Hadrian,
letter of, to Servianus, 397;
tests the omniscience of Delphi, 435;
dabbled in astrology, and other dark arts, 450, 503;
his love of travel, 503;
his faint belief in immortality, 503;
a sceptic, 536;
the Canopus of, at his villa at Tibur, 567;
conspiracy against, 41;
character of, 503
Hellenism,
various aspects of, reaction against, from the times of the elder Cato, 88;
Hellenism of early Emperors, 88, 89;
Roman prejudice against Greeks, 90;
why Greeks succeeded under the Empire, 91;
Greek grammatici, 91;
Greeks as doctors, 92;
Greek parasites, 93;
love of Greek in Pliny’s days, 166 sq.
Helvidius Priscus,
violence of, 40;
flouts Vespasian, ib.
Herculaneum,
temple of Magna Mater at, 548;
frescoes of, illustrating the worship of Isis, 578
Herodes Atticus,
gifts of, to many communities, 225 sqq.;
friend of Demonax and Plutarch, 364, 403;
on the uses of wealth, 232;
claimed descent from the Aeacidae, 225
Herodotus,
identifies Greek and Egyptian deities, 561;
on Mithra, 589
Hesiod, on daemons, 427
Holconii, the, of Pompeii, public honours and benefactions of, 223
Horace,
love of the country, and memories of Mount Vultur in, 196, 198;
journey to Brundisium, 206;
on beneficence, 190
Hortensius, Q.,
luxury of, 71;
poverty of his descendants, ib.
Icelus,
raised to rank by Galba, 107;
journey of, to Spain, 206
Immortality,
ideas of, depend on ideas of God, 484;
“We know not what we shall be,” 485;
faith in the Manes, 486;
evidence of epitaphs on, 487 sqq.;
Lemures, 488 sq.;
the Mundus, 489;
mingled elements in Virgil’s Inferno, 491 sqq.;
Roman longing for posthumous sympathy, 488;
Orphic and Pythagorean influences on Virgil, 494;
evidence of inscriptions on belief in, 496 sqq.;
Epicurean negation of, 498 sq.;
philosophic opinion on, 449 sqq.;
Lucretius and Julius Caesar on, 500, 501;
attitude of Epictetus, 504;
Galen’s ideas of, 505 sq.;
M. Aurelius on, 507 sqq.;
Seneca on, 514 sq.;
Apollonius of Tyana on, 518 sq.;
Plutarch on, 521 sqq.;
Platonic imagery of the future world, and its influence on Plutarch, 523 sq.;
belief in, fostered by Isiac worship, 575, 583;
and by Mithraism, 609
Inns, poor and disreputable, 207
Isis,
prescriptions of, in dreams, 461;
transformation of her worship by the Ptolemies, 560;
at the Peiraeus, ib.;
influence of Greek settlers in Egypt, and of Greek mysticism, 561, 563 sq.;
lofty conception of, in Apuleius, 563;
date of her introduction in Italy, ib.;
power over women, 565;
repeated persecution of her worshippers, first century, B.C., 565;
in the reign of Tiberius, 566;
favoured by Otho and the Flavians, 567;
Domitian builds a temple to, in 92 A.D., classes who propagated the worship of, 567 sq.;
spread through all Western Europe, 568 sq.;
secret of her fascination, 569;
highest conception of, 572;
a real spiritual power, 574;
gives the hope of immortality, 575;
impressive ritual of, 576;
daily offices, 577 sq.;
her rites in frescoes of Herculaneum, 578;
great festivals of, the procession to the shore described, 578 sq.;
her priesthood, including women, 580, 582;
sacred guilds, Isiaci, Pastophori, etc., 581;
syncretism of her worship, ib.;
her priesthood a separate caste, their presbyteries, and ascetic life, 582
Jerome, S.,
account of the grades of initiation in Mithraism by, 611;
genealogies in, 70
Jews,
growing influence of, in the first century A.D.;
especially under the Flavian dynasty, 83;
spread of Jewish observances, 84;
foster superstition, 84
Julian, his hatred of Oenomaus of Gadara, 364
Jumentarii, at the gates of towns, 206
Juvenal,
his views of society compared with Tacitus, 58;
social rank and early training of, 59;
experience as a client, ib.;
bitterness of, 60;
dates of his Satires, 60;
he and Martial have a common stock of subjects, 60, 61;
plebeian pride, and old Roman prejudice, combined with the moral feeling of a later age, 63;
attitude to religion, 64;
extravagant pessimism, his ideal in the past, 65;
great movements of society described by, and sometimes misunderstood, 69;
decay of the noble class described by, 69;
contempt for new men, 70;
signs of aristocratic poverty, 72;
his ideal of senatorial dignity, 74;
treatment of women in the Sixth Satire, its faults, 76;
condemns mere eccentricities and even laudable tastes, 77;
distrusts growing culture of women, 79, 80;
fighting a lost battle, 81;
scorn for women’s devotion to eastern cults, 82;
pessimism about women had some justification, 84 sqq.;
his judgments must be taken with some reserve, 87;
indignation at the invasion of the Greeks, 88;
humiliation of the client, 93;
general poverty, 95;
the cry of the poor, and Roman contempt for industry and trade, 98;
Juvenal compared with Pliny, as a painter of society, 141
Lambaesis,
the camp at, how it grew into a municipium, 208;
military colleges at, 283;
temple of Isis at, 568;
worship of Mithra at, 595
Lanuvium, college at, 260
Lemuria, the, described, 489
Libraries,
restocked with MSS. by Domitian, 53;
Trimalchio’s Greek and Latin libraries, 131;
rapid production of books, 156
Literature,
in the Antonine age, 3;
in Pliny’s days, 157;
literary amateurs abound, ib.;
Pliny’s poetry, 159;
love of Cicero, 158;
the plague of readings, 160, 172;
decadence of, 163, 173;
Silius Italicus, 164 sq.;
composition in Greek, 166;
Titinius Capito, a historian, 167;
devotion to poetry, and its causes, influence of the Augustan tradition, [pg 633]169;
fashion of the archaic style, 170;
Domitian founds a literary competition, its influence, 171;
literary men generally born in provincial places, 196;
Demonax rebukes literary archaism, 367
Livy,
on decay of augury, 445;
on the Bacchanalian scandal, 563;
on the apocryphal books of Numa, 564
Lucan,
on the worship of Isis, 568;
betrays his mother, his death, 471;
style of, referred to in the Satiricon of Petronius, 123
Lucian,
his war against the Cynics, 337;
yet sometimes approaches their view of life, 337 sq.;
the Charon of, 338;
the Hermotimus of, witnesses to a moral movement, 341 sqq.;
the Cynic in his Banquet, and Fugitives, 350;
his treatment of the character of Peregrinus, 354 sqq.;
visit to Olympia at the time of the Cynic’s suicide, 355;
how he regarded it, and watched the growth of a myth, 357 sq.;
description of the new oracle of Abonoteichos, 474 sqq.;
ridicule of superstition in the Philopseudes, 490;
reference to Mithra, 590
Lucretius,
on immortality, 500, 501;
on Magna Mater, 547
Luxury,
Juvenal’s view of, 65;
Roman luxury in Republican times, 67;
luxury a relative term, 68;
luxury of the Roman villa, chiefly in marbles, 177;
the luxury of travelling, progresses of Nero, 206
Maecenas,
counsels of, to Augustus in Dion Cassius, 446, 533;
Trimalchio, a freedman of, 128 n.
Magna Mater,
brought from Pessinus, 204 B.C., 548;
no Roman priest of, for 100 years, ib.;
growing popularity of, at Rome, in Spain and Dacia, 549;
legend of, ib.;
her festival in spring, 550;
her priests in the inscriptions, 550 sq.;
her sacred colleges, 551;
her disreputable followers in Apuleius, ib. sqq.;
her worship transmuted, 554;
the taurobolium and its history, 556;
alliance of, with Mithra, and Attis, 556 sq.;
women admitted to sacred rank, 557;
identified with Maia, Demeter, Bona Dea, etc., 559
Majesty, the law of, under the Empire, 33
Malaga, inscriptions of, 209
Manetho,
treatise of, on myths, 561;
assists the first Ptolemy in recasting Isiac worship, ib.
Marcian, on Colleges, 255
Martial,
deals with the same social subjects as Juvenal, 61;
his graphic picture of the age, 61, 62;
better side of, love of country life, picture of the farm of Faustinus, love of Bilbilis, 62;
on Regulus, 156;
on literary amateurs, 157;
on Silius Italicus, 158;
relations of, with Pliny, 158;
regret for the capital, 198
Maximus of Tyre,
character of his Discourses, 349;
conciliation of anthropomorphism with a higher vision of God by, 395;
ethical theory of, 421;
daemonology of, 429;
fortified by tales of apparitions, 491;
influenced by Aristotle, 421
Medicine,
profession of, filled by Greeks, 92;
great physicians, Antonius Musa, the Stertinii, etc., ib.;
sneers against, ib.;
public physicians in municipal towns, 219;
income and munificence of the Stertinii, 224;
science of, in the second century, superstitious elements, 459;
how blended with real skill, 462;
skilled physicians in temples of Asclepius, 465
Medixtuticus, title of, still preserved in Oscan towns, 203
Minucius Felix,
quoted, 545;
on the festivals of Isis, 578 n.;
on daemons, 433
Miracles,
Origen and Celsus on, 481;
universal belief in, 482;
miracles in temples of Serapis, 573;
Vespasian consents to work, ib.
Mithra,
growing power of, 386;
the taurobolium a part of his worship, 556;
alliance of, with Magna Mater and Attis, ib., 589 sq.;
in the Vedas and Avestas, 586;
in the Zoroastrian system, 587;
the God of kings, ib.;
influence of Babylon on the worship of, 587;
influence of syncretism in Asia Minor on, 588;
the taurobolium probably borrowed, ib.;
origin of the Tauroctonus group, date of the introduction of the
cult into Europe, 590;
Plutarch’s statement in the Life of Pompey, ib.;
worship of, in the Flavian age, ib.;
syncretism of, 592;
worship of, propagated by soldiers, civil servants, etc., ib.;
stages of its diffusion through Italy, 593;
and north of the Alps, 594;
progress of the worship along the Danube, 594 sqq.;
legions which propagated it in Pannonia, 595;
remains of, in Upper Germany, 596;
in England, 597;
in Gaul, ib.;
its many attractions, ib.;
Persian symbolism, 598;
Babylonian elements in, astrology, 598, 602, sq.;
relative influence of Iran and Babylon, different views of, 599;
influence of Platonism and Pythagoreanism on, 600;
doctrine of the soul’s descent, ib.;
cosmic theory, doctrine of emanation, and deification of elemental powers, 601 sqq.;
Mithra as mediator in two senses, 604 sq.;
the Dadophori, ib., 606;
the legend recovered from monuments, 605;
the petra genetrix, ib.;
symbolism of the slaughtered bull, 606;
agape of Mithra and Sun, 607;
various interpretations of the legend, 607;
Mithraism a religion of combat, 608;
its consolations, ib.;
its eschatology, 609;
effect of the taurobolium, ib.;
ritual and sacraments of, 610;
daily offices, and festivals of, 611;
seven grades of the initiated, 611;
ordeals of, 612;
guilds of, 612;
rites regarded as a diabolic parody of the Church, 613;
description of the chapels of, ib. sq.;
how Mithraism escaped persecution, 614;
how it fostered theocratic ideas at Rome, 617 sqq.;
a great imperial cult, 619;
last days of, ib.;
worship of, a great effort of syncretism, 620;
moral and mystic strength of, 621;
relations to Christianity, 622;
similarities between them, 623;
weaknesses of Mithraism, 624;
inseparably involved with Nature-worship, 626
Monarchy,
Seneca’s conception of, 16;
hereditary succession and adoption, 27;
ideal of, in Dion Chrysostom, 377, sqq.;
apotheosis of, in third century, 615 sqq.;
attitude of Tacitus to, 21
Morals,
divorced from politics and speculation, 290 sq.;
became a religion in Seneca, 305;
relation of precept and dogma, ib.;
freedom and necessity, 311;
the fall of man, 312;
Plutarch’s theory of, 410 sqq.
Municipal life,
picture of, in Petronius, 133 sqq.;
rapid organisation of, in Spain, Gaul, Dacia, etc., immense growth of towns, 200;
Baden in 69 A.D., 201;
Thamugadi in Numidia, 202;
policy of government towards provincial towns, 203;
drift towards uniformity of civic organisation, influence of the capital, 204;
how towns were formed, 207;
development from castra stativa, 207, sq.;
soldiers allowed to live with their families in the third century, 208;
municipal town aristocratic in constitution, 209, 231;
Album Canusii, 210;
the honestiores, ib.;
popular election the rule in the first century, 211;
magistracies, 212;
their burdens, signs of decay, 212;
powers of the duumvirs, 213;
the Curia, its numbers, qualification, and privileges, 214, 215;
local Equites, 215;
Augustales, their importance, organisation, insignia, etc., 216, 217;
municipal finance, 218;
public charges, food, education, medical attendance, 219;
public works, 220;
finances, and maladministration of Bithynian towns in Trajan’s reign, 220, 221;
municipal life of Pompeii, 222, sqq.;
generous gifts to towns, 223, 225;
examples from the inscriptions, 226 sqq.;
public feasts on a great scale, 229;
gifts of money according to social rank, 230;
tone of town life, 231;
pleasures of, 233;
gladiatorial shows, 236 sqq.;
how the community rewarded benefactors, 244 sq.;
municipal meanness, 245;
decaying local patriotism, 246;
Plutarch on, 247;
growing centralisation and interference, 248;
shadows of the end, 249
Musonius,
his ideal of chastity, 77;
condemns the Sophists, 344;
exile of, under Nero; character of his teaching; preaches to the soldiery in 69 A.D., 348
Nature,
love of, in Virgil, 197;
in Pliny, 174;
in Martial, ib., 62, 198
Nero,
hereditary taint of, 17;
not without some good qualities, 17;
could inspire affection, 18;
his devotion to art, and its evil results, 19;
a cupitor incredibilium, 20;
his waste leads to cruel oppression, 20, 21;
examples of wild profusion, 32;
his superstition, 45, 536;
compelled by the mob to recall Octavia, 49;
popular indignation at his appearance on the stage, 74;
the “Noctes Neronis,” 75;
his phil-Hellenism, 89;
silences Delphi, 434;
belief in astrology, 448;
propitiates his mother’s shade, 491;
flattery of, by the Arval Brothers, 542;
worshipped by Tiridates, 617;
violence to Delphi, 472
Nerva,
retrenchments of, 32;
first provided for poor children, 192
Nicomedia, D. Chrysostom on its public vices, 373
Numa, apocryphal books of, 564