| Potassium cyanid | 1 ounce |
| Commercial sulfuric acid | 1 fluid ounce |
| Water | 3 fluid ounces |
Suppose a room to be 12 by 15 by 8 feet. It will contain 12 × 15 × 8, or 1440 cubic feet. For convenience the writer always works on the basis of complete hundreds; in this case he would work on the basis of 1500 cubic feet, and thus be sure to have enough. The foregoing room, then, would require 15 ounces of cyanid, 15 ounces of sulfuric acid, and 45 ounces of water. The room should be made as tight as possible by stopping all the larger openings, such as fireplaces and chimney flues, with old rags or blankets. Cracks about windows or in other places should be sealed with narrow strips of newspaper well soaked in water. Strips of newspaper two or three inches wide that have been thoroughly soaked in water may be applied quickly and effectively over the cracks around the window sash and elsewhere. Such strips will stick closely for several hours and may be easily removed at the conclusion of the work.
While the room is being made tight, the ingredients should be measured according to the formula already given. The water should be measured and poured first into a stone jar for holding at least two gallons. The jar should be placed in the middle of the room, with an old rug or several newspapers under it in order to protect the floor.
The required amount of sulfuric acid should then be poured rather slowly into the water. This process must never be reversed; that is, the acid must never be poured into the jar first. The cyanid should be weighed and put into a paper bag beside the jar. All hats, coats, or other articles that will be needed before the work is over should be removed from the room. When everything is ready the operator should drop the bag of cyanid gently into the jar, holding his breath, and should walk quickly out of the room. The steam-like gas does not rise immediately under these conditions, and ample time is given for the operator to walk out and shut the door. If preferred, however, the paper bag may be suspended by a string passing through a screw eye in the ceiling and then through the keyhole of the door. In this case the bag may be lowered from the outside after the operator has left the room and closed the door.
The writer has most often started the fumigation toward evening and left it going all night, opening the doors in the morning. The work can be done, however, at any time during the day and should extend over a period of five or six hours at least. It is said that better results will be obtained in a temperature of 70° F., or above, than at a lower degree.
At the close of the operation the windows and doors may be opened from the outside. In the course of two or three hours the gas should be dissipated enough to allow a person to enter the room without danger. The odor of the gas is like that of peach kernels and is easily recognized. The room should not be occupied until the odor has disappeared.
The fumigation of a large house is merely a repetition, in each room and hall, of the operations already described for a single room. All the rooms should be made tight, and the proper quantities of water and sulfuric acid should be measured and poured into jars placed in each room with the cyanid in bags besides the jars. When all is ready, the operator should go to the top floor and work downward because the gas is lighter than air and tends to rise.
The cyanid should be broken up into small pieces not larger than small eggs. This can best be done on a cement or brick pavement. It would be advantageous to wear gloves in order to protect the hands, although the writer has broken many pounds of cyanid without any protection on the hands. Wash the hands thoroughly at frequent intervals in order to remove the cyanid.
The operations of the work must be carried out according to directions.
The work should be done by a calm, thoughtful and careful person—best by one who has had some experience.
Conspicuous notices of what has been done should be placed on the doors, and the doors should be locked so that no one can stray into the rooms.
The gas is lighter than air, therefore one should always begin in the rooms at the top of the house and work down.
After fumigation is over the contents of the jar should be emptied into the sewer or some other safe place. The jars should be washed thoroughly before they are used again.
It must be remembered that cyanid is a deadly poison; but it is very efficient against household insects, if carefully used, and is not particularly dangerous when properly handled.
While this text was in press there came to hand an important paper presenting a phase of the subject of black fly injury so different from others heretofore given that we deem it expedient to reproduce here the author's summary. The paper was published in The Journal of Cutaneous Diseases, for November and December, 1914, under the title of "A Clinical, Pathological and Experimental Study of the Lesions Produced by the Bite of the Black Fly (Simulium venustum)," by Dr. John Hinchman Stokes, of the University of Michigan.
The principal positive result of the work has been the experimental reproduction of the lesion produced by the black-fly in characteristic histological detail by the use of preserved flies. The experimental lesions not only reproduced the pathological pictures, but followed a clinical course, which in local symptomatology especially, tallied closely with that of the bite. This the writer interprets as satisfactory evidence that the lesion is not produced by any living infective agent. The experiments performed do not identify the nature of the toxic agent. Tentatively they seem to bring out, however, the following characteristics.
1. The product of alcoholic extraction of flies do not contain the toxic agent.
2. The toxic agent is not inactivated by alcohol.
3. The toxic agent is not destroyed by drying fixed flies.
4. The toxic agent is not affected by glycerin, but is, if anything, more active in pastes made from the ground fly and glycerin, than in the ground flies as such.
5. The toxic agent is rendered inactive or destroyed by hydrochloric acid in a concentration of 0.25%.
6. The toxic agent is most abundant in the region of the anatomical structures connected with the biting and salivary apparatus (head and thorax).
7. The toxic agent is not affected by a 0.5% solution of sodium bicarbonate.
8. The toxic agent is not affected by exposure to dry heat at 100° C. for two hours.
9. The toxic agent is destroyed or rendered inactive in alkaline solution by a typical hydrolytic ferment, pancreatin.
10. Incomplete experimental evidence suggests that the activity of the toxic agent may be heightened by a possible lytic action of the blood serum of a sensitive individual, and that the sensitive serum itself may contain the toxic agent in solution.
These results, as far as they go (omitting No. 10), accord with Langer's except on the point of alcoholic solubility and the effect of acids. The actual nature of the toxic agent in the black-fly is left a matter of speculation.
The following working theories have suggested themselves to the writer. First, the toxin may be, as Langer believes in the case of the bee, an alkaloidal base, toxic as such, and neutralized after injection by antibodies produced for the occasion by the body. In such a case the view that a partial local fixation of the toxin occurs, which prevents its immediate diffusion, is acceptable. Through chemotactic action, special cells capable of breaking up the toxin into harmless elements are attracted to the scene. Their function may be, on the other hand, to neutralize directly, not by lysis. This would explain the rôle of the eosinophiles in the black-fly lesion. If their activities be essential to the destruction or neutralization of the toxin, one would expect them to be most numerous where there was least reaction. This would be at the site of a bite in an immune individual. A point of special interest for further investigation, would be the study of such a lesion.
Second, it is conceivable that the injected saliva of the fly does not contain an agent toxic as such. It is possible, that like many foreign proteins, it only becomes toxic when broken down. The completeness and rapidity of the breaking down depends on the number of eosinophiles present. In such a case immunity should again be marked by intense eosinophilia.
Third, lytic agents in the blood serum may play the chief rôle in the liberation of the toxic agent from its non-toxic combination. An immune individual would then be one whose immunity was not the positive one of antibody formation, but the negative immunity of failure to metabolize. An immune lesion in such a case might be conceived as presenting no eosinophilia, since no toxin is liberated. If the liberation of the toxin is dependent upon lytic agents present in the serum rather than in any cellular elements, a rational explanation would be available for the apparent results (subject to confirmation) of the experiment with sensitive and immune sera. In this experiment it will be recalled that the sensitive serum seemed to bring out the toxicity of the ground flies, and the serum itself seemed even to contain some of the dissolved or liberated toxin. The slowness with which a lesion develops in the case of the black-fly bite supports the view of the initial lack of toxicity of the injected material. The entire absence of early subjective symptoms, such as pain, burning, etc., is further evidence for this view. It would appear as if no reaction occurred until lysis of an originally non-toxic substance had begun. Regarding the toxin itself as the chemotactic agent which attracts eosinophiles, its liberation in the lytic process and diffusion through the blood stream attracts the cells in question to the point at which it is being liberated. Arriving upon the scene, these cells assist in its neutralization.
The last view presented is the one to which the author inclines as the one which most adequately explains the phenomena.
A fourth view is that the initial injection of a foreign protein by the fly (i.e., with the first bite) sensitizes the body to that protein. Its subsequent injection at any point in the skin gives rise to a local expression of systematic sensitization. Such local sensitization reactions have been described by Arthus and Breton, by Hamburger and Pollack and by Cowie. The description of such a lesion given by the first named authors, in the rabbit, however, does not suggest, histopathologically at least, a strong resemblance to that of the black-fly. Such an explanation of many insect urticariæ deserves further investigation, however, and may align them under cutaneous expressions of anaphylaxis to a foreign protein injected by the insect. Depending on the chemical nature of the protein injected, a specific chemotactic reaction like eosinophilia may or may not occur. Viewed in this light the development of immunity to insect bites assumes a place in the larger problem of anaphylaxis.
In order to bring the results of the foregoing studies together, the author appends the following résumé of the clinical data presented in the first paper.
The black-fly, Simulium venustum, inflicts a painless bite, with ecchymosis and hæmorrhage at the site of puncture. A papulo-vesicular lesion upon an urticarial base slowly develops, the full course of the lesion occupying several days to several weeks. Marked differences in individual reaction occur, but the typical course involves four stages. These are, in chronological order, the papular stage, the vesicular or pseudovesicular, the mature vesico-papular or weeping papular stage and the stage of involution terminating in a scar. The papule develops in from 3 to 24 hours. The early pseudovesicle develops in 24 to 48 hours. The mature vesico-papular lesion develops by the third to fifth day and may last from a few days to three weeks. Involution is marked by cessation of oozing, subsidence of the papule and scar-like changes at the site of the lesion. The symptoms accompanying this cycle consist of severe localized or diffused pruritus, with some heat and burning in the earlier stages if the œdema is marked. The pruritus appears with the pseudovesicular stage and exhibits extraordinary persistence and a marked tendency to periodic spontaneous exacerbation. The flies tend to group their bites and confluence of the developing lesions in such cases may result in extensive œdema with the formation of oozing and crusted plaques. A special tendency on the part of the flies to attack the skin about the cheeks, eyes and the neck along the hair line and behind the ears, is noted. In these sites inflammation and œdema may be extreme.
A distinctive satellite adenopathy of the cervical glands develops in the majority of susceptible persons within 48 hours after being bitten in the typical sites. This adenopathy is marked, discrete and painful, the glands often exquisitely tender on pressure. It subsides without suppuration.
Immunity may be developed to all except the earliest manifestations, by repeated exposures. Such an immunity in natives of an infested locality is usually highly developed. There are also apparently seasonal variations in the virulence of the fly and variations in the reaction of the same individual to different bites.
Constitutional effects were not observed but have been reported.
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Hadwen, S. 1913. On "tick paralysis" in sheep and man following bites of Dermacentor venustus. Parasitology, vi, p. 283-297.
Hadwen, S. and Nuttall, G. H. F. 1913. Experimental "tick paralysis" in the dog. Parasitology, vi, p. 298-301.
Hall, M. C. and Muir, J. F. 1913. A critical study of a case of myasis due to Eristalis. Arch. Int. Med., Chicago, xi, p. 193-203.
Hamilton, J. 1893. Medico-entomology. Entom. News iv, p. 217-219.
Hart, C. A. 1895. On the entomology of the Illinois river and adjacent waters. Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 149-273.
Headlee, T. J. 1914. Anti-mosquito work in New Jersey. Jour. Econ. Ent. vii, p. 260-268.
Hecker, J. F. C. 1885. The dancing mania of the Middle Ages. Transl. by B. G. Bahington. 8vo. New York, Humboldt Library. (53p.).
Hendel. 1901. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Calliphorinen. Wiener Ent. Zeitung. xx, p. 28-33.
Herms, W. B. 1911. The housefly in its relation to public health. Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 215, p. 511-548.
---- 1913. Malaria: cause and control. 8o. New York, Macmillan Co. (xi + 163 p.).
Herrick, G. W. 1903. The relation of malaria to agriculture and other industries of the South. Pop. Sci. Mo. lxii, p. 521-525.
---- 1913. Household insects and methods of control. Cornell Reading Course, (N. Y. State College of Agric.), iii, 47 p.
---- 1914. Insects injurious to the household and annoying to man. 8vo. New York, Macmillan Co. (xvii + 470).
Hewitt, C. G. 1910. The house-fly. A study of its structure, development, bionomics, and economy. 8vo. Manchester Univ. Press. (xiv + 196 p.).
---- 1912. Fannia (Homalomyia) canicularis Linn. and F. scalaris Fab. Parasitology, v. p. 161-174.
Heymons, R. 1901. Biologische Beobachtungen an asiatischen Solifugen, nebst Beiträge zur Systematik derselben. Abl. Ak. Berlin, 1901, Anh. i, 1-65 p.
Higgins, F. W. 1891. Dipterous larvæ vomited by a child. Insect Life, Washington. iii, p. 396-397.
Hindle, E. 1911 a. The relapsing fever of tropical Africa. A Review. Parasitology, iv, p. 183-203.
---- 1911 b. On the life cycle of Spirochæta gallinarum. ibid., iv. p. 463-477.
Hindle, E. and Merriman, G. 1914. The range of flight of Musca domestica. Journ. of Hygiene, xiv. p. 23-45.
Hine, J. S. 1903. Tabanidæ of Ohio. Papers Ohio Acad. Sci. No. 5, 55 p.
---- 1906. Habits and life-histories of some flies of the family Tabanidæ. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. tech. bul. 12, p. 19-38.
---- 1907. Second report upon the horse-flies of Louisiana. La. Stat. Exp. Bul. 93, p. 1-59.
Hodge, C. F. 1910. A practical point in the study of the typhoid, or filth-fly. Nature Study Review, vi, p. 195-199.
---- 1913. The distance house-flies, blue-bottles, and stable flies may travel over water. Science, n. s. xxxviii, p. 513.
Honeij, J. A. and Parker, R. R. 1914. Leprosy: flies in relation to the transmission of the disease. Journ. Med. Research, Boston, xxx, p. 127-130.
Hooker, W. A. 1908 a. Life history, habits, and methods of study of the Ixodoidea. Jour. Econ. Ent. i, p. 34-51.
---- 1908 b. A review of the present knowledge of the rôle of ticks in the transmission of disease. ibid., i, p. 65-76.
Hope, F. W. 1837. On insects and their larvæ occasionally found in the human body. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, ii, p. 256-271.
Hough, G. de N. 1899 a. Synopsis of the Calliphorinæ of the United States. Zoological Bulletin, ii, p. 283-290.
---- 1899 b. Some Muscinæ of North America, Biological Bulletin i, p. 19-33.
---- 1899 c. Some North American Genera of Calliphorinæ. Entom. News, x, p. 62-66.
Hovarth, G. 1912. Revision of the American Cimicidæ. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, x, p. 257-262.
Howard, C. W. 1908. A list of the ticks of South Africa, with descriptions and keys to all the forms known. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 1, p. 73-170.
Howard, C. W. and Clark, P. F. 1912. Experiments on insect transmission of the virus of poliomyelitis. Journ. Exper. Med. xvi, p. 805-859.
Howard, L. O. 1899. Spider bites and kissing bugs. Pop. Sci. Mo. lv, p. 31-42.
---- 1900. A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excrement. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii, p. 541-604.
---- 1901. Mosquitoes, how they live, how they carry disease, how they are classified, how they may be destroyed. 8vo. New York, Doubleday, Page & Co. (xv + 241 p.)
---- 1909. Economic loss to the people of the United States, through insects that carry disease. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. of Ent. Bul. 78, p. 1-40.
Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. and Knab, F. 1913-. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Vol. I. A general consideration of mosquitoes, their habits, and their relations to the human species. 4o. Carnegie Institution of Washington (vii + 520 p.).
Howard, L. O. and Marlatt, C. L. 1902. The principal household insects of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent. Bul. 4.
Huebner, W. 1907. Ueber das Pfeilgift der Kalahari. Arch. exper. Path. und Pharm., lvii, p. 358-366.
Hunter, S. J. 1913. Pellagra and the sand-fly. Jour. econ. Ent. vi, p. 96-99.
Hunter, W. D. 1913. American interest in medical entomology. Jour. econ. Ent. vi, p. 27-39.
Hunter, W. D. and Bishopp, F. C. 1910. Some of the more important ticks of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric. Yearbook 1910, p. 219-230, pls. xv-xvi.
---- 1911. The Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick. With special reference to the problem of its control in the Bitter Root Valley in Montana. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent. Bul. 105, p. 1-47.
Hutchison, R. H. 1914. The migratory habit of housefly larvæ as indicating a favorable remedial measure. An account of progress. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bul. 14, p. 1-11.
Jennings, A. H. 1914. Summary of two years' study of insects in relation to pellagra. Journ. of Parasitology, i, p. 10-21.
Jennings, A. H. and King, W. V. 1913. One of the possible factors in the causation of pellagra. Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., lx, p. 271-274.
Jepson, F. P. 1909. Notes on colouring flies for purposes of identification. Rep't to the Local Gov't Board on Publ. Health, n. s. 16, p. 4-9.
Johannsen, O. A. 1903. Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera. N. Y. State Mus. Bul., 68, p. 328-448, pls. 32-50.
---- 1905. Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera II. (Chironomidæ). ibid. 86, p. 76-330, pls. 16-37.
---- 1908. North America Chironomidæ. ibid., 124, p. 264-285.
---- 1911. The typhoid fly and its allies. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul., 401, p. 1-7.
---- 1911. Simulium and pellagra. Insect Notes for 1910. Maine Agr. Exper. Station. Bul, 187, p. 4.
Kellogg, V. L. 1915. Spider poison. Jour. of Parasitology, i, p. 107+
Kelly, H. A. 1907. Walter Reed and yellow fever. 8vo. New York, McClure, Phillips & Co. (xix + 310 p.).
Kephart, Cornelia F. 1914. The poison glands of the larva of the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn.). Journ. Parasit., i, p.
Kieffer, J. J. 1906. Chironomidæ. Genera Insectorum. Fasc. 42, p. 1-78.
---- 1913. Nouv. étude sur les Chironomides de l'Indien Museum de Calcutta. Records of the Indian Mus., ix, p. 119-197.
King, A. F. A. 1883. Insects and disease—mosquitoes and malaria. Pop. Sci. Mo. xxiii, p. 644-658.
Kirkland, A. H. 1907. Second annual report of the Superintendent for suppressing the gypsy and browntail moths. 8vo. Boston. 170 p.
Kleine, E. 1909. Postive Infektionsversuche mit Trypanosoma brucei durch Glossina palpalis. Deutsche med. Wochenschr., xxxv, p. 469-470.
Weitere wissenschaftliche Beobachtungen über die Entwicklung von Trypanosomen in Glossinen. ibid. p. 924-925.
Weitere Untersuchungen über die Ætiologie der Schlafkrankheit. ibid., p. 1257-1260.
Weitere Beobachtungen über Tsetsefliegen und Trypanosomen. ibid., p. 1956-1958.
Kling, C. and Levaditi, C. 1913. Études sur la poliomyélite aiguë épidémique. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxvii, p. 718-749, 739-855.
Knab, F. 1912. Unconsidered factors in disease-transmission by blood-sucking insects. Journ. Econ. Ent., v, p. 196-200.
---- 1913 a. The species of Anopheles that transmit human malaria. Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Preventive Med., i, p. 24-43.
---- 1913 b. Anopheles and malaria. ibid., i, p. 217.
---- 1913 c. The life history of Dermatobia hominis. ibid., i, p. 464-468.
Knab, F. See Howard, Dyar, and Knab.
Kobert, R. 1893. Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen. 4o. Stuttgart, Enke. (xxii + 816 p.). 2d ed. in 2 vols., 1906.
---- 1901. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Giftspinnen. 8o. Stuttgart, Enke. (viii + 191 p.).
Kolbe, H. J. 1894. Der Pfeilgiftkäfer der Kalahari-Wüste, Diamphidia simplex. Stett. Ent. Zeitg., iv, p. 79-86.
Krause, M. 1907. Untersuchungen über Pfeilgifte aus unseren africanischen Kolonien. Verhand. deutsche Kolonien kong. 1905. p. 264-288.
Lallier, P. 1897. Étude sur la myase du tube digestif chez l'homme. Thesis, Paris, 8o. 120 p.
Langer, J. 1897. Ueber das Gift unserer Honigbiene. Archiv. exper. Path. und Pharm., xxxviii, p. 381-396.
Lavinder, C. H. 1911. Pellagra: a précis. U. S. Publ. Health Service Bul. 48, 37 p.
Leidy, J. 1847. History and anatomy of the hemipterous genus Belostoma. Journ. Acad. Philad. (2), i, p. 57-67.
Leiper, R. T. 1907. The etiology and prophylaxis of dracontiasis. British Med. Journ. 1907, p. 129-132.
Leishman, W. B. 1910 a. Observations on the mechanism of infection in tick fever and on the hereditary transmission of Spirochæta duttoni in the tick. Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., iii, p. 77-95. Abstr. in Bul. Inst. Pasteur, viii, p. 312-313.
---- 1910 b. On the hereditary transmission and mechanism of infection in tick fever and on the hereditary transmission of Spirochæta duttoni in the tick. Lancet., clxxvii, p. 11.
Linnell, R. McC. 1914. Notes on a case of death following the sting of a scorpion. Lancet, 1914, p. 1608-1609.
Livingstone, D. 1857. Missionary travels and researches in South Africa.
Lucas, H. 1843. (note) Latrodectus malmignatus Bul. Soc. Ent., France, 1843, p. viii.
Ludlow, C. S. 1914. Disease bearing mosquitoes of North and Central America, the West Indies and the Philippine Islands. War Dept., Office of Surgeon General. Bul. No. 4, 1-96.
Lugger, 1896. Insects injurious in 1896. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48. p. 33to 270.
MacCallum, W. C. 1898. On the hæmatozoan infection of birds. Journ. Exp. Med. iii, p. 117.
MacGregor, M. E. 1914. The posterior stigmata of dipterous larvæ as a diagnostic character. Parasitology, vii, p. 176-188.
Macloskie, G. 1888. The poison apparatus of the mosquito. Amer. Naturalist, xxii, p. 884-888.
Malloch, J. P. 1913. American black-flies or Buffalo gnats. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bul. 26, p. 1-72.
---- 1914. Notes on North American Diptera. Bul. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., x, p. 213-243.
Manson, P. 1911. Tropical diseases: a manual of the diseases of warm climates. 8o. London, Cassell & Co. (xx + 876 p.). 4 ed. (1907). Reprinted.
Marchoux, E. and Couvy, L. 1913. Argas et spirochætes (1 mémoire). Les granules de Leishman. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxvii, p. 450-480. 2 mémoire. Le virus chez l'acarien. ibid. p. 620-643.
Marchoux, E. and Selimbeni, A. 1903. La spirillose des poules. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xvii, p. 569-580.
Marchoux, E. and Simond, P. L. 1905. Études sur la fièvre jaune. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xx, pp. 16-40, 104-148, 161-205.
Marlatt, C. L. 1902. (See Howard, L. O. and Marlatt, C. L.)
---- 1907. The bed-bug (Cimex lectularius L.) U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Circ. No. 47, revised ed., 8 pp.
Martin, G. Leboeuf, and Roubaud. 1909. Rapport de la mission d'études de la maladie du sommeil au Congo francais. 4o. Paris, Masson & Cie. (vi + 722 p., 8 pls. and map.).
Maver, Maria B. 1911. Transmission of spotted fever by other than Montana and Idaho ticks. Journ. Infec. Dis., viii, p. 322-326.
McClintic, T. B. 1912. Investigations of and tick eradications in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Publ. Health Repts., Washington, xxvii, p. 732-760.
Meckel, H. 1847. Uber schwarzes Pigment in der Milz und im Blute einer Geisteskranken. Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie, iv, p. 198-226.
Megni, P. 1906. Les insectes buveurs de sang. 12mo. Paris, Rudeval. (150 p.).
Melnikoff, N. 1869. Ueber die Jugendzustände der Tænia cucumerina. Arch. f. Naturg., xxxv, p. 62-70.
Mense, C. 1913. Handbuch der Tropenkrankheiten. 1 Band. 4o. Leipzig, Barth (xv + 295 p.) Entomological parts by A. Eysell, and by Doerr and Russ.
Minchin, E. A. 1912. An introduction to the study of the Protozoa, with special reference to the parasitic forms. 8o. London. Arnold (xi + 517 p.).
Mitchell, Evelyn G. 1907. Mosquito life. 8vo. New York, Putmans. (xxii + 281 p.).
Mitzmain, M. B. 1910. General observations on the bionomics of the rodent and human flies. U. S. Publ. Health Service. Bul., 38, p. 1-34.
---- 1912. The rôle of Stomoxys calcitrans in the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi. Philippine Journ. Sci., vii, p. 475-519, 5 pls.
---- 1913 a. The biology of Tabanus striatus Fabricius, the horsefly of the Philippines. ibid., vii, B. p. 197-221.
---- 1913 b. The mechanical transmission of surra. ibid., viii, sec. B., p. 223-229.
---- 1914 a. Experimental insect transmission of anthrax. U. S. Public Health Repts. xxix, p. 75-77.
---- 1914 b. I. Collected studies on the insect transmission of Trypanosoma evansi. II. Summary of experiments in the transmission of anthrax by biting flies. U. S. Pub. Health Service, Hyg. Lab. Bul., 94, p. 1-48.
Miyake, H. and Scriba, J. 1893. Vorläufige Mitteilung über einen neuen Parasit des Menschen. Berl. klin. Wochenschr., xxx, p. 374.
Mollers, B. 1907. Experimentelle Studien über die Uebertragung des Rückfallfiebers durch Zecken. Zeitschr. für Hyg. u. Infektionskrankheiten, lviii, p. 277-286.
Mote, D. C. 1914. The cheese-skipper (Piophila casei). Ohio Naturalist xiv, p. 309-310.
Neiva, A. 1910. Beiträge zur Biologie der Conorhinus megistus Burm. Memorias de Institute Oswaldo Cruz., ii, p. 206-212.
Neveu-Lemaire, M. 1907. Un nouveau cas de parasitisme accidental d'un myriapode dans le tube digestif de l'homme, C. R. Soc. der Biol., lxiii p. 305-308.
---- 1908. Précis de parasitologie humaine. 8vo. Paris, Rudeval. (v + 712 p.).
Newstead, R. 1911. The papataci flies (Phlebotomus) of the Maltese Islands. Bul. of Ent. Research, ii, p. 47-78, pls. 1-3.
Nicoll, W. 1911. On the part played by flies in the disposal of the eggs of parasitic worms. Repts. to the Local Gov't. Board on Publ. Health and Med. Subjects, n. s. No. 53, p. 13-30.
Nicolle, C. 1910, Recherches expérimentales sur la typhus exanthématique entreprises à l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis pendant l'année 1909. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxiv, p. 243-275.
---- 1911. Recherches expérimentales sur la typhus exanthématique entreprises à l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis pendant l'année 1910. ibid., xxv, p. 1-55, 97-154.
Nicolle, C., Blaizot, A., and Conseil, E. 1912 a. Étiologie de la fièvre récurrente. Son mode de transmission par le pou. C. R. Acad. Sci., cliv, p. 1636-1638.
---- 1912 b. Conditions de transmission de la fièvre récurrente par le pou. ibid., clv., p. 481-484.
Nicolle, C. and Catouillard, G. 1905. Sur le venin d'un scorpion commun de Tunisie (Heterometrus maurus). C. R. Soc. Biol. lviii: p. 100-102.
Noe, G. 1901. Sul ciclo evolutivo della Filaria bancrofti e delta Filaria immitis. Ricerche labr. anat. comp. norm. Univ. di Roma., viii, p. 275-353.
Norman, W. W. 1896. The effect of the poison of centipedes. Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., i, p. 118-119.
Nuttall, G. H. F. 1899. On the rôle of insects, arachnids, and myriapods as carriers in the spread of bacterial and parasitic diseases of man and animals. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Repts., viii, 154 p., 3 pls.
---- 1908 a. On the behavior of Spirochætæ in Acanthia lectularia. Parasitology, i, p. 143-151.
---- 1908 b. The transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi by fleas and lice. ibid., i, p. 296-301.
---- 1908 c. The Ixodoidea or ticks, spirochætosis in man and animals, piroplasmosis. Journ. Roy. Inst. Publ. Health, xvi, p. 385-403, 449-464, 513-526.
---- 1914. Tick paralysis in man and animals. Parasitology, vii, p. 95-104.
Nuttall, G. H. F. and Jepson, F. P. 1909. The part played by Musca domestica and allied (non-biting) flies in the spread of infective diseases. A summary of our present knowledge. Rept. to the Local Gov't Board on Publ. Health and Med. Subjects, n. s. 16, p. 13-41.
Nuttall, G. H. F. and Shipley, E. A. 1901-03. Studies in relation to malaria. The structure and biology of Anopheles. Journ. Hyg., vols. i, ii, and iii.
Orth, J. 1910. Ueber die Beziehungungen der Haarsackmilbe zu Krebsbildungen in der Mamma. Berliner klin. Wochenschr., xlvii, p. 452-453.
Osborn, Herbert. 1896. Insects affecting domestic animals. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. of Ent. Bul., 5, n. s., 302 p.
---- 1902. Poisonous insects. Article in Reference Handbook. Med. Sci., v, p. 158-169.
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Patton, W. S. 1907. Preliminary report on the development of the Leishman-Donovan body in the bed-bug. Sci. Mem., Med. and Sanitary Dept., Gov't of India, 28, p. 1-19.
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Pawlowsky, E. 1913. Scorpiotomische Mitteilungen. I. Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie des Giftdrüsen der Skorpione. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., cv., p. 157-177. Taf. x-xi.
Pepper, W., Schnauss, F. W., and Smith, A. J. 1908. Transient parasitism in men by a species of Rhizoglyphus. Univ. of Pa. Med. Bul. xxi, p. 274-277.
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Phisalix, Mme. 1900. Un venin volatil. Sécrétion cutanée du Iulus terrestris. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1900, p. 1033-1036.
---- 1912. Effets physiologiques du venin de la Mygale de Haïti, le Phormictopus cancerides Pocock. Effets physiologiques du venin de la Mygale de Corse (Cteniza sauvaga Rossi); Bul. Mus. Paris, 1912: 134-138.
Portschinsky, I. A. 1908. Rhinœstrus purpureus, a parasite of horses which deposits its larvæ in the eyes of man. Mss. transl. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in library of Ent. Dept., Cornell University.
---- 1910. Biology of Stomoxys calcitrans and other coprophagous flies. Monograph in Russian. Mss. summarized transl. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in Library of Ent. Dept., C. U.
---- 1911. Gastrophilus intestinalis. Mss. transl. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in library of Ent. Dept., C. U.
---- 1913 a. The sheep gad-fly, Oestrus ovis, its life, habits, methods of combating it, and its relation to man. Russian. Mss. summarized trans. by Miss S. L. Weissman, in library of Ent. Dept., C. U.
---- 1913 b. Muscina stabulans. A monograph in Russian. Mss., trans. by J. Millman, in library of Ent. Dept., Cornell Univ.
Prowazek, S. 1905. Studien über Säugetiertrypanosomen. Arb. aus dem kais. Gesundheitsamte xxii, p. 351-395.
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Ransom, B. H. 1904. An account of the tape worms of the genus Hymenolepis parasitic in man. Bul. No. 18, Hyg. Lab., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hosp. Serv., Wash., p. 1-138.
---- 1911. The life history of a parasitic nematode, Hebronema muscæ. Science n. s. xxxiv, p. 690-692.
---- 1913. The life history of Habronema muscæ, (Carter), a parasite of the horse transmitted by the house-fly. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Animal, Ind. Bul. 163, p. 1-36.
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Reuter, O. M. 1912. Bemerkungen über mein neues Heteropterensystem. Ofv. Finska Vetensk. Soc. Förh., liv. Afd. A. vi, p. 1-62.
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Ricardo, Gertrude. 1900. Notes on the Pangoninæ. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. v, p. 97-121.
---- 1901. Further Notes on the Pangoninæ. ibid. viii, p. 286-315.
---- 1904. Notes on the smaller genera of the Tabanidæ. ibid. xiv, p. 349-373.
Ricketts, H. T. 1906-1910. Contributions to medical sciences by Howard Taylor Ricketts. 1870-1910. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1911.
---- 1909. A microorganism which apparently has a specific relationship to Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A preliminary report. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. iii, p. 373-380.
---- Spotted fever reports 1 and 2. In the 4th Bien. Rept. State Board of Health, Montana, 1909, p. 87-191.
Ricketts, H. T. and Wilder, R. M. 1910. The transmission of the typhus fever of Mexico (tabardillo) by means of the louse, Pediculus vestimenti. Journ. Am. Med. Assoc. liv. p. 1304.
Riley, C. V. and Howard, L. O. 1889. A contribution to the literature of fatal spider-bites. Insect life, Washington, i. p. 204-211.
Riley, W. A. 1906. A case of pseudoparasitism by dipterous larvæ. Canadian Ent. xxxviii, p. 413.
---- 1910 a. Earlier references to the relation of flies to disease. Science n. s. xxxi, p. 263-4.
---- 1910 b. Dipylidium caninum in an American child. Science n. s. xxxi, p. 349-350.
---- 1911. The relation of insects to disease. Cornell Countryman ix, p. 51-55.
---- 1912 a. Notes on the relation of insects to disease. 8vo. Ithaca, N. Y. 51 p.
---- 1912 b. Notes on animal parasites and parasitism. 8vo. Ithaca, N. Y. 55 p.
---- 1913. Some sources of laboratory material for work on the relations of insects to disease. Ent. News. xxiv, p. 172-175.
---- 1914. Mr. Nott's theory of insect causation of disease. Jour. of Parasitology. i, p. 37-39.
Rosenau, M. J. and Brues, C. T. 1912. Some experimental observations on monkeys, concerning the transmission of poliomyelitis through the agency of Stomoxys calcitrans. Monthly Bul. Mass. State Board of Health. Vol. vii, p. 314-317.
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