How many ways doth the Omoplata or Shoulder-Blade move, and what are its Muscles?
The Omoplata moves upward, downward, forward, and backward, by the means of four proper Muscles, which are the Trapezius, the Rhomboides, the proper Levator, and the lesser Pectoral, or Serratus Minor Anticus.
The Trapezius or Cucullaris hath its beginning in the back part of the Occiput, or hinder part of the Head, in the Spines of the six lower Vertebra's of the Neck, and of the nine upper of the Back, in passing from whence it is implanted in the Spine of the Omoplata or Shoulder-Blade, and the external part of the Clavicula, as far as the Acromion. This Muscle produceth many Motions by reason of its different Fibres, drawing the Shoulder-Blade obliquely upward, downward, and forward.
The Rhomboides is situated over the Trapezius, its rise being in the Apophyses of the three lower Vertebra's of the Neck, and of the three upper of the Back, but it is afterward join'd to the whole Basis or Root of the Omoplata, which it draws backward.
The proper Levator commenceth in the Transverse Apophyses of the four first Vertebra's of the Neck, by different Progressions, but is afterward re-united, and inserted in the upper Corner of the Omoplata, which it draws upward.
The lesser Pectoral, or Serratus Minor Anticus, is situated under the great Pectoral, its rise being by Digitation or Indenting in the second, third, and fourth of the upper Ribs, and its Insertion in the Apophysis Coracoides of the Shoulder-Blade, which it draws forward.
How many Motions are there in the Humerus, or Arm; which be they, and what are its Muscles?
The Arm performs all sorts of Motions by the help of nine Muscles: For it is lifted up by the Deltoides and the Infra-Spinatus; it is depress'd by the Largissimus, and the Rotundus Major; it is drawn forward by the Pectoralis Major, and the Coracoideus; it is drawn backward by the Infra-Spinatus, and the Rotundus Minor. It is drawn near the Ribs by the Subscapularis, and its circular Motion is performed when all these Muscles act together successively.
The Deltoides or Triangular hath its beginning in the whole Spine of the Omoplata, the Acromion, and half the Clavicula, and by its point cleaves with a strong Tendon to the middle of the Arm.
The Infra-Spinatus takes its rise in the Cavity that lies above the Spine of the Omoplata, which it fills, passing over the Acromion, until it is join'd to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone, which it surrounds with a large Tendon.
The Largissimus, otherwise call'd Ani-scalptor, covers almost the whole Back, proceeding from a large and Nervous Stock, in the third and fourth lower Vertebra of the Back, the five Vertebra's of the Loins, the Spine of the Os Sacrum, the hinder part of the Lip of the Hip-Bone, and the external part of the lower Bastard-Ribs, in passing from whence it insinuates it self into the lower Corner of the Omoplata, as also into the upper and inner part of the Humerus.
The Rotundus Major, or Teres Major, having its Origin in the external Cavity of the lower Corner of the Omoplata, is confounded with the Largissimus, and adheres with it by the same Tendon to the upper and inner part of the Humerus, a little below the Head.
The greater Pectoral hath its Source in half the Clavicula, on the side of the Sternum; covers the fore-part of the Breast, and is fasten'd by a short, broad, and nervous Tendon, to the top of the Shoulder-Bone, on the inside, between the Biceps and the Deltoides.
The Coracoideus or Coracobrachyæus, beginning in the Apophysis Coracoides of the Omoplata or Shoulder-Blade, adheres to the middle of the Arm on the inside, which with the Pectoral it draws forward.
The Infra-Spinatus fills the Cavity which lies below the Spine of the Omoplata, its Origine being in the lower Rib of the Omoplata, from whence it passeth between the Spine and the Rotundus Minor, to cleave to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone, which it embraceth, and draws backward.
The Rotundus Minor, or Teres Minor, proceeds from the lower Rib of the Omoplata, and adheres to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone with the Infra-Spinatus to draw it in like manner backward.
The Sub-scapularis or Immersus is situated entirely under the Omaplata, proceeding from the internal Lip of the Basis or Root of the same Omoplata, and being terminated in the Neck of the Arm-Bone, which it causeth to lie close to the Ribs.
How many Motions are there in the Cubitus or Elbow, and what are its Muscles?
The Cubitus or Ulna is endu'd with two sorts of Motions, viz. that of Flection and that of Extension, the former being perform'd by the help of two Muscles, that is to say, the Biceps, and the Brachiæus Internus; and the later by eight others, which are the Longus, the Brevis, the Brachiæus Externus, and the Anconeus.
The Biceps is a Muscle with two Heads, one whereof proceeds from the Apophysis Coracoides, and the other from the Cartilaginous edge of the Glenoid Cavity of the Omoplata or Shoulder-Blade: These two Heads descend along the fore-part of the Arm, and are united in one and the same Body, from whence springs forth a Ligament, which is inserted in a tuberosity situated in the upper and fore-part of the Radius.
The Brachiæus Internus is a small fleshy Muscle, lying hid under the Biceps, which takes its rise in the upper and fore-part of the Humerus, and is implanted in the upper and inner-part of the Radius, to bend the Elbow with the Biceps.
The first of the four Extenders is the Longus having two Sources, viz. one situated in the lower Rib of the Omoplata, near its Neck, and the other descending to the hinder-part of the Arm, till it is tyed to the Olecranum or Ancon, by a strong Aponeurosis, which is common thereto, with the Brevis, and the Brachiæus Externus.
The Brevis or short Muscle of the Elbow arising from the hinder and upper-part of the Humerus, is fasten'd to the Olecranum with the Longus.
The Brachiæus Externus is a fleshy Muscle which proceeds from the hinder part of the Humerus, and adheres to the Olecranum with the Brevis and the Longus.
The Anconeus or Cubitalis being situated behind the Fold of the Cubitus, is the least Muscle of all; it springs from the Extremity of the Arm-Bone, at the end of the Brevis and the Longus, and in descending is inserted between the Radius and the Cubitus or Ulna, three or four Fingers breadth below the Olecranum.
How many Muscles hath the Radius, and which are its Motions?
The Radius is endu'd with a twofold Motion by the means of four Muscles: Of these the Rotundus and Quadratus cause that of Pronation, as the Longus and the Brevis that of Supination.
The Pronator Superior Rotundus, or round Muscle of the Radius, commenceth from the inner Apophysis of the Shoulder-Bone, in a very fleshy Stock, and is terminated obliquely by a Membranous Tendon in the middle and exterior part of the Radius.
The Pronator Inferior Quadratus, springing forth from the bottom and inside of the Cubitus, is fixt in the lower and outward part of the Radius by a Tail as large as its Head. This Muscle lying hid under the others near the Wrist, is that which jointly with the Rotundus, turns the Arm with the Palm of the Hand downward, which is the Motion of Pronation.
The Longus is the first of the Supinators, whose Origine is three or four Fingers breadth above the external Apophysis of the Arm-Bone; from whence it passeth along the Radius, and cleaves to the inner-part of its lower Apophysis.
The Brevis, or the second of the Spinators arising from the lower part of the Inferior Condylus, and the external of the Humerus, is twisted round about the Radius, going forward from the hinder-part till it is united to its upper and forepart. This Muscle, with the Longus, serves to turn the Arm and the Palm of the Hand upward, and produceth the Motion of Supination.
How many sorts of Motions belong to the Wrist, and what are its Muscles?
Two several Motions are perform'd by the Wrist, viz. one of Flection, and the other of Extension, three Muscles being appropriated to the former, and as many to the later: But it ought to be observed, that a strong Ligament, call'd the Annular, appears here, which, surrounding all the Tendons of the Muscles as it were a Bracelet, holds them together, and elsewhere serves to unite the two Bones of the Elbow. The three Flexors or Bending Muscles of the Wrist are the Cubitæus Internus, the Radiæus Internus, and the Palmaris.
The Cubitæus Internus derives its Original from the part of the Arm-Bone, passeth under the Annular Ligament, and is ty'd by a thick Tendon to the small Bone of the Wrist, which is plac'd above the others.
The Radiæus Internus proceeds from the same place with the Cubitæus, and is fasten'd to the first Wrist-Bone which supports the Thumb. It lies along the Radius, and passeth under the Annular Ligament.
The Palmaris is reckon'd among the Flexors of the Wrist, although situated in the Palm of the Hand. It ariseth from the inner Process or Knob of the Arm-Bone, and is united by a large Tendon to the first Phalanges of the Fingers, slipping under the Transverse or Annular Ligament and sticking under the Skin of the Palm of the Hand.
The three extending Muscles of the Wrist are the Cubitæus Externus, and the Radiæus Externus or the Longus, and the Brevis.
The Cubitæus Externus taking its rise from the hinder-part of the Elbow, passeth under the Annular Ligament, and adheres to the upper and outward-part of the Bone of the Metacarpus that stayeth the little Finger.
The Radiæus Externus, or the Longus, having its Origine in the edge of the lower part of the Arm-Bone, slides from thence along the Radius on the outside, extends it self under the Annular Ligament, and cleaves to the Wrist-Bone, which stayeth the Fore-Finger.
The Brevis or short Muscle of the Wrist springs from the lower part of the same Edge; afterwards it runs along the Radius, passeth under the Annular Ligament, and is terminated in the Bone of the Carpus or Wrist, which stayeth the Middle Finger. But we must take notice, that besides these six Muscles, there is also Caro quædam quadrata, or a square piece of Flesh under the Palmaris, which seems to arise from the Thenar, and sticks to the eighth Wrist-Bone. It is supposed that this Musculous piece of Flesh serves with the Hypothenar of the little Finger, to make that which is call'd Diogenes's Cup.
How many Motions are there in the Fingers, and what are their Muscles?
The Fingers are bent, extended, and turn'd from one side to the other by the means of twenty-three Muscles, whereof ten are proper, and thirteen common: The former are those that serve all the Fingers in general, and the other those that are particularly serviceable to some of them: The Common are the Sublimis, the Profundus, the common Extensor, the four Lumbricales, and the six Interossei.
The Sublimis or Perforatus, arising from the internal part of the lower Process of the Humerus or Shoulder-Bone is divided into four Tendons, which run below the Annular Ligament of the Wrist, and are inserted in the second Phalanx of the Bones of the four Fingers, after having stuck in passing to those of the first Phalanx, to help to bend it. It is also observed that every one of these Tendons hath a small cleft in its length, to let in the Tendons of the Profundus.
The Profundus or Perforans lies under the Sublimis, deriving its Original from the top of the Cubitus and Radius. It creeps along these two Bones, and is divided into four Tendons, which pass under the Annular Ligament, and slip into the Fissures of the Tendons of the Sublimis, to adhere to the third Phalanx of the Fingers, which they bend with the Sublimis: So that these two Muscles make together the bending of the Fingers.
The Extensor Magnus is that which extends the four Fingers. It springs from the external and lower Process of the Arm-Bone, and is divided into four flat Tendons, which pass under the Annular Ligament, and cleave to the second and third Phalanx of the Fingers.
The four Lumbricales or Vermiculares are in the Palm of the Hand, to draw the Fingers to the Thumb: They proceed from the Tendons of the Profundus, and the Annular Ligament, extend themselves along the sides of the Fingers and are inserted in their second Articulation, to cause the drawing toward the Thumb.
The three Interossei Interni, and the three Externi, are situated between the four Bones of the Metacarpium, as well on the inside of the Hand as without: They have their beginning in the Intervals or Spaces between the Bones of the Metacarpium, are united with the Lumbrical, and fixt in the last Articulation of the Bones of the Fingers, to produce the Motion of drawing back or removing from the Thumb.
The Thumb is mov'd by five particular Muscles; one whereof serves to bend it, two to extend it, one to remove it from the Fingers, and another to draw it to them.
The Flexor of the Thumb takes its rise from the upper and inner part of the Radius, passes under the Annular Ligament, as also under the Thenar, and adheres to the first and second Bones of the same Thumb to bend it.
The two Extensors of the Thumb are the Longior and the Brevior: The former proceeding from the upper and outward part of the Cubitus, ascends above the Radius, and is ty'd with a forked Tendon to the second Bone of the Thumb. The Brevior hath the same Origin with the Longior, keeps the same Track, passes under the Annular Ligament, and is terminated in the third Thumb-Bone.
The Thenar removes the Thumb from the Fingers, and forms that part which is call'd the Mount of Venus: It hath its Source in the first Bone of the Carpus or Wrist, and the Annular Ligament, and is inserted in its second Bone.
The Antithenar draws the Thumb to the other Fingers, having its Origine in the Bone of the Metacarpus, that stayeth the middle Finger, and its Insertion is in the first Bone of the Thumb.
The Muscle which serves to extend the Fore-Finger, is call'd Indicator: It proceeds from the middle and outer part of the Cubitus, and is fixt by a double Tendon in the second Articulation of the Fore-Finger, as also in the Tendon of the great Extensor of the Fingers.
That which draws the Fore-Finger to the Thumb is term'd Adductor: It commenceth in the fore-part of the first Thumb-Bone, and is terminated in the Bones of the Fore-Finger.
That which removes the Fore-Finger from the Thumb is known by the Name of Abductor, which arising out of the external and middle part of the Bone of the Elbow, and passing under the Annular Ligament, cleaves to the Lateral and outward part of the Bones of the Fore-Finger.
The Little-Finger hath two proper Muscles, viz. an Extensor and an Abductor.
The Extensor springs from the lower part of the Condylus of the Arm-Bone, and is fasten'd by a double Tendon in the second Articulation of the Little-Finger, and in the Tendon of the Extensor of all the others.
The Abductor, call'd also Hypothenar, hath its beginning in the small Bone of the Wrist, which is situated over the others, and is terminated in the first Bone of the Little-Finger on the outside.
What are the Motions of the Thighs?
The Thigh performs five kinds of Motions; for it is bent, extended, drawn within side and without, and turn'd round: All these Motions are produc'd by the means of fourteen Muscles, viz. three Flexors, three Extensors, three Adductors, three Abductors, and two Obturators for the Circular Motion.
The Flexors of the Thigh are the Psoas, Iliacus, and Pectineus.
The Psoas or Lumbaris is situated inwardly in the Abdomen, on the side of the Vertebra's. It proceeds from the transverse Apophyses of the two lower Vertebra's of the Back, and of the upper of the Loins, and lying on the inner Face of the Os Ilion, sticks to the lesser Trochanter or Rotator.
The Iliacus Internus hath its Origine in all the Lips of the inner Cavity of the Os Ilion, and being joyn'd by a Tendon to the Lumbaris, is inserted with it in the lesser Trochanter.
The Pectineus takes its rise from the fore-part of the Os Pubis, and is united before to the Thigh-Bone a little below the lesser Trochanter.
The Extensors of the Thigh are the Glutæus Major, Medius, and Minimus.
The Glutæus Major springs forth out of the lateral part of the Os Sacrum, as also the hinder and outer part of the Os Ilion and Coccyx, and enters into the Thigh-Bone, four Fingers breadth below the great Trochanter or Rotator, being the thickest of all the Muscles of the Body.
The Glutæus Medius, deducing its Original from the hinder and outward part of the Os Ilion, is inserted three Fingers breadth below the great Trochanter.
The Glutæus Minimus ariseth from the bottom of the Cavity of the Os Ilion, and is fasten'd to a small Hole near the great Trochanter.
The Adductors of the Thigh are the Triceps Superior, Medius, and Inferior.
The Triceps Superior hath its beginning in the top of the Os Pubis, and is terminated in the top of a Line, which is on the inside of the Thigh.
The Triceps Medius proceeding from the middle of the Os Pubis, is inserted in the Thigh-Bone a little lower than the Triceps Superior.
The Triceps Inferior hath its Source in the bottom of the Os Pubis, and is implanted in the Thigh-Bone, a little lower than the Triceps Medius. Some Anatomists make only one Muscle of these three, attributing thereto three Originals and three Insertions. These Muscles serve to draw the Thighs one against another.
The Abductors of the Thigh are the Iliacus Externus, or Pyriformis, the Quadratus, and the Gemelli.
The Pyriformis arising from the upper and lateral part of the Os Sacrum, and the the Os Ilion cleaves to the Neck of the great Trochanter.
The Quadratus or square Muscle of the Thigh takes its Origine from the external Prominence of the Os Ischion, and adheres to the outward part of the great Trochanter.
The Gemelli or Twin Muscles arise from two small Knobs in the hinder-part of the Ischion and insinuate themselves into a small Cavity in the Neck of the great Trochanter.
The Circular Motion of the Thigh is performed by the means of two Muscles, named the Obturatores Externi and Interni.
The Obturator Internus springs from the inner Circumference of the Oval Hole of the Ischion and its Tendons passing between the two Gemelli are inserted in a small Cavity at the Root of the great Trochanter or Rotator.
The Obturator Externus ariseth from the outward Circumference of the same Hole of one Ischion, and is terminated in the side of the other near the great Trochanter.
What are the Motions of the Leg, and what are its Muscles?
The Leg is mov'd four several ways, that is to say, it is bent, extended, and drawn inward and outward, by the means of eleven Muscles viz. three Flexors, four Extensors, two Adductors and two Abductors.
The three Flexors of the Leg are the Biceps, the Semi-nervosus, and the Semi-membranosus.
The Biceps hath two Heads, the longer whereof cometh out of the bottom of the Prominence of the Ischion, and the other from the middle and exterior part of the Femur, and is terminated in the outward and upper part of the Epiphysis of the Perone or Fibula.
The Semi-nervosus hath its Origine in the Knob of the Ischion, and is join'd backward to the top of the Epiphysis of the Tibia. These three Muscles are plac'd in the back-part of the Thigh below the Buttocks.
The four Extensors of the Leg are the Rectus, the Vastus Internus, the Vastus Externus, and the Crureus.
The Rectus or streight Muscle of the Leg takes its rise from the fore-part and the bottom of the Ilion, and descends in a right Line: It covers with its Tendon, which is common to the three following, the whole Knee-Pan, and adheres to the top of the Tibia, on the fore-part.
The Vastus Internus, being situated on the inside of the Thigh, hath its beginning in the top of the Thigh inwardly, and a little below the lesser Trochanter or Rotator: Afterward it is ty'd to the Tibia by a large Tendon, common thereto with the preceeding.
The Vastus Externus is plac'd on the outside of the Thigh, springing from the top and the fore-part of the Femur, being united by the same Tendon with the two preceeding.
The Crureus proceeds from the top, and the fore-part of the Thigh-Bone, between the two Trochanters; then covering the whole Bone, it is also fasten'd to the Leg-Bone with the three preceeding Muscles, after having cover'd the Knee-Pan with their common Tendon, which serves likewise as a Ligament to the Knee.
The two Adductors of the Leg are the Sartorius and the Gracilis.
The Sartorius or the Longissimus draws the leg inward, deriving its Original from the upper Spine of the Ischion; from whence it descends obliquely thro' the inside of the Thigh, and cleaves to the top on the inside of the Tibia.
The Gracilis hath its Origine in the fore-part at the bottom of the Os Pubis, and its Insertion in the top of the Tibia on the inside.
The two Abductors of the Leg are the Fascia lata, and the Poplitæus.
The Fascia lata, or the Membranosus, is as it were a kind of large Band, which covers all the Muscles of the Thigh. It proceeds from the outward Lip of the Os Ilion, is ty'd by a large Membrane to the top of the Perone or Fibula and sometimes descends to the end of the Foot.
The Poplitæus, or Sub-poplitæus, arises from the lower and external Condylus of the Thigh-Bone, passeth obliquely from the outside to the inside, till it is lost in the upper and inner part of the Leg-Bone under the Ham.
What are the Motions of the Foot, and what are its Muscles?
The Foot performs two Motions by the help of nine Muscles, as being bent by two, and extended by seven.
The two Flexors are the Crureus Anticus, and the Peronæus Anticus.
The Crureus or Tibiæus Anticus, is plac'd along the Tibia, and takes its rise from its upper and fore-part: Afterward it is bound by two Tendons to the first Os Cuneiforme, or Wedge-like Bone, and to that of the Metatarsus or Instep, which stayeth the great Toe, after having pass'd under the annular Ligament.
The Peronæus Anticus springs from the middle and outward-part of the Perone or Fibula, and insinuating it self thro' the Cleft which is under the external Malleolus before, sticks to the Bone of the Metatarsus that supports the little Toe.
The seven Extensors of the Foot are the two Gemelli, or the Soleus, the Plantaris, the Crureus Posticus, and the two Peronæi Postici.
The Gemelli are the Interior and the Exterior; the former having its Source in the inner Condylus, and the other in the outward and lower of the Thigh-Bone; from whence they extend themselves till they are fasten'd to the Talus or Ankle-Bone by a Tendon common to them, with the two following.
The Soleus ariseth from the top on the back-part of the Leg-Bone and Perone, and confounding its Tendon with that of the Gemelli, sticks close to the Talus.
The Plantaris, which lies hid between the Gemelli and the Soleus, hath its Origine from the Exterior Condylus of the Thigh-Bone; then uniting its Tendon with the preceeding, it adheres to them; and this common Tendon is call'd Chorda Achillis.
The Crureus or Tibiæus Posticus, springs from the back-part of the Leg-Bone, from whence extending it self downward, it passeth thro' the Fissure in the Internal Malleolus, and cleaves to the inner-part of the Os Scaphoides.
The Peronæi, or Fibulæi Postici, are otherwise call'd the Longus and the Brevis, whereof one proceeds from the upper and almost fore-part of the Perone, terminating in the upper-part of the Bone, that supports the great Toe in the Metatarsus, and the other from the lower part of the Perone, adhering in like manner to the Bone with which the little Toe is sustain'd.
With what Motions are the Toes endu'd, how many Muscles have they, and which be they?
The Toes are bent and extended, as also drawn inward and outward, by the means of twenty two Muscles, of which sixteen are Common, and six Proper. The former are two Flexors, two Extensors, four Lumbricales, and eight Interossei. The first Flexor is nam'd Sublimis, and the other Profundus.
The Sublimis or Perforatus derives its Original from the lower and inner-part of the Talus and is fixt in its proper place by four cleft Tendons, which are inserted in the upper-part of the Bones of the first Phalanx of the four Toes. It is situated under the Sole of the Feet.
The Profundus or Perforans hath its beginning in the top and back-part of the Leg-Bone and Perone, slips under the Malleolus Internus thro' the Sinus Calcaris, and makes four Tendons which pass thro' the Fissures of the Tendon of the Sublimis, and cleaves to the Bones of the last Phalanx of the Toes, to bow them.
The first Extensor is call'd the Common, and the other the Pediæus.
The Common Extensor, or the Longus, takes its rise from the top and fore-part of the Tibia in the place of its joyning with the Perone or Fibula, and divides it self into four Tendons, which after having pass'd under the Annular Ligament, are inserted in the Articulations of every Toe.
The Pediæus or the Brevis, being plac'd over the Foot, proceeds from the Annular Ligament, and the lower-part of the Perone, and sends forth four Tendons, which are fixt to the first Articulation of the four Toes on the outside, Thus this Muscle, together with the Longus, causeth their Extension.
The four Lumbrical Muscles of the Toes arise from the Tendons of the Profundus, and a Mass of Flesh at the Sole of the Feet. They are joyn'd by their Tendons with those of the Interossei Interni, and adhere inwardly to the side of the first Bones of the four Toes, to incline them toward the great Toe.
The Abductors, or those Muscles that remove the Toes from the great Toe, are the eight Interossei, whereof four are call'd Externi, and as many Interni. The former take their rise in the Spaces between the Bones of the Metatarsus, and are terminated outwardly in the side of the first Bones of the Toes. The Internal lie in the bottom of the Foot, and take up the Spaces between the five Bones of the Metatarsus. They arise from the Bones of the Tarsus, and the Intervals between those of the Metatarsus, and are implanted with the four Lumbricales inwardly, in the upper-part of the Bones of the first Phalanx of the four Toes.
Of the six Proper Muscles of the Toes, there are four appointed for the great Toe, which cause it to perform the Motions of Flexion, Extension, and drawing forward or backward. The two others are the Adductor of the second Toe to the great Toe, and the Abductor of the little Toe, call'd Hypothenar.
The Proper Flexor of the great Toe, arises from the top of the Perone or Fibula, on the back part, passeth thro' the Ancle-Bone on the inside to the sole of the Foot, and is fasten'd to the Bone of the last Phalanx.
The Proper Extensor of the great Toe springs from the middle of the fore-part of the Perone, passeth over the Foot, and hath its Insertion in the upper-part of the Bone of the great Toe.
The Proper Adductor of the great Toe, or the Thenar, taking its rise inwardly on the side of the Talus, the Ossa Schaphoidea and Innominata, extends it self over the outward-part of the Bone of the Metatarsus, which stayeth the great Toe, and adheres to the top of the second Bone of the great Toe, which it draws inward.
The proper Abductor of the great Toe, or the Antithenar, draws it toward the other Toes. It derives its Origine from the Bone of the Metatarsus, which supports the little Toe, slides obliquely over the other Bones, and cleaves to the first Bone of the great Toe on the inside.
The Adductor appropriated to the second Toe hath its Source in the first Bone of the great Toe, on the inside, and sticks close to the Bones of the second Toe, which it draws to the great Toe.
The Abductor of the little Toe, or the Hypothenar, proceeds from the outward part of the Bone of the Metatarsus, that stayeth the little Toe, and is inserted in the top of the little Toe, on the outside, to remove it from the others.
What is the Structure of the Nerves?
The Nerves are round white Bodies enclos'd in a double Membrane, communicated to them from the two Meninges of the Brain: Their Office is to convey the Animal Spirits into all the Parts.
Where is the Root and first beginning of all the Nerves?
All the Nerves take their Original from the Medulla Oblongata, and that of the Spine.
How is the distribution of them made thro' the whole Body?
It is directly perform'd by Conjugations or Pairs, whereof one goes to the Right-hand, and the other to the Left: There are nine Pairs of them that proceed from the Medulla Oblongata and enter into the Skull; and a Tenth that comes from the Marrow which lies between the Occipital and the first Vertebra of the Neck. It passeth thro' the Hole of the Dura Mater, thro' which the Vertebral Artery enters, to distribute its Branches into several Parts.
To what Use are the nine Pairs of Nerves appropriated, which proceed from the Root of the Brain?
They are chiefly design'd for the Senses, and also for the Motion of their Organs, of which the Ancients discover'd only seven.
The first Pair of Nerves is call'd the Olfactory, and serves for the Smelling.
The second Pair is the Optici or Visorii Nervi, and bestows upon the Eyes the Faculty of seeing.
The third is term'd Motorii Oculorum, being serviceable for the Motion of the Eyes.
The fourth Pair is nam'd Oculorum Pathetici, which shews the Passion of the Mind in the Eyes, whereto it imparts a String as well as to the Lips.
The fifth is call'd the Gustative, and appropriated to the Taste, because it sends Twigs more especially to the Tongue, as also to the Fore-head, Temples, Face, Nostrils, Teeth, and Privy-Parts.
The Sixth is likewise for the Taste, and goes to the Palate.
The seventh is the Auditive Nerve, that enters into the Os Petrosum, where it divides it self into many Branches, which when gone forth, are distributed to the Muscles of the Tongue, Lips, Mouth, Face, Fore-head, Eye-Lids, &c.
The eighth is the Os Vagum, or wandering Pair, which is united to the Intercostal Nerve, as also to the Recurrent, Diaphragmatick, Mesenterick, &c.
The ninth Pair, after having form'd a Trunk with the eighth, disperseth its Twigs several ways, whereof one is join'd with the Twig to the tenth, to be distributed together into the Muscle Sternohyoideus, and into the Tongue.
The Intercostal and Spinal are not Pairs of Nerves, but only Branches or Twigs of other Pairs.
What is the Distribution and Use of the thirty Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the Spinal Marrow?
There are seven that go forth from the several Vertebra's of the Neck, twelve from those of the Back, five from the Loins, and six from the Os Sacrum, according to the following Progression.
The first of the seven Pairs of Nerves of the Neck proceeds from between the Occipital Bone and the first Vertebra, nam'd Atlas, its Fibres being lost in the Muscles of the hinder-part of the Head and Neck.
The second Pair springs from between the first and second Vertebra of the Neck; the Fibres whereof are lost in the Muscles of the Head, and in the Skin of the Face.
The third Pair issueth from between the second and third Vertebra of the Neck; and its Fibres are lost in the Flexor Muscles and Extensors of the Neck.
The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh Pairs proceed from between the Vertebra's, as before, but their Fibres are lost in the Neck of the Omoplata, in the Arm, and in the Diaphragme or Midriff. Here it ought to be observ'd by the way that the Arms receive Branches not only from the four last Pairs of the Nerves of the Neck, but also from the two first Pairs of the Back, which are extended even to the end of the Fingers: Whence it happens that in the Palsie of the Arms, Remedies are usually apply'd to the Vertebra's of the Neck; and that in Phlebotomy or letting Blood, care must be taken to avoid pricking the Nerve, which accompanies the Basilick Vein in the Elbow.
The twelve Pairs of Nerves that have their Beginning from between the Vertebra's of the Back, are each of them divided into two Branches, as the others; and their Branches are distributed in like manner to the Muscles of the Breast, and to those of the Back and Abdomen.
The five Pairs which take their Rise from between the Vertebra's of the Loins, have thicker Branches than the others, and the distribution of them is made to the Muscles of the Loins, Hypogastrium, and Thighs.
Of the six Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the Os Sacrum, the four Upper with the three Lower of the Loins, send forth Fibres of Nerves to the Thigh, Leg, and Foot; and the two last Pairs impart Nerves to the Anus, Bladder, and privy Parts.
What is the Structure of the Arteries?
The Arteries are long and round Canals, consisting of four sorts of Tunicks or Membranes, which have their Rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart, from whence they receive the Blood, and convey it to all the Parts of the Body for their Nourishment.
What is the Construction of these four Tunicks or Membranes of the Arteries?
The first being thin and Nervous in its outward Superficies, is in the Inside a Plexus or Interlacement of small Veins and Arteries, and Fibres of Nerves, which enter into the other following Tunicks, to nourish them.
The second sticking close to the former, is altogether full of whitish Glandules, that serve to separate the serous Particles of the Blood.
The third is intirely Musculous, and interwoven with Annular Fibres.
The fourth is very thin, and hath its Fibres all streight.
Whence proceeds the Pulse or beating of the Arteries?
It is deriv'd from the Heart, and exactly answers to its Motion of Diastole and Systole.
By what Name is the first Trunk of the Arteries call'd, and what is the Effect of the Distribution made thence to the whole Body?
The first Trunk of the Arteries is nam'd Aorta, or the thick Artery, which proceeds immediately from the left Ventricle of the Heart, whereto it communicates before its departure from the Pericardium, one or two small Branches call'd the Coronary: Afterward it is divided into two Branches, whereof one goes upward, and is term'd the Ascending Artery; and the other downward, under the Denomination of the Descending Artery.
The Ascending Artery ariseth upward along the Aspera Arteria or Wind-Pipe, to the Clavicles, and is there divided into two Branches, call'd the Subclavian Arteries, one whereof goes forward to the Right side, and the other to the Left; and they both send forth on each side divers Branches, which take their Names from the several Parts, whereto they are distributed; such are the Carotides or Soporales Interni & Externi, which pass to the Head; the Mediastina; the Intercostal; the Axillar, and others.
The Descending Artery, before its departure from the Breast, affords certain Branches to the Pericardium, Diaphragm, and lower Ribs; afterward it penetrates the Diaphragm, and constitutes seven double Branches. The first is of those that are call'd Cœliack, and which go to the Liver and Spleen. The second Branch contains the Upper Mesenterick. The third the Emulgent, which pass to the Reins. The fourth the Spermatick, which are extended to the Genitals. The fifth the Lower Mesenterick. The sixth the Lumbar. And the seventh the Muscular. But assoon as the great Trunk is come downward to the Os Sacrum, it divides it self into two thick Arteries nam'd the Iliack, which are distributed on both sides, each of them making two Internal and External Branches, which likewise impart Sprigs or lesser Arteries, to the Bladder, Anus, Matrix, and other adjacent Parts: Then the Master-Branch forms the Crural Arteries on the inside of the Thighs, which are communicated by multiplying their Number even to the ends of the Toes, in passing over the External Ancle-Bones of the Feet.
What is the Structure of the Veins?
The Veins are long and round Canals made of four kinds of Tunicks or Membranes, whose Office it is to receive the Blood that remains after the Nourishment is taken, and to carry it back to the Heart to be reviv'd.
What is the Form of the four Tunicks that make the Canals of the Veins?
The first is a Contexture of Nervous and streight Fibres. The second is a Plexus of small Vessels that carry the Nourishment. The third is all over beset with Glandules thro' which are filtrated the serous Particles of the Blood contain'd in the Vessels of the second Tunicle. The fourth is a Series of Annular and Musculous or Fleshy Fibres.
Which are the most numerous, the Arteries or the Veins?
The Number of the Veins exceeds that of the Arteries; and there are scarce any Arteries without Veins accompanying them.
Where is the Beginning and Original of all the Veins?
All the Veins have their Root in the Liver, and two of the three great Trunks that proceed from thence, are call'd Vena Portæ, and Vena Cava; and the third is twofold, viz. the ascending and the descending.
The Vena Portæ is distributed to all the Parts contain'd in the lower Belly, and terminated in the Fundament; where it makes the Internal Hæmorrhoidal Veins.
The Vena Cava is immediately divided into two thick Branches, one whereof ariseth upward to the Right Ventricle of the Heart, and forms the ascending Vena Cava; as the other goes downward to the Feet, and constitutes the descending.
What is the Distribution of the ascending Vena Cava?
It perforates the Diaphragm, goes to the Heart, and ascends from thence to the Clavicles, after having communicated to the Midriff in passing, a small Branch call'd the Phrenicus; as also one or two to the Heart, nam'd the Coronary; and some others to the upper Ribs, besides the single Branch, term'd Azygos, only on the right side. But the Trunk of the ascending Vena Cava, being once come up to the Clavicles, is divided into two Branches, well known by the Name of the Subclavian, one whereof Shoots forth toward the Right side, and the other toward the Left; and they both make various Ramifications like to those of the thick ascending Artery, by producing the Cervicalis or Soporalis, and the Internal and External Jugulars that go to the Head; as also the Axillars, which pass to the Arms and Shoulders, forming the Cephalick, the Median, and the Basilick on the inside of the Elbow.
The descending Vena Cava in like manner accompanieth the Ramifications of the Aorta, or thick descending Artery, to the fourth Vertebra of the Loins, where it sends forth two Branches, nam'd the Iliack, one whereof goes to the Right side, and the other to the Left, both inwardly and outwardly; imparting divers Twigs or lesser Branches to all the Parts contain'd in the Abdomen or lower Belly, even as far as the Fundament, where it makes the External Hæmorrhoidal Veins. Afterward the outward Branch of the Iliack descends in the Thigh, to form the Crural, and others, as far as the Saphæna, together with those that are situated at the end of the Feet.
What is the clearest Division of the Human Body into various Parts, and that which is most followed in the Anatomical Schools?
It is that which constitutes three Venters, that is to say, the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower, which are the Head, the Thorax or Breast and the Abdomen or lower Belly, together with the Extremities, which are the Arms and Legs.
What is the lower Belly?
It is a Cavity of the Body that contains the nourishing parts, as the Reins, the Bladder, and all those that are appropriated to Generation in both Sexes.
What is to be consider'd outwardly in the lower Belly?
Its different Regions, and the several parts therein contain'd.
What are these Regions?
They are the Epigastrick, the Umbilical, and the Hypogastrick.
What is their Extent?
It is from the Xyphoides or Sword-like Cartilage to the Os Pubis, the division whereof into three equal Parts, constitutes the three different Regions; the Epigastrium being the first upward, the Umbilicus the second, and the Hypogastrium the third.
What Are the Parts contain'd in the Epigastrium, and what Place do they possess therein?
The Parts contain'd in the Epigastrium are the Liver, the Spleen, the Stomach, and the Pancreas or Sweet-bread, which lies underneath: The Stomach takes up the middle before, the Liver being plac'd on the Right side, and the Spleen on the Left; so that these two sides of the Epigastrick Region, are call'd the Right and Left Hypochondria.
What Parts are there contain'd in the Umbilical Region, and what is their situation?
They are the most part of the thin Intestines or small Guts, viz. the Duodenum, the Jejunum, and the Ileon, which have their Residence in the middle, where they are encircled with a Portion of the two great Guts, Cæcum and Colon, that take possession of the Sides, otherwise call'd the Flanks. The Reins or Kidneys are also in this Place, above, and somewhat backward.
What Parts are there contain'd in the Hypogastrium, and of what Place are they possest?
The greater part of the thick-Guts, Cœcum, and Colon, are enclos'd therein, with the entire Rectum; there is also a Portion of the Ileon, which hides it self in the sides of the Ilia, or Hip-Bones: In the middle under the Os Pubis, the Bladder is situated on the Gut Rectum in Men, and the Matrix in Women lies between the Rectum and Bladder.
After what manner is the opening of a Corps or dead Body perform'd at a publick Dissection?
It is begun with a Crucial Incision in the Skin from underneath the Throat downward, traversing from one side to another in the Umbilical Region; then this Skin is pull'd off at the four Corners, and the Panicula Adiposa is immediately discover'd: Under this Fat lies a Fleshy Membrane, call'd Membrana Carnosa; and after that, the common Membrane of all the Muscles of the lower Belly. Thus we have taken a View of what Anatomists commonly term the five Teguments, that is to say, the Epiderma or Scarf-Skin, the Derma or true Skin, the Panicula Adiposa, the Panicula Carnosa or Membranus Carnosa, and the common Membrane of the Muscles.
The five Teguments being remov'd, we meet with as many Muscles on each side, viz. the descending Oblique, the ascending Oblique, the Transverse, the streight, and the Pyramidal, by the means whereof the Belly is extended and contracted. Afterwards appears a Membrane nam'd Peritonæum, which contains all the Bowels, and covers the whole lower Belly, being strongly fasten'd to the first and third Vertebra's of the Back. The Fat skinny Net which lies immediately under the Peritonæum, is call'd Epiploon and Omentum, or the Caul; it floats over the Bowels, keeping them in a continual Suppleness necessary for their Functions, maintains the Heat of the Stomach, and contributes to Digestion.
It remains to take an Account of the Bowels viz. the Stomach, Mesentery, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Bladder, and Guts, together with the Parts appointed for Generation, which in Men are the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles, and the Penis; and in Women, the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles or Ovaries, the Matrix, and its Vagina or Neck.
What is the Stomach?
It is the Receptacle of the Aliments or Food convey'd thither thro' the Oesophagus or Gullet, which is a Canal, or kind of streight Gut that reacheth from the Throat to the Mouth of the Stomach. The Stomach it self is situated immediately under the Diaphragm or Midriff, between the Liver and the Spleen, having two Orifices, whereof the Left is properly call'd Stomachus, or the Upper, and the Right (at its other Extremity) Pylorus, or the lower Orifice. Its Figure resembleth that of a Bag-Pipe, and the greater part of its Body lies toward the Left side. It is compos'd of three Membranes, viz. one Common, which it receives from the Peritonæum; and two Proper; the two uppermost being smooth, and the innermost altogether wrinkled.
What is the Pancreas or Sweet-bread?
It is a Fat Body, consisting of many Glandules wrapt up in the same Tunicle, being situated under the Pylorus or lower Orifice of the Stomach: It helps Digestion, and hath divers other uses; but its principal Office is to separate the serous Particles of the Blood, to be convey'd afterward into the Gut Duodenum, by a Canal or Passage, nam'd the Pancreatick. This Juice serves to cause the Chyle to ferment with the Choler, in order to remove the grosser Particles from those that ought to enter into the Lacteal Vessels.
Into how many sorts are the Guts distinguish'd?
There are two sorts, viz. the thin and the thick.
How many thin or small Guts are there?
Three; that is to say, the Duodenum, the Jejunum, and the Ileon.
How many thick Guts are there?
Three likewise; viz. the Cœcum, the Colon, and the Rectum.
Why are some of them call'd thin Guts, and others thick?
Because the thin are smaller, being appointed only to transport the Chyle out of the Stomach into the Reserver; whereas the thick are more large and stronger, serving to carry forth the gross Excrements out of the Belly.
Are the six Guts of an equal length?
No, the Duodenum, which is the first of the thin Guts, is only twelve Fingers breadth long. The Jejunum, being the second, so call'd because always empty, is five Foot long: The third is nam'd Ileon, by reason of its great Turnings which oblige it to pass to the Os Ilion, where it produceth a Rupture; it extends it self almost twenty Foot in length.
The first of the thick Guts, known by the Name of Cœcum, is very short, and properly only an Appendix or Bag of a Finger's length. That which follows is the Colon, being the largest of all, and full of little Cells, which are fill'd sometimes with Wind and other Matters that excite the Pains of the Colick. It encompasseth the thin Guts, in passing from the top to the bottom of the Belly, by the means of its great Circumvolutions, and is from eight to nine Foot long. The last is the Rectum or streight Gut, so nam'd, because it goes directly to the Fundament: It is no longer than ones Hand, but it is fleshy, and situated upon the Os Sacrum, and the Coccyx or Rump-Bone.
What is the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts?
It is the successive Motion and Undulation, whereby the Guts insensibly push forward from the top to the bottom, the Matters contain'd in them; and that Motion which on the contrary is perform'd from the bottom to the top, is term'd the Antiperistaltick as it happens in the Iliack Passion, or twisting of the Guts, call'd Domine Miserere, by reason of its intolerable Pain.
What is the Mesentery?
It is a kind of Membrane somewhat fleshy, which is join'd to the Spine in the bottom and middle of the Belly, and by its folding, keeps all the Guts steady in their place; it is all over beset with red, white, and Lymphatick Vessels; that is to say, those that carry the Blood, Chyle, and Lympha, which serves to cause this last to run more freely, and to ferment. Three notable Glandules are also observ'd therein, the greatest whereof lies in the middle, and is nam'd Asellius's Pancreas; the two other lesser are call'd Lumbar Glandules, as being situated near the Left Kidney. From each of these Glandules proceeds a small Branch; and both are united together to make the great Lacteal Vein, or Thoracick Canal. This Tube conveys the Chyle along the Vertebra's of the Back to the Left Subclavian Vein; from whence it passeth into the ascending Vena Cava, and descends in the Right Ventricle of the Heart, where it assumes the form of Blood; from whence it passeth to the Lungs thro' the Pulmonary Artery; then it returns to the Heart thro' the Pulmonary Vein, and goes forth again thro' the Left Ventricle of the Heart, between the Aorta or great Artery, to be afterward distributed to all the Parts of the Body. This is the ordinary Passage for the Circulation of the Chyle, and the Sanguification of the Heart.
What is the Liver?
The Liver, being the thickest of all the Bowels, is plac'd in the Right Hypochondrium, at the distance only of a Fingers breadth from the Diaphragm; its Figure much resembling that of a thick piece of Beef: It is Convex on the outside, and Concave within; its Substance is soft and tender, its Colour and Consistence being like coagulated Blood: It is cleft at bottom, and divided into two Lobes, viz. one greater, and the other less: Its Office is to purifie the Mass of Blood by Filtration; and it is bound by two strong Ligaments, the first whereof adheres to the Diaphragm, and the second to the Xiphoides or Sword-like Cartilage. Two great Veins take their Rise from hence, viz. the Vena Portæ, and the Vena Cava, which form innumerable Branches, as it were Roots in the Body of the Liver. The Gall-Bladder is fasten'd to the hollow part thereof, and dischargeth its Choler into the Gut Duodenum, thro' the Vessels that bear the Name of Meatus Choledochi, or Ductus Biliares. This Choler is not a meer Excrement, but on the contrary of singular Use in causing the Fermentation of the Chyle, and bringing it to perfection.
What is the Spleen?
The Spleen is a Bowel resembling a Hart's Tongue in shape, and situated in the Left Hypochondrium, over-against the Liver: Its length is about half a Foot, and its breadth equal to that of three Fingers; its Substance being soft, as that of the Liver, and its Colour like dark coagulated Blood: It is fasten'd to the Peritonæum, Left Kidney, Diaphragm, and to the Caul on the inside; as also to the Stomach by certain Veins, call'd Vasa Brevia; nevertheless these Ligatures do not hinder it from wandering here and there in the lower Belly, where it often changeth its place, and causeth many dreadful symptoms by its irregular Motions. Its Office is to Subtilize the Blood by cleansing and refining it.
What are the Reins?
The Reins or Kidneys are Parts of a Fleshy Consistence, harder and more firm than that of the Liver and Spleen: They are both situated in the sides of the Umbilical Region, upon the Muscle Psoas, between the two Tunicks of the Peritonæum; but the Right is lower than the Left: Their Shape resembleth that of a French Bean, and they receive Nerves from the Stomach, whence Vomitings are frequently occasion'd in the Nephritical Colicks: They are fasten'd to the Midriff, Loins, and Aorta, by the Emulgent Arteries; as also to the Bladder by the Ureters. The Right Kidney likewise adheres to the Gut Cæcum, and the Left to the Colon. Their Office is to filtrate or strain the Urine in the Pelves or Basons, which they have in the middle of their Body on the inside, and to cause it to run thro' the Vessels call'd Ureters into the Bladder.
Immediately above the Reins on each side, is a flat and soft Glandule, of the thickness of a Nut; they are nam'd Renal Glandules, or Capsulæ Atribiliariæ, because they contain a blackish Liquor, which (as they say) serves as it were Leaven for the Blood, to set it a fermenting.
What is the Bladder?
It is the Bason or Reserver of Urines, of a Membranous Substance as the Stomach, being plac'd in the middle of the Hypogastrick Region; so that it is guarded by the Os Sacrum behind, and by the Os Pubis before: Two Parts are to be distinguish'd therein, viz. its Bottom and Top; by its Membranous Bottom it is join'd to the Navel, and suspended by the means of the Urachus, and the two Umbilical Arteries which degenerate into Ligaments in adult Persons: As by its fleshy Neck, longer and crooked in Men, and shorter and streight in Women it cleaves to the Intestinum Rectum in the former, and to the Neck of the Womb in the latter. Lastly, its Office is to receive the Urines to keep them, and to discharge them from time to time.
What are the Genitals in Men?
They are the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles, and the Penis. The Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side; the former proceeding from the Aorta, or thick Artery of the Heart; and the other from the Branches of the Vena Cava of the Liver. These Arteries and Veins are terminated in the Body of the Testicles, which are two in Number, enclos'd within the Scrotum.
The Office of the Testicles is to filtrate the Seed, which is brought thither from all the parts of the Body, thro' the Spermatick Vessels, called Præparantia, and afterwards to cause it to pass thro' others nam'd Deferentia, to the Vesiculæ Seminales, from whence it is forc'd into the Ureter, thro' two small and very short Canals.
The Penis or Yard is a Nervous and Membranous Part, well furnish'd with Veins and Arteries, containing in the middle the Canal of the Ureter: Its Extremity, which consists of a very delicate and spongy sort of Flesh, is call'd Balanus, or Glans, and the Nut, the Skin that covers it being nam'd the Præputium, or the Fore-Skin. Thus by the means of this swell'd Part, and stiff thro' the affluence of the Spirits, the Male injects his Seed into the Matrix of the Female, to propagate his Kind.
What are the Parts appropriated to Generation in Women?
They are the Spermatick Vessels, the Ovaries or Testicles, and the Matrix. The Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side, as in Men: The Ovaries or Testicles, situated on the side of the bottom of the Matrix, are almost of the same bigness with those of Men, but of a round and flat Figure. The Vesiculæ, or little Bladders which they contain, are usually term'd Ova or Eggs by Modern Anatomists; and the Vessels that pass from these Testicles or Ovaries to the Cornua of the Uterus, are call'd Deferentia or Ejaculatoria.
The Matrix, Uterus or Womb, is the principal Organ of Generation, and the place where it is perform'd, resembling the Figure of a Pear with its Head upward, and being situated between the Gut Rectum and the Bladder: It is of a fleshy and membranous Substance, retain'd in its place by four Ligaments, fasten'd to the bottom; whereof the two upper are large ones, proceeding from the Loins, and the two lower round, taking their Rise from the Groin, where they form a kind of Goose-Foot, which is extended to the Os Pubis, and the flat part of the Thighs; which is the cause that Women are in danger of Miscarrying when they fall upon their Knees.
The Exterior Neck of the Womb, call'd Vagina, is made almost in form of a Throat or Gullet, extending it self outwardly to the sides of the Lips of the Pudendum, and being terminated inwardly at the internal Orifice of the Matrix, the shape whereof resembleth that of the Muzzle or Nose of a little Dog. The outward Neck of the womb is fasten'd to the Bladder and the Os Pubis before, and in the hinder part to the Os Sacrum: Between the Lips of the Pudendum lie the Nymphæ, which are plac'd at the Extremity of the Canal of the Bladder, to convey the Urines; and somewhat farther appear four Caruncles, or small pieces of Flesh, at the Entrance of the Vagina, which when join'd together make the thin Membrane call'd Hymen.