Beowulf - an Introduction.

1901 Powell, F. York. Beowulf and Watanabe-No-Tsema, Furnivall Miscellany, pp. 395-6. Oxford. (A parallel from Japanese legend.)

1901 Lehmann, E. Fandens Oldemor, Dania, VIII, 179-94. Repeated ("Teuffels Grossmutter"), Archiv f. Religionswiss. VIII, 411-30. (See above, p. 49, note, and p. 381.)

1901 ‡Otto, E. Typische Motive in dem weltlichen Epos der Angelsachsen. Berlin. Reviews: Binz, Engl. Stud. XXXII, 401-5; Spies, Archiv, CXV, 222.

1901 Ohlenbeck, C. C. Het Béowulf-epos als geschiedbron, Tijdschrift voor nederlandsche taal- en letterkunde, XX (N. R. XII), 169-96.

1902 Gerould, G. H. Offa and Labhraidh Maen, M.L.N. XVII, 201-3. (An Irish parallel of the story of the dumb young prince.)

1902 Gough, A. B. The Constance-Saga. Berlin. (The "Thrytho saga," pp. 53-83.) Reviews: Eckhardt, Engl. Stud. XXXII, 110-3; Weyrauch, Archiv, CXI, 453.

1902 Boer, R. C. Die Béowulfsage. I. Mythische reconstructionen; II. Historische untersuchung der überlieferung; A.f.n.F. XIX (N. F. XV), 19-88.

1902 Brandl, A. Ueber den gegenwärtigen Stand der Beowulf-Forschung, Archiv, CVIII, 152-5.

1903 Anderson, L. F. The Anglo-Saxon Scop. (Univ. of Toronto Studies, Phil. Ser. 1.) Review: Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXXI, 113-5.

1903 Olrik, A. Danmarks Heltedigtning: I, Rolf Krake og den ældre Skjoldungrække. Kobenhavn. (Most important.) Reviews: Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXX, 26-36; Golther, Literaturblatt, XXVIII, 1907, pp. 8-9; Ranisch, A.f.d.A. XXI, 276-80. Revised translation 1919 (q.v.).

1903 ‡Boer, R. C. Eene episode uit den Beowulf, Handelingen van het 3 nederl. phil. congres., p. 84 etc.

1903 A Summary of the Lives of the Offas, with reproductions of a number of the drawings in MS Cotton Nero D. I, in The Ancestor, V, 99-137.

1903 Hart, J. M. Allotria [on the forms Bēanstān, l. 524 and Þrȳðo, l. 1931], M.L.N. XVIII, 117.

1903 Stjerna, K. Hjälmar och svärd i Beovulf, Studier tillägnade O. Montelius, 99-120. Stockholm. See above, pp. 346 etc.

1903-4 Boer, R. C. Finnsage und Nibelungen-sage, Z.f.d.A. XLVII, 125-60.

1904 Rickert, E. The O.E. Offa-saga, Mod. Phil. II, 29-76 and 321-76. (Important. See above, pp. 34 etc.)

1904 Hagen, S. N. Classical names and stories in Beowulf, M.L.N. XIX, 65-74 and 156-65. (Very fantastic).

1904 Stjerna, K. Vendel och Vendelkråka, A.f.n.F. XXI (N. F. XVII), 71-80. (Most important: see above, pp. 343-5.)

1904 ‡Vetter, F. Beowulf und das altdeutsche Heldenzeitalter in England, Deutschland, III, 558-71.

1905 Moorman, F. W. The interpretation of nature in English poetry from Beowulf to Shakespeare. Strassburg. Quellen u. Forschungen, 95.

1905 Routh, J. E. Two studies on the Ballad Theory of the Beowulf: I. The Origin of the Grendel legend; II. Irrelevant Episodes and Parentheses as features of Anglo-Saxon Poetic Style. Baltimore. Reviews: Eckhardt, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 404-5; Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXXI, 115-16; Schücking, D.L.Z. 1905, pp. 1908-10.

1905 Heusler, A. Lied und Epos in germanischer Sagendichtung. Dortmund. (See above, p. 116.) Reviews: Kauffmann, Z.f.d.Ph. XXXVIII, 546-8; Seemüller, A.f.d.A. XXXIV, 129-35; Meyer, Archiv, CXV, 403-4; Helm, Literaturblatt, XXVIII, 237-8.

1905 Schücking, L. L. Beowulfs Rückkehr. (Morsbachs Studien, XXI.) Halle. (Important: see above, pp. 118-20.) Review: Brandl, Archiv, CXV, 421-3 (dissenting).

1905 Schück, H. Studier i Ynglingatal, I-III. Uppsala.

1905 Hanscom, E. D. The Feeling for Nature in Old English Poetry, J.E.G.Ph. V, 439-63.

1905 Sarrazin, G. Neue Beowulf Studien, Engl. Stud. XXXV, 19-27.

1905 Stjerna, K. Skölds hädanfärd, Studier tillägnade H. Schück, 110-34. Stockholm.

1905 ‡Stjerna, K. Svear och Götar under folkvandringstiden, Svenska Förnminnesforeningens Tidskr. XII, 339-60. (Transl. by Clark Hall in Essays. See under 1912.)

1905-6 Rieger, M. Zum Kampf in Finnsburg, Z.f.d.A. XLVIII, 9-12.

1905-6 Heusler, A. Zur Skiöldungendichtung, Z.f.d.A. XLVIII, 57-87.

1905-6 Neckel, J. Studien über Fróði, Z.f.d.A. XLVIII, 163-86.

1905-7 Stjerna, K. Arkeologiska anteckningar till Beovulf, Kungl. vitterhets akademiens månadsblad for 1903-5 (1907), pp. 436-51.

1906 Emerson, O. F. Legends of Cain, especially in Old and Middle English (see particularly § VI, "Cain's Descendants"), Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXI, 831-929. (Important.)

1906 Skemp, A. R. Transformation of scriptural story, motive, and conception in Anglo-Saxon poetry, Mod. Phil. IV, 423-70.

1906 Duff, J. W. Homer and Beowulf: a literary parallel, Saga-Book of the Viking Club. London.

1906 Morsbach, L. Zur datierung des Beowulf-epos, Nachrichten der kgl. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, pp. 252-77. (Important. See above, pp. 107-12.)

1906 Pfändler, W. Die Vergnügungen der Angelsachsen, Anglia, XXIX, 417-526.

1906 Garlanda, F. Béowulf. Origini, bibliografia, metrica ... significato storico, etico, sociologico. Roma. (Slight.)

1906 Stjerna, K. Drakskatten i Beovulf, Fornvännen, I, 119-44.

1907 Chadwick, H. M. Origin of the English Nation. Cambridge. (Important.) Reviews: Andrews, M.L.N. XXIII, 261-2; Chambers, M.L.R. IV, 262-6; Schütte, A.f.n.F. XXV (N. F. XXI), 310-32 (an elaborate discussion of early Germanic ethnology and geography); Huchon, Revue Germanique, III, 625-31.

1907 Chadwick, H. M. "Early National Poetry," in Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. I, 19-32, 421-3. Important. See above, pp. 122-6.

1907 Hart, Walter Morris. Ballad and Epic. Boston: Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature. (Important: see above, p. 116.) Review: Archiv, CXIX, 468.

1907 Olrik, A. Nordisk Aandsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder. København og Kristiania. (Translated into German by W. Ranisch, 1908, as "Nordisches Geistesleben.")

1907 Schück, H. Folknamnet Geatas i den fornengelska dikten Beowulf. Uppsala. (Important. See above, pp. 8-10, 333 etc.) Reviews: Mawer, M.L.R. IV, 273; Freeburg, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 279-83.

1907 Cook, A. S. Various notes, M.L.N. XXI, 146-7. (Further classical parallels to Beowulf, 1408 ff., in succession to a parallel from Seneca quoted in M.L.N. XVII, 209-10.)

1907 Sarrazin, G. Zur Chronologie u. Verfasserfrage Ags. Dichtungen, Engl. Stud. XXXVIII, 145 etc., esp. 170-95 (Das Beowulflied und die ältere Genesis).

1907 Brandl, A. Entstehungsgeschichte des Beowulfepos. A five-line summary of this lecture is given in the Sitzungsberichte d. k. preuss. Akad. Phil.-Hist. Classe, p. 615.

1907 Holthausen, F. Zur altenglischen literatur—Zur datierung des Beowulf, Anglia, Beiblatt, XVIII, 77.

1907 ‡Grüner, H. Mathei Parisiensis vitae duorum Offarum, in ihrer manuskript- und textgeschichte. Dissertation, Munich. Kaiserslautern.

1908 Brandl, A. Geschichte der alteng. Literatur. (Offprint from Pauls Grdr.(2): Beowulf, pp. 988-1024; Finnsburg, pp. 983-6; an exceedingly useful and discriminating summary.)

1908 Schücking, L. L. Das Angelsächsische Totenklagelied, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 1-13.

1908 Weyhe, H. König Ongentheow's Fall, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 14-39.

1908 Neckel, G. Beiträge zur Eddaforschung; Anhang: Die altgermanische heldenklage (pp. 495-6: cf. p. 376). Dortmund.

1908 Klaeber, F. Zum Finnsburg Kampfe, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 307-8.

1908 Björkman, E. Über den Namen der Jüten, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 356-61.

1908 Levander, L. Sagotraditioner om Sveakonungen Adils, Antikvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige, XVIII, 3.

1908 Stjerna, K. Fasta fornlämningar i Beovulf, Antikvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige, XVIII, 4.

1908 Grau, G. Quellen u. Verwandtschaften der älteren germanischen Darstellungen des jüngsten Gerichtes. Halle. (See esp. pp. 145-56.) Review: Guntermann, Z.f.d.Ph. XLI, 401-415.

1909 Schück, H. Studier i Beowulfsagan. Uppsala. Review: Freeburg, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 488-97 (a very useful summary).

1909 Lawrence, W. W. Some disputed questions in Beowulf-criticism, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXIV, 220-73. (Very important.) Review: Brandl, Archiv, CXXIII, 473.

1909 Ehrismann, G. Religionsgeschichtliche Beiträge zum germanischen Frühchristentum, P.B.B. XXXV, 209-39.

1909 Bugge, S. Die Heimat der Altnordischen Lieder von den Welsungen u. den Nibelungen, II, P.B.B. XXXV, 240-71.

1909 Deutschbein, M. Die Sagenhistorischen u. literarischen Grundlagen des Beowulfepos, Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift, I, 103-19.

1910 Olrik, A. Danmarks Heltedigtning: II, Starkad den gamle og den yngre Skjoldungrække. København. (Most important.) Reviews: Heusler, A.f.d.A. XXXV, 169-83 (important); Ussing, Danske Studier, 1910, 193-203; Boer, Museum, XIX, 1912, 171-4.

1910 Panzer, F. Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. I. Beowulf. München. (Most important: see above, pp. 62-8; 365-81. Valuable criticisms and modifications are supplied by the reviews, more particularly perhaps that of von Sydow (A.f.d.A. XXXV, 123-31), but also in the elaborate discussions of Heusler (Engl. Stud. XLII, 289-98), Binz (Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIV, 321-37), Brandl (Archiv, CXXVI, 231-5), Kahle (Z.f.d.Ph. XLIII, 383-94) and the briefer ones of Lawrence (M.L.N. XXVII, 57-60) Sedgefield (M.L.R. VI, 128-31) and Golther (Neue Jahrbücher f. das klassische Altertum, XXV, 610-13).)

1910 Bradley, H. Beowulf, in Encyclopædia Britannica, III, pp. 758-61. (Important. See above, pp. 121, 127-8.)

1910 Schück, H. Sveriges förkristna konungalängd. Uppsala.

1910 Clark Hall, J. R. A note on Beowulf, 1142-5, M.L.N. XXV, 113-14. (Hūnlāfing.)

1910 Sarrazin, G. Neue Beowulf-studien, Engl. Stud. XLII, 1-37.

1910 Klaeber, F. Die ältere Genesis und der Beowulf, Engl. Stud. XLII, 321-38.

1910 Heusler, A. Zeitrechnung im Beowulf-epos, Archiv, CXXIV, 9-14.

1910 Neckel, G. Etwas von germanischer Sagenforschung, Germ.-Rom. Monatsschrift, II, 1-14.

1910 Smithson, G. A. The Old English Christian Epic ... in comparison with the Beowulf. Berkeley. Univ. of California Pub. in Mod. Phil. (See particularly pp. 363-8, 376-90.)

1911 Clarke, M. G. Sidelights on Teutonic History. Cambridge. Reviews: Mawer, M.L.N. VII, 126-7; Chambers, Engl. Stud. XLVIII, 166-8; Fehr, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVI, 19-20; Imelmann, D.L.Z. XXXIV, 1913, 1062 etc.

1911-19 Heusler, A. A series of articles in Hoops' Reallexikon: Beowulf, Dichtung, Ermenrich, Gautensagen, Heldensage, Hengest, Heremod, Offa, Skjǫldungar, Ynglingar, etc. Strassburg. (Important.)

1911 Neckel, G. Ragnacharius von Cambrai, Festschrift zur Jahrhundertfeier der Universität zu Breslau = Mitt. d. Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde, XIII-XIV, 121-54. (A historical parallel between the treatment of Ragnachar by Chlodowech and that of Hrethric by Hrothulf.)

1911 Schönfeld, M. Worterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen. Heidelberg. See also Schütte, Noter til Schönfelds Navnesamling, in A.f.n.F. XXXIII, 22-49.

1911 Klaeber, F. Aeneis und Beowulf, Archiv, CXXVI, 40-8, 339-59. (Important: see above, p. 330.)

1911 Liebermann, F. Grendel als Personenname, Archiv, CXXVI, 180.

1911-12 Klaeber, F. Die Christlichen Elemente im Beowulf, Anglia, XXXV, 111-36, 249-70, 453-82; XXXVI, 169-99. (Most important: demonstrates the fundamentally Christian character of the poem.)

1912 Chadwick, H. Munro. The Heroic Age. Cambridge. (Important: see above, p. 122.) Reviews: Mawer, M.L.R. VIII, 207-9; Chambers, Engl. Stud. XLVIII, 162-6.

1912 Stjerna, K. Essays on questions connected with the O.E. poem of Beowulf, transl. and ed. by John R. Clark Hall, (Viking Club), Coventry. (Important: see above, pp. 346 etc.) Reviews: Klaeber, J.E.G.Ph. XIII, 167-73, weighty; Mawer, M.L.N. VIII, 242-3; Athenæum, 1913, I, 459-60; Brandl, Archiv, CXXXII, 238-9; Schütte, A.f.n.F. XXXIII, 64-96, elaborate; Olrik, Nord. Tidskr. f. Filol. IV, 2. 127; Mogk, Historische Vierteljahrsschrift, XVIII, 196-7.

1912 Chambers, R. W. Widsith: a study in Old English heroic legend. Cambridge. Reviews: Mawer, M.L.R. VIII, 118-21; Lawrence, M.L.N. XXVIII, 53-5; Fehr, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVI, 289-95; Jordan, Engl. Stud. XLV, 300-2; Berendsohn, Literaturblatt, XXXV (1914), 384-6.

1912 Boer, R. C. Die Altenglische Heldendichtung. I. Béowulf. Halle. (Important.) Reviews: ‡Jantzen, Z. f. französischen u. englischen Unterricht, XIII, 546-7; Berendsohn, Literaturblatt, XXXV, 152-4; Dyboski, Allgemeines Literaturblatt, XXII, 1913, 497-9; Imelmann, D.L.Z. XXXIV, 1913, 1062-6 (weighty criticisms); Barnouw, Museum, XXI, 53-8.

1912 von der Leyen, F. Die deutschen Heldensagen (Beowulf, pp. 107-23, 345-7). München.

1912 Meyer, W. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eroberung Englands. Dissertation, Halle. (Finn story.)

1912 Lawrence, W. W. The haunted mere in Beowulf. Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXVII, 208-45. (Important. See above, pp. 52-3.)

1912 Schütte, G. The Geats of Beowulf, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 574-602. (See above, pp. 8, 333 etc.)

1912 Stefanovič, S. Ein beitrag zur angelsächsischen Offa-sage, Anglia, XXXV, 483-525.

1912 Much, R. Grendel, Wōrter u. Sachen, IV, 170-3. (Deriving Vendsyssel, Vandal, and the Wendle of Beowulf from wandil—"a bough, wand.")

1912 Chambers, R. W. Six thirteenth century drawings illustrating the story of Offa and of Thryth (Drida) from MS Cotton Nero D. I. London, privately printed.

1913 ‡Fahlbeck, P. Beowulfskvädet som källa för nordisk fornhistoria. (Stockholm, N. F. K. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar, 13, 3.) Review: Klaeber, Engl. Stud. XLVIII, 435-7.

1913 Nerman, B. Studier över Svärges hedna litteratur. Uppsala.

1913 Nerman, B. Vilka konungar ligga i Uppsala högar? Uppsala.

1913 Lawrence, W. W. The Breca episode in Beowulf (Anniversary papers to G. L. Kittredge). Boston.

1913 Sarrazin, G. Von Kädmon bis Kynewulf. Berlin. Reviews: Dudley, J.E.G.Ph. XV, 313-17; Berendsohn, Literaturblatt, XXXV (1914), 386-8; Funke, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXXI, 121-33.

1913 Thomas, P. G. Beowulf and Daniel A, M.L.R. VIII, 537-9. (Parallels between the two poems.)

1913 Belden, H. M. Onela the Scylfing and Ali the Bold, M.L.N. XXVIII, 149-53.

1913 Stedman, D. Some points of resemblance between Beowulf and the Grettla (or Grettis Saga). From the Saga Book of the Viking Club, London. (It should have been held unnecessary to prove the relationship yet once again.)

1913 von Sydow, C. W. Irisches in Beowulf^[874]. (Verhandlungen der 52 Versammlung deutscher Philologen in Marburg, pp. 177-80.)

1913 Berendsohn, W. A. Drei Schichten dichterischer Gestaltung im Beowulfepos, Münchener Museum, II, i, pp. 1-33.

1913 Deutschbein, M. Beowulf der Gautenkönig, Festschrift für Lorenz Morsbach, Halle, pp. 291-7, Morsbachs Studien, L. (Very important. Expresses very well, and with full working out of details, the doubts which some of us had already felt as to the historic character of the reign of Beowulf over the Geatas.)

1913 Benary, W. Zum Beowulf-Grendelsage, Archiv, CXXX, 154-5. (Grändelsmôr in Siebenbürgen: see above, p. 308.)

1913 Klaeber, F. Das Grändelsmôr—eine Frage, Archiv, CXXXI, 427.

1913 Brate, E. Betydelsen av ortnamnet Skälv [cf. Scilfingas], Namn och Bygd, I, 102-8.

1914 Müller, J. Das Kulturbild des Beowulfepos. Halle. Morsbachs Studien, LIII. Reviews: Klaeber, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVII, 241-4; Brunner, Archiv, CXXXVIII, 242-3.

1914 Moorman, F. W. English place-names and Teutonic Sagas, in Essays and Studies by members of the English Association, vol. V, pp. 75-103. (Argues that "Gilling" and other place-names in Yorkshire, point to an early colony of Scandinavian "Gautar," who may have been instrumental in introducing Scandinavian traditions into England.)

1914 Olson, O. L. Beowulf and the Feast of Bricriu, Mod. Phil. XI, 407-27. (Emphasises the slight character of the parallels noted by Deutschbein.)

1914 von Sydow, C. W. Grendel i anglosaxiska ortnamn, in Nordiska Ortnamn, hyllningsskrift tillägnad Adolf Noreen, Uppsala, pp. 160-4=Namn och Bygd, II. (Important).

1915 Kier, Chr. Beowulf, et Bidrag til Nordens Oldhistorie. København. (An elaborate and painstaking study of the historic problems of Beowulf, vitiated throughout by quite unjustifiable assumptions. See above, p. 333 etc.) Review: Björkmann, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVII, 244-6.

1915 Bradley, H. The Numbered Sections in Old English Poetical MSS, Proc. Brit. Acad. vol. VII.

1915 Lawrence, W. W. Beowulf and the tragedy of Finnsburg, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXX, 372-431. (Important. An excellent survey of the Finnsburg problems.)

1915 van Sweringen, G. F. The main ... types of men in the Germanic Hero-Sagas, J.E.G.Ph. XIV, 212-25.

1915-19 Lindroth, H. Är Skåne de gamles Scadinavia? Namn och Bygd, III, 1915, 10-28. Lindroth denied that the two words are the same, and was answered by A. Kock (A.f.n.F. XXXIV, 1917, 71 etc.), A. Noreen (in ‡Studier tillegn. E. Tegnér, 1918) and E. Björkman ("Scedeland, Scedenig," Namn och Bygd, VI, 1918, 162-8). Lindroth replied ("Äro Scadinavia och Skåne samma ord," A.f.n.F. XXXV, 1918, 29 etc., and "Skandinavien och Skåne," Namn och Bygd, VI, 1918, 104-12) and was answered by Kock ("Vidare om Skåne och Scadinavia," A.f.n.F. XXXVI, 74-85). Björkman's discussion is the one of chief importance to students of Beowulf.

1915 Klaeber, F. Observations on the Finn episode, J.E.G.Ph. XIV, 544-9.

1915 Anscombe, A. Beowulf in High-Dutch saga, Notes and Queries, Aug. 21, 1915, pp. 133-4.

1915 Berendsohn, Walter A. Die Gelage am Dänenhof zu Ehren Beowulfs, Münchener Museum, III, i, 31-55.

1915-16 Pizzo, E. Zur frage der ästhetischen einheit des Beowulf, Anglia, XXXIX, 1-15. (Sees in Beowulf the uniform expression of the early Anglo-Saxon Christian ideal.)

1916 Olson, O. L. The relation of the Hrólfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarímur to Beowulf. Chicago. (Olson emphasises that the monster slain by Bjarki in the Saga does not attack the hall, but the cattle outside, and is therefore a different kind of monster from Grendel (p. 30). But he does not disprove the general equation of Beowulf and Bjarki: many of the most striking points of resemblance, such as the support given to Eadgils (Athils) against Onela (Ali), lie outside the scope of his study.) Review: Hollander, J.E.G.Ph. XVI, 147-9.

1916 Neckel, G. Adel und gefolgschaft, P.B.B. XLI, 385-436 (esp. pp. 410 ff. for social conditions in Beowulf).

1917 Flom, G. T. Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic name giving, M.L.N. XXXII, 7-17.

1917 Mead, G. W. Wiðerȝyld of Beowulf, 2051, M.L.N. XXXII, 435-6. (Suggests, very reasonably, that Wiðerȝyld is the father of the young Heathobard warrior who is stirred to revenge.)

1917 Ayres, H. M. The tragedy of Hengest in Beowulf, J.E.G.Ph. XVI, 282-95. (See above, pp. 266-7.)

1917 Aurner, N. S. An analysis of the interpretations of the Finnsburg documents. (Univ. of Iowa Monographs: Humanistic Studies, I, 6.)

1917 Björkman, E. Zu ae. Eote, Yte, usw., dän. Jyder, "Jüten," Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVIII, 275-80. (See above, p. 334.)

1917 Rooth, E. G. T. Der name Grendel in der Beowulfsage, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXVIII, 335-40. (Etymologies. Grendel is the "sandman," a man-eating monster of the sea-bottom. With this, compare Panzer's interpretation of Grendel as the "earthman." See above, p. 309.)

1917 Schücking, L. L. Wann entstand der Beowulf? Glossen, Zweifel und Fragen, P.B.B. XLII, 347-410. (Important. See above, pp. 322-32.)

1917 Fog, Reginald. Trolden "Grendel" i Bjovulf: en hypothese, Danske Studier, 1917, 134-40. (Grendel is here interpreted as an infectious disease, prevalent among those who sleep in an ill-ventilated hall in a state of intoxication, but to which Beowulf, whose health has been confirmed by a recent sea-voyage, is not liable. This view is not as new as its author believes it to be, and a letter from von Holstein Rathlau is added, pointing this out. It might further have been pointed out that as early as 1879 Grendel was explained as the malaria. Cf. the theories of Laistner, Kögel and Golther, and see above, p. 46.)

1917 Neuhaus, J. Sillende = vetus patria = Angel, Nordisk Tidsskrift för Filologi, IV. Række, Bd. V, 125-6; Helges Prinsesse Svåvå = Eider = den svebiske Flod hos Ptolemæos, VI, 29-32; Halfdan = Frode = Hadbardernes Konge, hvis Rige forenes med det danske, VI, 78-80; Vestgermanske Navne i dansk Historie og Sprog, 141-4. The inherent difficulty of the subject is enhanced by the obscurity of the writer's style: but much of the argument (e.g. that Halfdan and Frode are identical) is obviously based upon quite reckless conjectures. The question is complicated by political feeling: many of Neuhaus' arguments are repeated in his pamphlet, Die Frage von Nordschleswig im Lichte der neuesten vorgeschichtlichen Untersuchungen, Jena, 1919. His theories were vigorously refuted by G. Schütte, "Urjyske 'Vestgermaner,'" Nordisk Tidsskrift för Filologi, IV. Række, Bd. VII, 129 etc.

1917 ‡Fredborg. Det första årtalet i Sveriges historia. Umeå.

1917 Nerman, B. Ynglingasagan i arkeologisk belysning, Fornvännen, 1917, 226-61.

1917 Nerman, B. Ottar Vendelkråka och Ottarshögen i Vendel, Upplands Fornminnesförenings Tidskrift, VII, 309-34.

1917 Björkman, E. Bēowulf och Sveriges Historia, Nordisk Tidskrift, 1917, 161-79.

1917-18 ‡von Sydow, C. W. Draken som skattevaktare, Danmarks folkeminder, XVII, 103 etc.

1918 Hackenberg, E. Die Stammtafeln der angelsächsischen Königreiche, Dissertation, Berlin. (A useful collection.) Reviews: Fischer, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXXI, 73-4; Ekwall, Engl. Stud. LIV, 307-10; Liebemann, D.L.Z. 1 March, 1919.

1918 Lawrence, W. W. The dragon and his lair in Beowulf, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XXXIII, 547-83.

1918 Belden, H. M. Beowulf 62, once more, M.L.N. XXXIII, 123.

1918 Belden, H. M. Scyld Scefing and Huck Finn, M.L.N. XXXIII, 315.

1918 Klaeber, F. Concerning the relation between Exodus and Beowulf, M.L.N. XXXIII, 218-24.

1918 Björkman, E. Bēow, Bēaw, und Bēowulf, Engl. Stud. LII, 145-93. (Very important. See above, p. 304.)

1918 Brandl, A. Die Urstammtafel der Westsachsen und das Beowulf-Epos, Archiv, CXXXVII, 6-24. (See above, p. 200, note.)

1918 Brandl, A. Die urstammtafel der englischen könige, Sitzungsberichte d. k. preuss. Akad., Phil.-Hist. Classe, p. 5. (Five line summary only published).

1918 ‡Björkman, E. Bēowulf-forskning och mytologi, Finsk Tidskrift, 151 etc. (Cf. Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 207.)

1918 Björkman, E. Sköldungaättens mytiska stamfäder, Nordisk Tidskrift, 163 etc.

1918 v. Unwerth, W. Eine schwed. Heldensage als deutsches Volksepos, A.f.n.F. XXXV, 113-37. (An attempt to connect the story of Hygelac and Hæthcyn with the M.H.G. Herbort ûz Tenelant.)

1918 Neuhaus, J. Om Skjold, A.f.n.F. XXXV, 166-72. (A dogmatic assertion of errors in Olrik's arguments in the Heltedigtning.)

1918 Clausen, H. V. Kong Hugleik, Danske Studier, 137-49. (Conjectures based upon the assumption Geatas = Jutes.)

1918 ‡Lund University "Festskrift" contains Norlind, Skattsägner; von Sydow, Sigurds strid med Favne.

1919 Olrik, A. The heroic legends of Denmark translated ... and revised in collaboration with the author by Lee M. Hollander. New York. (Very important.) Review: Flom, J.E.G.Ph. XIX, 284-90.

1919 Björkman, E. Bedwig in den westsächsischen genealogien, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 23.

1919 Björkman, E. Zu einigen Namen im Bēowulf: Breca, Brondingas, Wealhþēo(w); Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 170-80.

1919 Mogk, E. Altgermanische Spukgeschichten: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Erklärung der Grendelepisode im Beowulf, Neue Jahrbücher für das klass. altertum ... und deutsche literatur, XXXIV, 103-17. (Mogk here abandons his older allegorical interpretation of Grendel as the destroying power of the sea, and sees in the Grendel-story a Germanic ghost-tale, poetically adorned.)

1919 Björkman, E. Skialf och Skilfing [edited by E. Ekwall, with a note on Björkman's work], Namn och Bygd, VII, 163-81.

1919 Linderholm, E. Vendelshögens konunganamn i socknens 1600-tals-tradition, Namn och Bygd, VII, 36-40.

1919 Fog, R. Bjarkemaals "Hjalte," Danske Studier, 1919, 29-35. (With a letter from A. Olrik.)

1919 Severinsen, P. Kong Hugleiks Dødsaar, Danske Studier, 1919, 96.

1920 Imelmann, R. Forschungen zur altenglischen Poesie. (IX. Hengest u. Finn; X. Enge ānpaðas, uncūð gelād; XII. Þrȳðo; XIII. Hǣþenra hyht.) Berlin. (A weighty statement of some original views).

1920 Björkman, E. Studien über die Eigennamen im Beowulf. Halle. Morsbachs Studien, LVIII. (An extremely valuable and discriminating digest. See above, p. 304.)

1920 Barto, P. S. The Schwanritter-Sceaf Myth in Perceval le Gallois, J.E.G.Ph. XIX, 190-200.

1920 Hubbard, F. G. The plundering of the Hoard. Univ. Wisconsin Stud. 11.

1920 Schücking, L. L. Wiðergyld (Beowulf, 2051), Engl. Stud. LIII, 468-70. (Schücking, like Mead, but independently, interprets Withergyld as the name of the warrior whose son is being stirred to revenge.)

1920 Björkman, E. Hæðcyn und Hákon, Engl. Stud. LIV, 24-34.

1920 Hoops, J. Das Verhüllen des Haupts bei Toten, ein angelsächsisch-nordischer Brauch (Zu Beowulf, 446, hafalan hȳdan), Engl. Stud. LIV, 19-23.

1920 Noreen, A. Yngve, Inge, Inglinge [Ingwine], Namn och Bygd, VIII, 1-8.

1920 La Cour, V. Lejrestudier, Danske Studier, 1920, 49-67. (Weighty. Emphasizing the importance of the site of Leire in the sixth century.) A discussion on the date and origin of Beowulf, by Liebermann, is about to appear (Gott. Gelehrt. Gesellschaft).