[279] Animals and plants are placed in different species when the differences between them are only relative; in different genera, when such differences are absolute. Thus, for example, the size of teeth is considered relative; the number of teeth absolute.
[280] American Journal of Science and Arts, 3rd Series, vol. 43 (1892), p. 351.
[281] Modern Ideas of Evolution, p. 119.
[282] Types of Animal Life, 205.
[283] Nicholson and Lydekker's Manual of Palæontology, ii. 1362.
[284] Origin of Species, c. xi.
[285] Lydekker, p. 1361.
[286] Evolution of the Horse, 12.
[287] "Succession of Life on Earth" (Recreations in Popular Science, 2nd Series, p. 339).
[288] British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Guide to fossil mammals and birds, p. 38.
[289] American Journal of Science and Art, 3rd Series, vol. 43 (1892), p. 351.
[290] The Evolution of the Horse, p. 16.
[291] Lydekker, ut sup. p. 1363.
[292] Sir W. Flower, The Horse, p. 74.
[293] "It is a consequence of the theory of Natural Selection that identity of structure involves community of descent; a given result can only be arrived at through a given sequence of events; the same morphological goal cannot be reached by two independent paths." Milnes Marshall, Biological Lectures, 247.
[294] Origin of Species, c. xi. "Geological Succession of Organic Beings."
[295] Tablet, April 21, 1888, p. 637.
[296] Catalogue of Mammals, etc., ut sup. p. 38.
[297] Chain of Life, p. 222.
[298] Les Enchainements du Monde Animal ... Mammifères Tertiaires.
[299] Chain of Life, 227.
[300] It is the "fingers" of the bat's "hand" which support the wing membrane. Hence the scientific name Cheiroptera.
[301] E.g. Dinotherium giganteum and Elephas meridionalis. (Vid. Gaudry, op. cit. 169.)
[302] Lecture at Royal Institution, January 2, 1904.
[303] A remarkable instance of the need of caution is furnished by the history of the Dinotherium itself. From the teeth, first found, Cuvier set down the animal as a monster Tapir. Then, a whole skull being discovered, Herr Kaup of Darmstadt, commenting upon the danger of such a proceeding, himself classed the beast among the Edentata (Sloths, etc.), and afterwards among the Hippopotami. Buckland and Strauss thought it must have been an aquatic creature; Blainville and Pictet labelled it a Manatee, or sea-cow. (Vid. Gaudry, op. cit. 187-9.)
[304] Op. cit. p. 191.
[305] Milnes Marshall, Lectures on Darwinian Theory, p. 66.
[306] See Appendix C. p. 285.
[307] Modern Ideas of Evolution, c. iv.
[308] "Primeval Vegetation in its relation to the Doctrine of Natural Selection and Evolution." (Essays and Addresses, Owen's College, Manchester, p. 200.)
[309] History of Creation, ii. 92, English Edition.
[310] Ibid., p. 295.
[311] Les Emules de Darwin, ii. 76.
[312] As an instance M. de Quatrefages cites Haeckel's own words, from his Anthropogenie. "The Vertebrate Ancestor No. 15, akin to the Salamanders, must have been a species of Saurian (Lizard). There remains to us no fossil relic of this animal; in no respect did he resemble any form actually existing. Nevertheless, comparative anatomy and ontogeny authorize us in affirming that he once existed. We will call this animal Protamnion."
[313] Ibid., p. 122.
[314] Revue Scientifique (1886), p. 486.
[315] Ibid. (1877), I. 1101.
[316] Origin of Species, c. x.
[317] Genesis of Species, p. 134.
[318] Le monde des plantes avant l'apparition de l'homme, p. vi.
[319] Op. cit., p. 288.
[320] Life of Darwin, ii. 193.
[321] Epistle I—to Pope.
[322] Hibbert Journal, January, 1903.
[323] Order of Nature, p. 239.
[324] Thoughts on Religion, p. 123.
[325] Presidential Address, British Association, 1871.
[326] Système Analytique des Connaissances positives de l'homme (1830), pp. 8, 43.
[327] North American Slime Moulds, Introduction, p. II.
[328] Bloud's Science et Religion, No. 431, pp. 50, seq.
[329] Traité de Microbiologie, I., p. 253. Also the Magazine Broteria (Lisbon), Vol. vi., 1907, Botany, p. 23.
[330] See Nature, June 4, 1903, p. 113, in notice of a paper on the subject by Professor F. W. Oliver and Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S.
[331] Linnean Society's Proceedings, May 3, 1906.
[332] See the Congress Report, vol. iv.
[333] Transactions American Philosophical Society (N.S.), 18, 1896, pp. 119, 120.
[334] The Origin and Influence of the Thorough-bred Horse. Cambridge, 1905.