; thousands [Barren Ground or Woodland species?] at York Factory, about 1888-1890; depletion by hunting); 51-55 (Indian methods of hunting; economic uses); 51-52, 90 (unwariness); 56-58 (relations to Eskimos, wolves, and wolverines); 58-59 (parasitic flies); 59-60 (Indian superstition); 67, 72 (Coppermine River above Lac de Gras); 76 (near Lake Mackay; Lake Camsell); 81-82 (S. of Lake Mackay; curing of meat and hides); 89-91 (la foule); 90 (rutting season over and bucks too strong to eat, late October); 101 (mostly passed into the woods by November 11); 108 (Lake Mackay); 134 (near Lac de Mort); 148 (near Gros Cap, Great Slave Lake, January); 171, 174, 177 (N. of Great Slave Lake); 174 (bucks leaving woods in early June); 182 (Lake Aylmer); 186, 199 (Back’s River, July); 201, 204 (near Lake Beechey; females with young, late July); 209 (females and young in great numbers, upper Back’s River); 217 (Clinton-Colden Lake, early August); 220 (thousands at Ptarmigan Lake, August); 221 (Artillery Lake); 224, 227 (Pike’s Portage).

Rangifer Groenlandicus Linn.: J. B. Tyrrell, 1892: 128 (use in economy of northern Indians; weight; antler shedding; pelage change; infestation with warbles); 129 (wintering between Churchill River and Lake Athabaska; collecting on frozen lakes); 130 (Indian hunters killing 100-400 apiece; Fond du Lac, Lake Athabaska, on a main migratory path).

Rangifer Groenlandica Linn.: Dowling, 1893: 89 (Bear Head Lake [N. of Great Slave Lake]); 92 (near Lake Mackay, June 22); 103 (a favorite crossing on Great Fish River near Musk-ox Lake); 107 (Pike’s expedition living mainly on caribou; migrations; does fawning near the sea-coast, bucks following behind; horns in velvet prized as food by Indians).

“Barren Ground caribou”: J. B. Tyrrell, 1894: 441 (Alectoria jubata, a lichen, at Daly Lake, as food of caribou); 442 (immense herd—“tens of thousands”—at Carey Lake, July 29; tormented by black flies; animals lean and poor); 445 (Eskimo wearing deerskin coat; Lady Marjorie Lake, lower Dubawnt River); 446 (caribou plentiful in country traversed as far as Baker Lake; last one shot there September 3).

“Barren Ground Caribou”: Russell, 1895: 48 (a mass of caribou passing Fort Rae for 14 days in 1877); 49 (a section of antler used by Indian as a powder horn); 49-50 (caribou N. of North Arm of Great Slave Lake, November); 50 (leaping high in air at start; Indian hunting methods); 51 (Indian use of meat; albino specimen; antler growth and shedding; thousands near Bathurst Inlet, April; does fawning along sea coast in June).

“Deer”: J. B. Tyrrell, 1895: 440 (deer meat bartered by Chipewyans at Brochet); 442-443 (Indians hunting deer at Ennadai Lake; large numbers encountered there; Eskimos skinning deer on upper Kazan River); 444 (deerskin clothing purchased from Eskimos on Kazan River); 445 (no deer seen in rocky country along Ferguson River).

Rangifer Graenlandicus . . .: J. B. Tyrrell, 1896: 13 (S. in winter to Reindeer Lake and Mudjatick and Foster Rivers); 63 (migrating past Fond du Lac, Lake Athabaska).

“Caribou”: Whitney, 1896: 157, 238, 241 (migrations); 161 (fat, pemmican, and dried meat); 175 (use of dried meat by Dogribs); 176 (tepees of caribou skin); 202-206 (vicinity of Fort Enterprise); 210 (near Point Lake); 210, 213 (Dogrib hunting methods); 237 (importance to Indians; weight; an albino); 238-239 (antler shedding); 239 (warble and nostril flies; persecution by wolves); 240 (seasonal condition of flesh; distribution; recent decrease); 242 (wasteful killing by Indians; variation in wariness); 252, 268-269 (S. of Coronation Gulf); 262 (shoulder-blade as Indian talisman).

Rangifer Groenlandicus. . .: J. B. Tyrrell, 1897: 10, 49-50, 165 (herd of 100,000 to 200,000 at Carey Lake, Dubawnt River, late July); 12 (plentiful near Thelon-Dubawnt junction; scarce at Baker Lake, early September); 14 (S. of Dawson Inlet); 19, 124 (large numbers, Ennadai Lake, mid-August); 21, 140, 142 (plentiful along Ferguson River, September); 76 (plentiful along Dubawnt River); 122, 131-132 (hunted by Chipewyans, Ennadai Lake and Kazan River); 126-127, 131-132 (hunted by Eskimos, upper Kazan River); 134 (many near Yathkyed Lake); 150-151 (near source of Owl River, Manitoba; hunted by Indians, Wapini­hikiskow Lake); 166-167 (hunting by Chipewyans and Eskimos; use for food, clothing, and kayaks).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus. . .: Lydekker, 1898: 47-48 (description); 48 (distribution); 48-49 (migration; food).

Rangifer tarandus (Linn.): Russell, 1898: 88 (great numbers passing Fort Rae for 14 days in 1877); 89 (N. of Fort Rae); 90 (leaping into air at start); 91 (use of flesh by Dog Ribs; albino specimen); 111, 113, 119 (upper Coppermine River region, abundant in March); 134 (caribou-skin clothing worn formerly by Loucheux at Fort McPherson); 139 (on Mackenzie Delta in 1850); 168 (caribou-skin lodge at Fort Rae); 169-172 (caribou-skin clothing among Dog Ribs); 176 (caribou-skin drum at Fort Rae; use of sinew); 178 (caribou-skin gun cases among Indians); 187-189 (caribou-skin clothing among Eskimos); 225 (antler change); 226 (albino; food; distribution and migrations); 227 (abundant along coast between Mackenzie River and Cape Bathurst, 1894; deer snares; spearing; hunting); 228-229 (utilization by Eskimos and Indians; parasitic flies).

“Barren Ground Caribou,” “deer,” or “reindeer”: J. W. Tyrrell, 1908 (1898): 77-78 (Barlow Lake; Carey Lake, thousands, late July); 79 (weight 100-400 lb.; molt); 79-80 (antler change); 80 (relation of prongs to age; migration; food; reproduction); 80-81 (utilization of meat, skins, and sinew); 87-88 (Dubawnt Lake); 97 (lower Dubawnt River); 98 (Wharton Lake); 123-138 (utilization by Eskimos); 139-141 (hunting by Eskimos); 174-177 (near Dawson Inlet); 206-207 (E. of Churchill River); 215 (mouth of Nelson River [Woodland or Barren Ground species?]); 241 (importance to natives).

“Caribou” or “reindeer”: Jones, 1899: 328-332, 342-343, 353-355 (Fort Reliance and vicinity); 329 (weight); 338, 340, 365, 394 (Artillery Lake and vicinity); 342 (Indian corral or trap); 359 (noonday rest of caribou); 368 (immense band, Clinton-Colden Lake, early March); 374 (tens of thousands of does daily, Clinton-Colden Lake, moving N., March); 374-375 (relations to wolves); 381 (abundant, near mouth of Dubawnt River, March); 390 (near lower Dubawnt River); 411 (suffering from insects); 429 (spearing by Indians).

“Deer”: Lofthouse, 1899: 275 (mouth of Tha-anne River, early July).

“Caribou or deer”: Hanbury, 1900: 64 (Eskimos bringing venison to Churchill and reporting deer numerous along the coast); 65 (importance of deer in northern travel; scarce along west coast of Hudson Bay in May and early June); 66-67 (very scarce at Baker Lake in June, plentiful in July); 67 (flesh unpalatable in fly-time; large bands at Aberdeen Lake, August); 69 (absent in winter on lower Thelon River; very scarce on Hanbury River, August); 71 (plentiful, Artillery Lake to Great Slave Lake, September).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): A. J. Stone, 1900: 50 (distribution; migration); 51 (Richards Island); 53 (antlers; does and fawns moving N. in May, Franklin Bay; sprawling posture of hind leg); 57 (disastrous results of whalers’ demands for meat; Darnley Bay; Bathurst Isthmus).

“Caribou”: J. M. Bell, 1901a: 16 (vast herds near Dismal Lake; use by Eskimos).

“Caribou”: J. M. Bell, 1901b: 252 (furnishing food and clothing for Hare Indians, Great Bear Lake); 255 (use by Eskimos near Coppermine River; vast herds); 258 (plentiful, but decreasing, S. of Great Bear Lake; wanton killing by Indian and Eskimos).

“Caribou”: Boas, 1901: 52, 54 (Eskimo garments of caribou skin, Cumberland Sound); 81 (Eskimos hunting caribou with harpoons); 102, 107 (Eskimo clothing of caribou skin, w. coast of Hudson Bay); 150 (albino caribou).—1907: 465 (Eskimos W. of Hudson Bay dependent on caribou); 474 (caribou plentiful on Southampton Island and larger than on mainland); 493 (caribou-hunting at Pond’s Inlet); 501 (taboo against killing albino caribou, W. of Hudson Bay).

[Rangifer] arcticus (Rich.): Elliot, 1901: 37 (“Barren grounds of Arctic America, north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean”; diagnosis).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus . . . (part): Lydekker, 1901: 38-40 (description).

“Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer caribou)”: W. J. McLean, 1901: 5 (Great Slave Lake, annual arrival on August 12; hunting and utilization by Indians); 6 (antler growth and change; migration; trails; swimming).

Rangifer tarandus . . . (part): Beddard, 1902: 298 (“circumpolar”).

Rangifer arcticus . . .: Elliot, 1902: 259 (“in 1856 they migrated to latitude 47° in great numbers to Lake Huron” [???]); 260, 274-275 (migrations); 273 (Arctic regions, W. to Coppermine and Mackenzie Rivers); 276 (food; fat); 276-277 (utilization by Indians and Eskimos); 277-279 (native hunting methods); 279-280 (antlers shed by old bucks in December and January, carried by young bucks till spring, and by does till birth of fawns); 281-282, 286-287 (description).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Preble, 1902: 41 (50 and 25 miles S. of Eskimo Point; pursued by wolves; attacks of insects); 42 (flashing a white throat-patch; summation of previous records; ranging S. to Churchill River and Reindeer Lake); 42-43 (pelage described).

“Caribou”: J. W. Tyrrell, 1924 (1902): 15 (Fort Reliance, Great Slave Lake); 17 (Pike’s Portage); 18-20 (Artillery Lake); 26 (nearly all gone farther N., only stragglers remaining along Hanbury River, early July); 27-28 (numerous tracks but few animals, middle Thelon River, early July; hundreds killed by spring ice or Eskimos); 31 (large band moving S., Thelon River, July 23); 33-35 (between Thelon River and Artillery Lake); 37 (great bands of caribou the chief food supply in Thelon River region).

Rangifer articus . . . (part): Grant, 1903: 186 (Barren Grounds W. of Hudson Bay, W. to Mackenzie River, S. in winter to Churchill River and Reindeer Lake; threatened with extinction by whalers); 189 (Salisbury Island).

“Deer”: Hanbury, 1903: 185 (between Lake Pelly and Arctic coast, May).

“Caribou” or “deer”: Hanbury, 1904: 8 (Marble Island and Chesterfield Inlet, June); 9 (Baker Lake, July); 10 (large bands migrating S., Aberdeen Lake, early August); 14 (scarce, Hanbury River); 16 (plentiful, Lockhart River); 30 (Pike’s Portage, late July); 31 (Artillery Lake); 32 (Abbott Lake; scourged by warble flies); 34 (large bands migrating S., Hanbury River, late July); 41 (hunted by Eskimos near Thelon-Dubawnt junction); 43-44, 47 (Schultz Lake); 43 (voice; spearing by Eskimos); 48 (scarce, Baker Lake, early September); 49 (Chesterfield Inlet); 51 (plentiful near Marble Island, mid-September); 58 (leaving the coast, late September); 67 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 70, 72 (killed by Eskimos, Baker Lake); 73 (thousands at Baker Lake; fierce combats between old bucks in October rutting season); 75 (deerskin roof of igloo); 82 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 84, 88-90 (NW. of Baker Lake, November); 85 (unwariness); 89 (pursuit by wolves); 93 (bucks remaining all winter on Back’s River); 95 (numerous, Chesterfield Inlet; in December the old bucks had dropped their antlers); 100 (near Depot Island); 104-107 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 108 (does migrating N. in April); 111 (plentiful, Baker Lake, March); 113 (many, Schultz Lake, March); 114-115, 123 (snow pitfalls made by Eskimos); 115, 116 (numerous, Aberdeen Lake, March); 116 (antlers of bucks commencing to grow); 118 (NW. of Aberdeen Lake; buck weighing 280 lb.); 119 (Buchanan River); 120 (migration; many remaining on Barrens all winter; deer meat essential to Eskimos on Back’s River); 121 (frequent famine among Indians and Eskimos; caribou formerly migrating S. and W. to Forts Simpson and Providence); 127-131 (Pelly Lake and vicinity); 131 (antics; jumping and trotting); 133-137 (near Ogden Bay); 133 (majority of does shedding antlers by late April); 135 (ravens feeding on carcasses); 137 (warbles eaten by Eskimos); 139 (caribou wintering on Kent Peninsula, at Cape Barrow, and on Victoria Island); 143 (Arctic coast Eskimos going inland, summer and fall, to live on deer); 149 (White Bear Point); 153-167 (mainland near Kent Peninsula); 164-174 (Bathurst Inlet); 177, 185-197 (scarce, Cape Barrow to Coppermine River); 194 (molting, July; suffering from mosquitoes); 200-208 (lower Coppermine River); 209, 210 (Kendall River); 215-221 (Dismal Lake); 223, 229-233 (Dease River); 232 (rubbing trees).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hornaday, 1904: 136 (Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes to Cape Bathurst); 137 (Carey Lake; migration); 138 (weight; antlers).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Stone and Cram, 1904: 52 (description; Arctic islands to Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River; migration; rutting in October; sexual segregation); 53 (food; Mackay Lake; grunting). (Chiefly quoted from Pike, 1892.)

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): Elliot, 1905: 401 (“Barren grounds of Arctic America north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean”).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): MacFarlane, 1905: 680 (Mackenzie Basin; depletion through wanton slaughter by Indians); 681-682 (Anderson River, in winter; hunting and utilization by Eskimos and Indians); 682-683 (albino); 683 (trade in skins; wintering at Prince of Wales Strait and Mercy Bay, Banks Island; migration between Arctic islands and mainland); 684-685 (table of migration at Reindeer Lake); 692-693 (predation by wolves).

R[angifer] arcticus. . .: J. A. Allen, 1908a: 488 (specimens from near Wager River described); 490 (migration).

Rangifer arctica (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1908b: 584 (type locality, Fort Enterprise).

“Reindeer”: Amundsen, 1908, 1: 76 (Boothia); 83-84 (King William Island, September); 97 (reported formerly at Simpson Strait in large herds in autumn); 99 (20 killed, King William Island, late September); 102-106 (common in October, passing S. over Simpson Strait; very shy; no wolves on King William Island); 120 (Eskimos trading skins); 200 (King William Island, first reindeer of season seen, June); 201 (supplied by Eskimos); 224 (Simpson Strait); 235, 241-243 (King William Island, September); 237 (Eskimos hunting in September); 247 (large herds passing over ice of Simpson Strait); 248 (King William Island, October 15); 326-329 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos in Boothia; few reindeer coming N. as early as May).—1908, 2: 110 (many killed by Eskimos, King William Island); 311-316 (several, April); 322-325 (Royal Geographical Society Islands).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): Preble, 1908: 137 (Barren Grounds and islands northward; Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay; economy; probably two or more races; E. of Fort Smith in winter; long ago S. to Fort McMurray); 138 (in 1902-03 to Cree Lake; large numbers, Great Slave to Great Bear lakes; lower Coppermine River); 139 (migration); 139-143 (summation of previous records); 214 (wolves living largely on caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1910: 8 (7 August specimens from Artillery and Aylmer lakes; measurements and weight).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Seton, 1911: 206-262, 341 (Artillery, Ptarmigan, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes; habits); 210 (voice); 220, 258-260 (numbers); 225-226 (relation to wolves); 259-262 (slaughter by natives and whalers).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Cameron, 1912: 127 (place in economy of Caribou-eater Chipewyans; migration; on Lake Athabaska in winter); 309 (Fort Rae as a “meat-post” for the Mackenzie District).

“Caribou”: Wheeler, 1912: 199 (Fort Enterprise and Coppermine River; 1910 a very poor caribou year; females and yearlings taken in April; females [only?] wintering between Rae and Enterprise, and largely exterminated; usual numbers in 1911; large migration of males commenced May 18); 200 (between Coppermine River and Bathurst Inlet; by June 10 all caribou beyond [N. of] Coppermine River).

“Barren ground caribou”: R. M. Anderson, 1913a: 5 (recent great decrease); 6 (stragglers left in Mackenzie Delta region; great diminution along Arctic coast E. to Cape Parry, since recent advent of whaling ships; great numbers on Victoria Island in summer, crossing to mainland for winter; Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River; drives and spearing by Eskimos); 6, 8 (importance to Eskimos for clothing and meat); 8 (poor sight of caribou; hunting methods).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1913b: 502 (importance in native economy; recent enormous decrease; few left in Eskimo Lakes region, on Cape Bathurst, and at Langton and Darnley Bays; great number in summer on Victoria Island, migrating to the mainland); 503 (Great Bear Lake; Coppermine River; occurrence on Arctic coast at any season; Eskimos driving them between lines of stone monuments into water and there spearing them); 504 (hunting methods; senses; infestation by bot-fly); 504-505 (fawning); 505 (geographical variation; antler growth and change); 505-506 (fat); 516 (relations to wolves).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1913a: 93 (ravens in Arctic feeding on caribou left by wolves); 94 (caribou moving N., Prince Albert Sound, Victoria Island, May 12); 95-96 (migrating across Dolphin and Union Strait, March and May); 99 (plentiful on Dease River, winter of 1910-11; abundant on lower Coppermine River, March; no great numbers cross central Coronation Gulf; wintering on coast E. of Coppermine; many moving N. across w. Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April and May, and w. Victoria Island, May); 100 (migration across Kent Peninsula and in se. Victoria Island); 102 (E. of Cape Bexley); 103, 106 (numbers wintering on Banks Island, but few or none on Victoria Island); 105 (Eskimos hunting caribou in summer on s. Victoria Island); 106 (caribou wintering from Cape Bathurst to Kent Peninsula; migration N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April 1-May 20, and S. in the fall as soon as the ice is strong enough; tens of thousands on Dease River in late October; differences between Victoria Island and mainland specimens).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1913b: 27 (Fort Smith a “meat post”); 29 (abundant at Fort Norman 50 years previously); 127, 128, 156, 158 (Langton Bay); 130, 135, 137, 141, 142 (Horton River); 146 (Cape Parry); 151 (extreme scarcity of hornless caribou); 163 (Cape Lyon); 164 (Port Pierce; human eye keener than caribou’s); 203 (summer hunting by Eskimos S. of Dolphin and Union Strait); 203-204 (migration N. to Victoria Island); 204 (bot-fly larvae); 205 (near Dolphin and Union Strait); 210, 212, 213 (lower Coppermine River); 212-213 (seeking protection from mosquitoes on snow banks); 214 (Dismal Lake); 215 (summer hunting by Eskimos on Dease River); 219 (Great Bear Lake); 221 (August skins for Eskimo clothing); 224-225 (hundreds of thousands, Dease River, October); 228, 235 (N. of Great Bear Lake); 231, 232 (Horton River); 238, 239 (Kendall River); 241 (lower Coppermine River); 241-244 (geographical variation in caribou); 263-265, 269 (migrating N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, early May); 274, 278, 287, 289, 297, 298, 301 (Victoria Island); 276-277 (variation from mainland animals); 278 (habitual wariness); 281 (caribou-skin tents and Eskimo hunting, Victoria Island); 289 (Banks Island); 294 (few on Victoria Island in winter); 324 (Cape Parry); 333 (Langton Bay; skins spoiled by warble fly larvae, June and early July; skins thick in summer and fall); 335 (“Endicott” [= Melville] Mountains); 337-338 (Eskimo methods of hunting and curing meat); 348-350 (migrating NW., Horton River, October); 364 (Langton Bay, February-March).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Chambers, 1914: 93 (immense herd, between Churchill and Owl River, December); 291-294 (Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes); 294 (Mackenzie Delta region); 342-350 (summation of records on the Barren Grounds).

“Caribou”: Douglas, 1914: 103, 167, 168, 179, 180 (Dease River); 121, 190, 192, 196, 214 (lower Coppermine River); 137 (Great Bear Lake); 157, 158 (very scarce, Great Bear Lake, winter); 185 (Dismal Lakes); 191-192 (larvae of warble and nostril flies).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hornaday, 1914, 2: 97 (importance to Indians); 100 (the great mass between Cape Bathurst and Great Slave Lake; tens of thousands killed by natives for whalers); 101-104 (migrations); 103 (voice); 104 (tameness of large numbers; weight); 225-226 (numbers).

“Caribou” or “deer”: Stefánsson, 1914: 13 (former abundance from Mackenzie River eastward); 26 (scarce near Rae River); 39 (common the year round on Banks Island; abundant in summer, but scarce in winter, Victoria Island); 41 (migrating S. across Coronation Gulf in November); 48 (stomach contents and droppings eaten by Eskimos, Coronation Gulf); 54 (crossing ice in migrating N., April and May); 56 (chief source of Eskimo food in summer, Coronation Gulf); 57 (hunting with spear and bow); 58 (poor eyesight); 58-59 (use as food by Eskimos); 97 (kayak used in spearing caribou); 137, 139 (former hunting in Mackenzie Delta region); 140-141 (skin clothing in Mackenzie Delta region); 147-148 (methods of removing and drying skins, Mackenzie Delta region); 150 (use of skins and sinew); 275 (status about Great Bear Lake); 296 (droppings and warbles eaten by Eskimos, Victoria Island); 353 (caribou taboos); 355-356 (many on Mackenzie coast).

“Caribou”: Wheeler, 1914: 52 (Dog-rib clothing of caribou skins); 54 (between Forts Rae and Enterprise); 56 (Fort Rae’s early trade in caribou meat and skins); 58 (countless thousands, moving E., Great Slave Lake; Indian use of meat); 60 (caribou scarce N. of Great Slave Lake after burning of country); 65 (plentiful, Little Marten Lake); 67 (near Lake Providence).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Harper, 1915: 160 (Tazin-Taltson Basin).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus (Richardson): Lydekker, 1915: 254 (biblio­graphical references; type locality; description; Baffin Island).

Tarandus rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Millais, 1915: 255-256 (considered conspecific with Woodland Caribou); 258, 263 (supposed interbreeding with Woodland Caribou); 261 (description; in winter ranging “west to the Rockies above Fort Vermilion”[!]).

“Barren Ground Caribou”: Camsell, 1916: 21 (Tazin-Taltson Basin, autumn and winter).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Nelson, 1916: 460 (Arctic barrens; numbers; Artillery Lake; gait); 460-461 (use as food).

“Rein Deer”: Thompson, 1916: 19 (Eskimo lances pointed with leg-bone); 99 ([Barren Ground or Woodland species?] numerous in spring on Hayes River, where snared by Indians); 100-101 (immense herd estimated at 3,564,000 individuals, crossing Hayes River 20 miles above York Factory in late May, 1792).

“Caribou”: J. B. Tyrrell, in Thompson, 1916: 16 (Eskimos on Kazan River subsisting chiefly on caribou, killing them with spears and using their skins for clothing and kayaks).

Rangifer arcticus . . .: Kindle, 1917: 107-108 (tens of thousands E. of Slave River, early winter); 108-109 (previous accounts of great numbers).

“Barren Ground Caribou”: Camsell and Malcolm, 1919: 46 (e. border of Mackenzie Basin; migration).

“Barren Ground caribou”: Malloch, 1919: 55-56 (larvae of Oedemagena tarandi from skin of caribou, Dolphin and Union Strait, Bernard Harbour, and Coronation Gulf); 56 (larvae of Cephenemyia sp. from nasal passages of caribou, May 25, Bernard Harbour).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1919: 310 (hunting in the Arctic).

“Caribou”: Whittaker, 1919: 166 (in greater numbers than usual, E. of Slave River, winter); 167 (1,000 does crossing Great Slave Lake in March toward Barren Grounds).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Buchanan, 1920: 105 (S. in winter to Reindeer Lake and Churchill River, rarely to Cumberland House); 105-108, 128-129 (migration); 105-106, 131 (food); 113-125, 134-137, 142-151 (hunting by Indians and others); 122, 124 (traveling upwind); 125-126 (description); 126 (antler change; gait); 130-131 (numbers); 135-136 (snares); 136-140 (economic uses by Indians).

“Caribou”: R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1921: 743, 750 (Eskimos killing caribou, Victoria Island); 749 (Hood River); 750 (Bathurst Inlet).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hewitt, 1921: 11-12 (as a source of meat and clothing); 56 (most abundant of the larger land mammals of the world); 58, 64-66 (place in native economy; range and numbers becoming restricted by excessive slaughter); 59-60 (distribution); 59 (destruction by Eskimos and whalers); 60-63 (migration); 61 (food); 62 (fawning); 67 (warble flies, black flies, and mosquitoes).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Johansen, 1921: 22-24 (larvae and adults of Oedemagena tarandi and larvae of Cephenemyia sp., both parasites of caribou, at Bernard Harbour); 29 (adult Oe. tarandi, Dolphin and Union Strait); 35, 37 (larvae of Oe. tarandi, lower Coppermine River and Victoria Island).

“Caribou”: Stefánsson, 1921: 18 (abundant, Banks Island, winter); 227-230 (Norway Island [W. of Banks Island]); 231-234 (qualities of meat and fat); 242-249, 255, 258, 262, 281-283, 358, 364, 397, 369, 372, 473, 475, 476 (hunting on Banks Island); 246-247 (fat); 247 (attacks by insects); 248 (speed according to sex and age); 248-249 (pursuit by wolves); 251 (wariness on Banks Island); 252 (back fat); 255 (perhaps 2,000-3,000 caribou on Banks Island in summer); 307 (sight); 401 (hunting on Victoria Island, September; some migrating S. to mainland); 401-402 (stone monuments used by Eskimos for driving caribou to ambush); 475-476 (relations of caribou and wolves).

“Caribou” or “deer”: Jenness, 1922: 15, 17 (migration between mainland and Arctic islands; one route across Cape Krusenstern); 20-21 (Coppermine River to Great Bear Lake); 22 (Cape Barrow to Bathurst Inlet); 25-26 (Victoria Island in summer); 47 (spearing from kayaks in Coppermine region); 48, 101, 248 (use of fat for fuel); 61 (skins as bedding); 78-81 (skins as tent material); 97 (stomach contents eaten by Eskimos); 100-103 (Caribou as food of Eskimos; hunting on ice of Coronation Gulf and on Victoria Island; Coppermine River to Bathurst Inlet); 124 (summer hunting by Eskimos about Dolphin and Union Strait); 125 (October passage from Victoria Island to mainland); 127-142 (hunting on Victoria Island, April to October); 148-151 (Eskimo hunting methods about Coronation Gulf and on Victoria Island; attacks on Eskimos by Caribou); 182-189 (Eskimo superstitions concerning Caribou); 244, 249 (scarcity and destruction at Coronation Gulf).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1924: 329 (varying estimates of numbers; Barren Grounds of central mainland); 330 (relations to reindeer).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Miller, 1924: 491 (nomenclature; type locality).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1925: 15 (upper Coppermine); 32-34 (migration); 32-33 (sexual segregation); 33 (fawning; food; torment of flies; gait; molt; antler growth and change); 34 (senses; utilization by Indians; wariness; swimming; relations to wolves and foxes; Great Slave Lake to Great Bear Lake and Back’s River).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1926a: 73 (trails, Nonacho Lake); 96-97 (trail and signs, Lake Eileen); 98 (caribou in economy of the Caribou-eater Chipewyans).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Blanchet, 1926b: 46-48 (migrations); 47 (fawning in early June; attacks of flies; gait; molt; utilization of hides); 47-48 (antler change); 48 (senses; segregation by sex and age; numbers in millions; Lake MacKay, Great Bear Lake, Lac de Gras, Clinton-Colden and Aylmer lakes; wintering S. to Cree, Foster, and Reindeer lakes).

Rangifer spp.: Ekblaw, 1926: 101 (s. Arctic Archipelago).

“Caribou”: Mallet, 1926: 79 (migration; wintering about Reindeer, Cree, Wollaston, and Nueltin lakes and Pakatawagan; predilection for frozen lakes; predation by wolves); 80 (dependence of travelers on Caribou for food; hunting on the ice of lakes).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Preble, 1926: 119 (Barren Grounds); 121 (depletion along Arctic coast E. to Coppermine River); 125 (Yellowknife Preserve); 137 (Back’s River Preserve; great numbers; migration); 138 (Arctic islands; partial migration); 139 (Banks and Victoria islands).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1927: 145 (Abitau River); 149 (sw. tributary of Dubawnt River, July 5).

“Caribou”: Craig, 1927: 22 (Admiralty Inlet; former abundance; depletion by hunting).

“Caribou”: Henderson, 1927: 40 (Clyde River, Baffin Island; annual caribou hunt by Eskimos).

“Caribou”: Rasmussen, 1927: 5 (Eskimos clad in caribou skin, Melville Peninsula); 20-21 (hunting on Melville Peninsula); 23 (Eskimo stores of caribou meat); 54 (caribou moving N., Baker Lake, May); 59-60, 103, 105 (hunting by Eskimos, lower Kazan River); 63, 68 (Yathkyed Lake); 65 (warble fly larvae as Eskimo delicacy); 67 (decrease in Eskimos and caribou at Yathkyed Lake); 68 (stone cairns for deflecting caribou); 73-77 (Eskimo hunting methods); 104-106 (Eskimos starving for lack of caribou, lower Kazan River); 145 (Eskimos hunting near Admiralty Inlet); 166-167 (caribou obtained by Eskimos, Pelly Bay); 205 (King William Island); 214-217 (migration, September 15-21, King William Island); 245 (Eskimos of Victoria Island living on caribou in summer and autumn); 246 (enormous herds crossing delta of Ellice River; Kent Peninsula becoming depopulated of Eskimos through failure of caribou).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Anthony, 1928: 530-531 (description); 532 (Barren Grounds; former abundance; destruction).

“Caribou”: Kindle, 1928: 72-73 (numbers estimated at more than 30,000,000; utilization by natives for clothing and meat); 74 (economic value of reindeer).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Birket-Smith, 1929 (1): 9, 47, 57 (importance to Caribou Eskimos); 48 (back fat); 50 (wintering on Barren Grounds; moving against wind; antler shedding; poor quality of winter meat); 51 (wolves hunting caribou; does first on spring migration; fawning in June); 52-53 (Eskimos feasting on caribou in spring); 56 (fawning in late June and early July; great migration at Baker Lake, late July; plagued by Oedemagena tarandi; most important Eskimo hunting in late summer and early autumn); 86 (tents of caribou skin among Caribou Eskimos); 89 (Eskimo spade made of antler); 90 (bags of caribou skin; fat for illumination); 94 (skins for household use); 96 (the principal diet among Caribou Eskimos); 98 (hunting by means of fences); 100 (Yathkyed Lake); 101 (heedless slaughter by Eskimos; migration always incalculable; fox-trapping replacing caribou-hunting); 102 (former use of bow in hunting); 104 (arrowheads of caribou bones); 106 (hunting by Eskimos; wariness; keen hearing and smell; buck attacking a man at Vansittart Island; deer-crossings in region of Baker Lake and Kazan River); 107 (Eskimo hunting methods); 108 (snow pitfalls); 109-110 (spearing in water; swimming ability); 110-111 (driving between lines of cairns); 112 (snares); 133 (gadfly larvae as Eskimo delicacy); 134-135 (seasonal hunting); 135 (frequent starvation of Eskimos in lack of caribou); 137 (staple food of Caribou Eskimos); 138-139 (taboos in use of meat); 140-147 (Eskimo dressing of carcasses); 141-144 (raw, cooked, and dried meat in Eskimo diet); 171 (meat as dog food); 186 (deerskin for kayaks); 191, 196, 199-223 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 232, 239-251 (various Eskimo uses of skin, bones, and antlers); 262, 263 (Eskimo laws for hunting caribou); 268-271 (drums of deerskin).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Seton, 1929, 3: 95-135 (monographic); 97-99 (measurements, weight, color); 102 (distribution); 102-103 (antlers); 104 (molt; senses); 105 (communication; voice); 105-107 (disposition); 107 (aquatic ability); 107-108 (food); 108-109 (Wolves and other predators); 109-110 (effect of mosquitoes); 110-111 (warble and nostril flies); 111-116 (utilization of flesh and hide by natives and civilized man); 113-114 (fat); 117-122 (hunting by Eskimos and Indians); 122 (Artillery Lake to Back’s River; Arctic islands; migration); 124-125 (reproduction); 125-127 (migration); 127-128 (wintering between Great Bear, Great Slave, and Athabaska lakes and Hudson Bay); 131 (Mackenzie River to Cape Bathurst; Langton and Darnley Bays); 131-134 (numbers perhaps 30,000,000); 133-134 (destruction by Indians, whalers, and Eskimos).

“Caribou”: Blanchet, 1930: 49 (E. of Great Bear, Great Slave, and Athabaska Lakes; fawns born in late May or June; antler growth and shedding); 49-52 (migration; Lac de Gras, Lake MacKay, Beverly, Aberdeen, and Baker lakes; Coppermine, Lockhart, Taltson, Dubawnt, Kazan, and Ferguson rivers; S. to Cree and Reindeer lakes and Churchill; only a small migration now from Victoria Island to mainland; Wager and Repulse bays); 50-51 (importance to Indians and Eskimos; Dawson Inlet to North Seal River; inland from Eskimo Point and Nunalla; Padlei); 52 (food destroyed by fire; several millions); 53 (fawning area); 53-54 (possibilities for reindeer); 54-55 (relation of wolves to caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Critchell-Bullock, 1930: 55 (Artillery Lake; weight; therapeutic value of meat); 58 (Thelon River, thousands, late July); 143 (use as fox bait); 159-160 (numbers); 159-162 (useful role of Wolf as Caribou predator); 192 (wind direction scarcely affecting migration; Artillery Lake, mostly bucks, September to November; bucks getting lean, October 17; antlers dropping and flesh improving, November 7; practically all (buck) antlers dropped, November 19; Artillery Lake, several hundred does, November 4, then continuing to pass N. during winter; bands of bucks passing S., November 26 to December 9; young bucks with does during winter; does dropping antlers, March 24 to mid-April; all does gone N. by April 27; bucks moved N. of Hanbury River by June 20; main s. migration, Thelon River, July 23; all sexes and ages, in bands up to 2,000—total number 10,000+); 193 (scourged and driven by insects; voice; stage of pelage differing in sexes; delta of Dubawnt River; possibly yearling doe with fawn; flies gone August 24, animals putting on fat; does massing in September, hundreds slaughtered by Eskimos at Thelon-Dubawnt mouth; last seen, Baker Lake, September 5); 194-196 (table of Caribou movements—localities, dates, numbers, sex, wind.)—1931: 32 (conservation); 33 (trade in hides; Back’s River Eskimos living “solely” on Caribou).

“Caribou”: Hoare, 1930: 13 (bucks migrating NE., June, Artillery Lake to Ford Lake); 14 (10,000+ near Campbell Lake, going SW., late July); 16 (bands near Smart Lake, August); 21 (Ford Lake, early December); 22 (Artillery Lake and Pike’s Portage, numerous, December; wolf predation); 27 (small bands swimming lower Thelon River, late June); 31 (swimming Hanbury River, July); 33 (great numbers of bucks going S. Thelon River, July 22; relation of migrations to insects and storms); 36 (circular migration about e. end of Great Slave Lake; ne. migration in spring down Thelon River); 37-38 (relation of migration to mosquitoes); 52-53 (summation by R. M. Anderson: carrying capacity of range—60 acres per Caribou; probably total not over 3,000,000).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Kitto, 1930: 87 (food; economy; numbers and depletion; migrations); 88 (effect of firearms; segregation of sexes and ages); 89 (wolves; insect pests); 89-90 (conservation measures); 110 (Keewatin, mainland and Southampton and Coats islands; Churchill, Eskimo Point, and Baker Lake).

“Caribou”: Mallet, 1930: 13 (Eskimo clothing of skins, Kazan River); 20-23 (great migrant herd, led by a doe, crossing Kazan River near Yathkyed Lake); 27 (small herds migrating S., Ennadai Lake, August); 32 (Chipewyan drum of caribou skin); 85 (Eskimos between Nueltin and Baker lakes living on caribou); 87 (Eskimo clothing of caribou fur); 89 (Eskimos starving for lack of caribou); 90 (500 consumed per winter by 20-odd Eskimos); 92 (caribou-skin gloves; tongues as provisions for journey); 95 (Eskimos eating raw frozen caribou in winter and “lukewarm meat” in summer); 102 (Eskimo tent of skins on Kazan River); 116 (Indians eating caribou on Kasmere River); 131-140 (Eskimo band succumbing to starvation for lack of caribou).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus Richardson: Jacobi, 1931: 78-80 (description); 80-84 (N. to Baffin Island and other Arctic islands; E. to Hudson Bay, Southampton Island, and Melville Peninsula; S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and Fort McMurray; W. to Athabaska and Mackenzie Rivers); 140 (phylogeny); 156, 157, 159 (depletion by natives, whalers, and traders); 186-187 (habitat); 190 (occurrence in herds); 192-210 (migrations: causes, extent, routes, numbers, behavior, segregation by sex and age, dates, winter quarters); 216 (swimming); 219, 220 (unwariness; curiosity); 223 (food); 232 (reproduction); 236 (molt); 237 (change of antlers); 240-241 (predation by wolves); 244-245 (parasitic flies).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Harper, 1932: 30 (Lake Athabaska; excessive slaughter by Indians; Tazin Highlands; food; Thainka Lake; junction of Tazin and Taltson Rivers; avoiding lower Taltson River after fire); 31 (Great Slave Lake; “near Artillery Lake” [= Stark Lake?]; Indians spearing hundreds in water; migration; havoc by wolves; Caribou-eater Chipewyans).

“Caribou”: Jenness, 1932: 47, 48, 58, 59 (caribou in Indian economy); 51, 58, 75, 406-408, 411, 412, 414, 415 (caribou in Eskimo economy).

“Cariboo” or “deer”: Munn, 1932: 57 (Artillery Lake); 58 (great migration of perhaps 2,000,000 between Artillery and Great Slave lakes; relation to mosquitoes); 168 (Baffin Island); 191-192 (Eskimo sleeping-bags and clothing of caribou skin, Baffin Island); 210, 214 (Eskimos hunting deer, Southampton Island); 255 (trade in skins from Melville Peninsula); 271 (depletion of Baffin Island herds); 278 (decimation of caribou in w. Arctic due to Eskimos trapping white fox instead of sealing in winter).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Sutton and Hamilton, 1932: 33, 35, 36, 81, 82, 84, 85 (predation by wolves, Southampton Island); 79 (formerly abundant, but no longer); 79, 81 (migration); 80-83, 86-87 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos); 81 (scatology); 81, 84-86 (reproduction); 81-86 (antler growth and shedding); 83 (standing on hind legs); 84 (food; foot-glands; voice); 84-86 (parasitic and other flies); 87-88 (description); 88 (previous records on Southampton Island).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus. . .: Weyer, 1932: 38 (most important land animal to Eskimos); 39 (utilization by Eskimos; food); 40 (fawning period; seasonal fat; migration).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Birket-Smith, 1933: 89 (immense numbers on Barren Grounds, but recently declining); 90 (gadflies plaguing caribou); 91-92 (migration); 92 (thousands at Baker Lake, late July; scourged by mosquitoes); 93 (no longer migrating from Victoria Island to mainland); 94 (occurrence in autumn and winter at Repulse Bay); 100 (good hunting near Whale Point, Roe’s Welcome; use of cairns in hunting by Eskimos); 106 (not many near Eskimo Point); 112 (great migration at Baker Lake beginning in June); 118 (deer crossings on lower Kazan River); 121 (difficulty of reconciling reindeer culture with presence of caribou).

“Caribou”: Ingstad, 1933: 34 (caribou deflected on s. side of Great Slave Lake by forest fires); 48 (buck on Barren Grounds harassed by black flies); 85, 110 (E. of Great Slave Lake); 86 (asleep on ice of lakes); 87 (leaping into air before running off); 88 (varying wariness); 90 (carcass as fox bait near Artillery Lake); 118, 122 (use of meat and hides by Indians, Great Slave Lake); 134-135, 324 (spring migration across Great Slave Lake); 135 (antler velvet eaten by Indians; larvae of nostril and warble flies); 139 (Indian drum of caribou skin); 156-159 (migration; followed by wolves, ravens, foxes, and wolverines); 158 (rutting season and behavior); 159 (antler shedding); 160 (numbers); 161 (migration influenced by grazing available; fawning on Arctic islands); 162 (separation into different herd groupings); 162-163 (destruction by Eskimos with firearms along Arctic coast); 163 (migration deflected by burning of country); 165-166 (conservation; wolf predation); 167 (dependence of Caribou-eater Indians on this animal); 176, 181 (Stark Lake and vicinity); 186-187 (use of meat by Caribou-eaters); 204, 216, 218, 220, 222 (upper Thelon River region); 207 (predation by wolves); 225, 229-231 (Nonacho Lake area); 247, 253 (dependence of Barren Ground Indians on caribou); 253-254 (former hunting with spears, bows, dogteams, barriers, snares); 257-259 (Indian use of meat and hides); 280 (migrating near e. end of Great Slave Lake); 291, 293, 296 (thousands in winter on Barrens E. of Great Slave Lake); 293, 297 (unwariness); 302-304, 306-307 (predation by wolves on Barren Grounds); 312 (albino caribou).

“Barren land caribou”: Stockwell, 1933: 45 (large herds in August, Point, Thonokied, and MacKay lakes and Coppermine River).

“Caribou”: Weeks, 1933: 65 (very plentiful on Maguse River after August 4).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1934a: 81 (utilization of skin and meat; migrations; Melville Peninsula, Boothia Peninsula, and Baffin Island).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1934b: 4062, fig. 9 (map shows range of subsp. arcticus extending N. only to Arctic coast and over Baffin Island).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Flerov, 1934: 240 (cranial measurements).

“Caribou”: Godsell, 1934: 273-276 (trade with Eskimos on Arctic coast resulting in great slaughter of caribou); 276 (importation of reindeer to Mackenzie Delta region to replace caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Hornby, 1934: 105 (food; weight; fat; migrations influenced by natives, unfrozen large lakes, and fires; effects of flies; rutting season and behavior; antler shedding); 106 (irregular migrations; sexual segregation; wolf predation); 106-107 (movements, numbers, and dates in region between Great Slave and Baker lakes); 108 (beneficial effect of wolves on caribou).

“Caribou”: Wray, 1934: 141 (abundant, Lac de Gras, 1932); 144 (few S. of Mackay Lake).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Degerbøl, 1935: 48-51 (specimens from Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula, including an albino from Rae Isthmus; descriptions).

“Caribou”: Freuchen, 1935: 93 (abundance of rabbits supposed to lessen wolf predation on caribou); 99 (wolverine reputed to attack sleeping caribou); 120 (pursuit by wolves near Wager Inlet); 121 (followed by wolves, Melville Peninsula; predation by wolves, Southampton Island); 122 (wolves said not to follow caribou across streams; wolf methods of hunting caribou); 128 (caribou carcasses consumed by Arctic foxes).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Murie, 1935: 74, 75 (type locality; skull measurements).

“Barren ground caribou”: Alcock, 1936: 9 (Lake Athabaska).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Birket-Smith, 1936: 90 (importance to Eskimos); 91 (migration; snow pitfalls, baited with urine; hunting with spears, rows of stone cairns, snares, and bows); 110 (dependence of Caribou Eskimos on Caribou); 111 (frequent famine and cannibalism among them for lack of Caribou; lookout knolls for Caribou); 112 (sexual segregation in herds); 115-116 (clothing of caribou skin).

“Caribou”: Soper, 1936: 429 (resorting to Grinnell Glacier, Baffin Island, to escape mosquitoes).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1937: 103 (lower Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay; use of skin and meat; scarce on coast W. of Bathurst Inlet; concentration between Bathurst Inlet, Great Slave Lake, and Baker Lake; S. into Wood Buffalo Park; use of rifles by Central Eskimos resulting in decrease; apparent inter­gradation with R. a. pearyi in northern islands).

“Caribou”: Godsell, 1937: 288 (caribou migrating between mainland and Arctic islands exterminated by Eskimos with ammunition supplied by traders); 289 (reindeer imported to mouth of Mackenzie to replace vanished caribou).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Henriksen, 1937: 25 (larvae of Cephenomyia trompe L. from nasal passage, Baker Lake, May 2); 26 (larvae of Oedemagena tarandi collected from caribou in May, Gore Bay, Lyon Inlet, and Melville Peninsula).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1938: 400 (perhaps no great reduction in numbers, but some shifting of range from human encroachments and fire; wintering S. to n. Manitoba and Saskatchewan and ne. Alberta; estimate of 3,000,000).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Hamilton, 1939: 109 (hoofs; function of fat); 244-247 (migrations); 246, 352, 359 (importance to Indians and Eskimos); 247 (influence of mosquitoes on movements; sexual segregation); 301 (distribution determined by insect pests); 359 (immense herd in ne. Saskatchewan).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus Richardson: Murie, 1939: 239 (Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island, including some of the Arctic islands; diagnosis); 244 (antlers; pelage; migration; rut in September and October); 245 (food; ankle click; voice; gait; senses; insect pests; Wolves and other predators); 245-246 (danger from introduction of Reindeer); 246 (adaptation to environment).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Clarke, 1940: 5, 7 (dependence of Indians and Eskimos on caribou); 8-9 (Rum Lake country a wintering ground; Eskimos from Back’s River to Wager Inlet and Baker Lake dependent on winter caribou; likewise those at Beverly, Aberdeen, and Schultz lakes); 11 (great winter herd S. and W. of Bathurst Inlet); 65 (fluctuations; current abundance in Hanbury-Thelon region and scarcity at Baker Lake); 70 (parasites; diseases); 84 (economic importance); 85-86 (migrating southward in late July in Thelon Game Sanctuary and at Tourgis Lake, in early August at Hanbury, Artillery, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes, and from early August to late September at Taltson River and Thekulthili and Nonacho lakes; in autumn near Lac de Gras and on upper Back’s River; in autumn and winter at Reliance and Snowdrift); 87-90 (at least 100,000 migrating N. in early July at Hanbury and Thelon rivers, including does with month-old fawns); 89, 90 (molt); 91 (previous records in Thelon Sanctuary region); 92-93 (near Lake Athabaska and Slave River and at Hill Island Lake in early August; Wood Buffalo Park in winter; the various groups and their movements defined); 93-95 (early ideas of migrations); 95 (fallacies; sexual segregation; antlers; influence of flies); 96-97 (details of migratory movements; retrograde autumnal movement); 98 (extermination of bands formerly migrating from mainland to Victoria and King William islands); 98-100 (irregular migrations; influences—such as wide open waters, overgrazing, and fires—affecting migrations); 101-104 (carrying capacity of range; numbers estimated at 3,000,000; increase and decrease); 104-106 (accidents); 106-107 (effects of fire and overgrazing; food); 107-110 (wolves and other predators); 110 (hunting and its effects); 112 (importance to natives).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): G. M. Allen, 1942: 297 (mainstay of Eskimos and Indians); 297-298 (description); 298-299 (Hudson Bay to Mackenzie River, N. to Banks and Victoria Islands, Boothia, Southampton and Baffin Islands, S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and ne. Alberta; migratory habit; shift of range due to human crowding and destruction of winter forage by fire); 299 (increased slaughter in winter range; reduction on Southampton Island).

“Caribou”: Manning, 1942: 28 (rapidly reduced on Southampton Island after establishment of a post in 1924); 29 (insufficient skins for Eskimo clothing); 29 (wolves, for lack of caribou, became extinct on Southampton by 1937).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Soper, 1942: 143 (in 1932-33, E. of Fort Smith, S. to 30th base line; along N. shore of Lake Athabaska to Fond du Lac; W. of Slave River, between Lobstick Creek and Grand Detour and into Wood Buffalo Park; Tethul River to Tsu Lake and Taltson River; in 1933-34, crossing Slave River from E. in vicinity of Caribou and Stony Islands and Buffalo Landing, and feeding on goose grass [= Equisetum, fide Raup, 1933: 39]).

“Caribou”: Downes, 1943: 203 (Windy Lake, late July); 215 (1925-26 and 1938-39 bad years for caribou on upper Kazan River; consequent mortality among Eskimos); 221 (Red River, July 28); 224, 249, 250 (Simons’ Lake); 226 (grunting; shaking heads on account of flies; buck with winter pelage); 227 (butchering operation); 228 (use of antlers and hoofs; feeding on dwarf birch; protecting carcasses from gulls); 236-237 (antics of a buck); 253 (Red River); 255 (warble and nostril flies); 256 (does beginning to appear; swimming ability); 256-257 (snuffing, snorting, and coughing); 258-260 (estimates of numbers); 260 (change of migration routes through human activities and forest fires); 261-262 (effect of natives and wolves); pl. following p. 296 (Kasmere River).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Manning, 1943a: 47 (recent depletion by Eskimos); 49-52 (w. Baffin Island; Koukdjuak and Hantzsch rivers; Bowman, Taverner, Wordie, and Harbour bays; Tweedsmuir Islands; Baird Peninsula; Lake Nettilling; Cumberland Sound; Fury and Hecla Strait); 50 (summer and winter droppings; exterminated from most of Foxe Peninsula); 51 (estimated population in central western Baffin Island 10,000); 51-52 (migratory movements); 52 (sexual segregation and herding; females bearing young at end of second year); 52-53 (antler growth and shedding); 53 (molt; development of warble flies, and their scarcity in fawns; accumulation of fat); 55 (annual kill by wolves on w. Baffin Island estimated at 2,000 animals over one year of age).

“Caribou”: Manning, 1943b: 103 (former migration—now ceased—from the S. to Melville Peninsula, where the animals are now scarce; still numerous on Baffin Island N. of Fury and Hecla Strait; fairly numerous, Repulse Bay to Chesterfield Inlet; dearth of skins for Eskimo clothing; numerous herds about Piling, Baffin Island).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: Porsild, 1943: 383 (food); 386 (warble and nostril flies “apparently do not travel very far”; sparsely covered grazing areas suitable for caribou but not for reindeer); 389 (migration affected by rotational grazing and seasonal and local abundance of mosquitoes or flies; wariness varying with size of herd; caribou disappear before expanding reindeer culture).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Soper, 1944: 274-250 (great reduction in southern coastal region of Baffin Island; few left on Foxe Peninsula; Hantzsch and Soper rivers; Bowman, Amadjuak, and Frobisher bays; Lake Harbour; Nettilling Lake; Big Island; Grinnell Glacier; Cockburn Land); 248 (measurements); 248-249 (migrations); 248-250 (utilization by Eskimos).

“Caribou”: [U.S.] War Department, 1944: 40 (Canadian mainland and Arctic islands); 77 (importance as food).

“Barren ground caribou”: Wright, 1944: 185 (late summer skins for clothing; high value of the meat; reduction in numbers); 186 (migration routes changed by overgrazing, fires, and excessive hunting; numbers); 187 (annual consumption in Keewatin not less than 22,000; decrease on Boothia and Melville peninsulas; locally plentiful in w. Baffin Island; scarce on King William Island; none on Adelaide Peninsula; great decrease on Southampton Island); 188 (small herds on Coats Island; varying numbers on Baffin Island, where skins are imported for clothing; a herd on Bylot Island); 189 (scarce at Arctic Bay and on Brodeur Peninsula); 190 (migration on Baffin Island); 191 (Baffin population estimated at 25,000); 193 (tables of numbers taken annually on Baffin Island and in Keewatin); 195 (smaller caribou on Boothia Peninsula and on Somerset and Prince of Wales islands).

“Caribou”: Young, 1944: 236-238, 243 (predation by wolves in the Barren Grounds, including Southampton Island and Artillery Lake).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Gavin, 1945: 227-228 (recent increase at Perry River and Bathurst Inlet; partly resident on mainland but also migratory, a few crossing to Victoria Island); 228 (many fawning on small coastal islands and Kent Peninsula; many succumbing to mosquitoes; damage by larvae of warble fly).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1947: 178 (type locality; Mackenzie and Keewatin, from Hudson Bay and Melville Peninsula W. to lower Mackenzie Valley, and N. to s. fringe of islands N. of the mainland Arctic coast; migrating S. to Churchill River or beyond, Reindeer Lake, Lake Athabaska, and occasionally the Wood Buffalo Park in ne. Alberta).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1948: 15 (decrease; shift of range attributed to fire or overgrazing; need of protection; killing from planes; Northwest Territories; northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Manning, 1948: 26-28 (Eyrie, Big Sand, Neck, Sandhill, Malaher, Boundary, Boulder, South Henik, Camp, Carr, Alder, Victory, Ninety-seven, Twin, and Baker lakes; Tha-anne and Kazan rivers; W. of Padlei; Christopher Island; Chesterfield Inlet; Tavani; most numerous in the more southerly and westerly of these localities in Manitoba and Keewatin; heavy grazing on lichens where the caribou had been numerous; migration; trails).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus Richardson: Rand, 1948a: 211-212 (diagnosis); 212 (Northwest Territories, wandering southward in winter as far as Fort McMurray (formerly) and Wood Buffalo Park; food; habitat).

Rangifer arcticus Richardson: Rand, 1948b: 149 (numerous at Burnt Wood River, W. of Nelson House, winter of 1944-45, and in Herb Lake area, Manitoba, winters of 1944-45 and 1945-46; hundreds killed by Indians).

“Caribou”: Yule, 1948: 287 (a losing battle for survival; not half as many as a few years previously); 288 (considerable herds between Churchill and Gillam, but fewer to the westward; excessive kill; consumption by dogs and wolves; disaster confronting Indians and Eskimos through diminishing supply of caribou).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: Banfield, 1949: 477 (economy); 478 (Mackenzie and Keewatin; numbers less than previous estimate of 3,000,000; S. in winter to nw. Ontario, central Manitoba, n. Saskatchewan, ne. Alberta, Wood Buffalo Park, and Norman Wells; small bands remaining on Boothia and Adelaide peninsulas, S. of Pelly Bay, on Somerset, Prince of Wales, and Russell islands, and at Daly Bay; believed extirpated on King William Island; Melville Peninsula); 481 (near Wager Bay; fairly plentiful along Arctic coast from Back’s River to Horton River, in Perry River district, and on Kent Peninsula, where a few cross to Victoria Island; population on Southampton Island estimated at 300, on Coats Island at 1,000 and on Baffin Island at 25,000; apparently extirpated on Bylot Island in 1941; Eskimo pressure on Baffin Island herds). (Fig. 1 suggests n. limit at s. Victoria Island and Prince of Wales and Somerset islands.)

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: Harper, 1949: 226 (Kazan River; Eskimos starving for lack of caribou); 226-230, 239-240 (migration and its pattern); 226 (wintering S. to Churchill and Nelson rivers; Nueltin Lake); 226, 228 (habitat; trails); 226-227, 229-230 (locomotion); 227 (daily periods of rest); 228, 229, 230 (pelage and molt); 228 (insect pests); 228, 229 (organization of herds); 229 (antlers); 229-230 (disposition); 230 (grunting; shaking water off; foot-glands; food); 230-231 (utilization of hides and meat); 230-231, 239 (the wolf a beneficial predator); 231, 239 (numbers); 239 (civilized man the chief enemy; menace of reindeer culture).

“Caribou”: Hoffman, 1949: 12 (herds of 50,000 in Mackenzie region spotted by aircraft; Indians and Eskimos thus directed to them; caribou hides shipped to Eskimos along Arctic coast, who are thus giving up seal-hunting).

Rangifer arcticus agg.: Polunin, 1949: 24 (contemplated introduction of Reindeer to replace Caribou); 72 (Frobisher Bay); 227, 230 (reported increase in NE. of Southampton Island); 230 (Eskimos on Southampton Island learning conservation methods); 233, 238, 262, 264 (Christopher Island, Baker Lake).

“Caribou”: Porsild, 1950: 54 (relatively plentiful, 1949, Banks and Victoria islands).

“Barren-ground caribou”: Banfield, 1951a: 1 (importance in northern economy); 3 (physical environment); 4 (former and present distribution); 4-5 (winter ranges); 5 (influences of fire on distribution); 6 (summer ranges; retrograde autumnal movement); 9 (estimated mainland population 670,000); 9-12 (migration); 10 (retrograde autumnal movement; rutting in October or November); 11 (influences of excessive hunting and fires on migration); 12-15 (changes in range and status); 13 (estimated population of 1,750,000 in 1900); 14-15 (destruction by whalers and natives); 15-17 (description; pelage and molt); 15 (weight); 17-18 (antler growth and change); 18 (tooth wear with age); 19 (body form; foot-prints; foot-click); 19-20 (food); 21 (locomotion; swimming); 22 (voice; senses; disposition); 23-24 (group behavior); 24-26 (sexual segregation); 26 (rutting behavior); 27 (fawning behavior; warning behavior); 27-29 (influence of food, weather, and flies on migration); 30 (vital statistics; growth); 31 (sexual maturity); 31-33 (warble flies); 33 (nostril flies, mosquitoes, and black flies); 33-35 (internal parasites); 35 (bacterial diseases); 35-36 (accidents); 36-37 (relations to other animals); 37-41 (relations to wolves; annual loss from wolf predation estimated at no more than 5 percent); 41 (wolverine only a scavenger); 42 (few kills by barren-ground grizzlies or golden eagles); 42-43 (effect of firearms and wastage by natives); 43-44 (caches); 44-45 (meat used as human food, dog feed, and fox bait); 46-47 (hides used for clothing, upholstery, tents, moccasins, etc.); 47 (use of sinew, antlers, and fat); 47-50 (human population in caribou range; annual kill estimated at 93,000 as a minimum).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus (Richardson): Banfield, 1951b: 120 (Mackenzie; wintering in forest, summering on tundra; specimens).

“Caribou”: Scott, 1951: 17 (Musk Ox Lake, Mackenzie); 19 (near Beechey Lake); 37, 41, 83, 87, 88, 175, 214, 216 (Perry River, Keewatin); 127 (use by Eskimos); 179, 180 (doe with fawn, July 21); 199 (several thousand, July 27); 234 (Baker Lake).

“Caribou”: Tweedsmuir, 1951: 18 (reduction on Baffin Island); 37 (Salisbury Island); 111 (gone from Foxe Land).

“Caribou”: Anonymous, 1952: 261 (decline in numbers from 1,750,000 in 1900 to 670,000 in 1952); 263, 265, 267 (wolves harrying herds); 264 (annual kill estimated at 100,000; natural enemies account for 68,000 more); 267 (summer and winter ranges mapped).

Rangifer arcticus arcticus. . .: Mochi and Carter, 1953: pl. 9, fig. 3, and accompanying text (description; distribution).

“Caribou”: Harper, 1953: 28 (caribou bodies in Nueltin Lake region fed upon by Rough-legged Hawks, Ravens, and Herring Gulls); 40 (lack of Caribou leading to large consumption of Ptarmigan as dog feed); 41 (Caribou preferred to Ptarmigan as Eskimo food); 60 (Long-tailed Jaegers feeding on caribou bodies); 62, 63 (depredations by Herring Gulls on caribou bodies); 64 (Ring-billed Gulls feeding on caribou bodies); 72 (Canada Jays as substitute for dog feed when caribou are lacking; these birds as scavengers on caribou bodies); 74 (Ravens and Canada Jays as scavengers); 76 (Ravens feeding upon caribou bodies and following Wolves in expectation of a caribou kill).

“Caribou”: Barnett, 1954: 96 (migration; fawning; numbers); 103 (migration); 104 (warble fly; antlers); 106 (lichens as food).