ADDITIONAL DATA FOR YELLOW, WHITE, VERMILION, AND MINIATURE.

Considerable new work has been done by various students upon the linkage of the older mutant characters, namely, yellow, white, vermilion, and miniature. We have summarized these new data, and they give values very close to those already published. We have included in the white miniature data those published by P. W. Whiting (Whiting 1913).

Table 62.—Data upon the linkage of yellow, white, vermilion, and miniature (contributed by students).

Gens. Non-cross-overs. Cross-overs. Total. Cross-over
values.
Symbol Symbol
White miniature. 6,219[8] 7,378 3,754 3,337 20,688 34.2
Symbol Symbol
1,651 1,116 671 1,047 4,485 38.3
Symbol Symbol
Yellow miniature. 761 923 421 653 2,758 39   
Symbol Symbol
Vermilion miniature. 1,685 1,460 32 36 3,213 2.1
Symbol Symbol
Yellow white. 1,600 1,807 10 7 3,424 0.5
Symbol Symbol
Yellow vermilion. 509 587 328 284 1,708 35.8
Symbol Symbol
White bar. 198 272 168 166 804 42   
Symbol Symbol
Bifid rudimentary. 142 15 12 116 285 45   
Symbol Symbol
Rudimentary forked. 73 211 ... 4 288 1.4

NEW DATA CONTRIBUTED BY A. H. STURTEVANT AND H. J. MULLER.

Data from several experiments upon sex-linked characters described in this paper have been contributed by Dr. A. H. Sturtevant and Mr. H. J. Muller, and are given in table 63.

Table 63.—Data contributed by A. H. Sturtevant and H. J. Muller.

Gens. Classes. Total. Cross-over values.
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Yellow
white. 		White
bifid. 		Yellow
bifid.
Yellow white × bifid. 233 254 1 2 10 6 .. .. 506 0.6 3.2 3.8
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Yellow
ver-
milion. 		Ver-
milion
bar. 		Yellow
bar.
Yellow × vermilion
  bar. 		99 101 60 55 49 48 9 14 435 32    28    49   
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol White
bifid. 		Bifid
forked. 		White
forked.
White bifid × forked. 84 77 9 6 65 59 1 5 306 7    42    45   
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Ver-
milion
minia-
ture. 		Minia-
ture
sable. 		Ver-
milion
sable.
Vermilion miniature
 × sable. 		152 111 4 2 5 12 .. .. 286 2.1 6    8.1
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Sable
rudi-
men-
tary. 		Rudi-
men-
tary
forked. 		Sable
forked.
Sable rudimentary ×
  forked. 		143 195 26 27 4 3 .. .. 398 13.3 1.8 15   
White Bifid × Rudimentary.
F2 females. F2 males. Total. Cross-over values.
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol White
bifid. 		Bifid
rudi-
men-
tary. 		White
rudi-
men-
tary.
228 335 15 11 150 66 2 10 29 135 2 1 395 3.8 42.3 44.5
White Bifid × Miniature Rudimentary.
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
344 31 109 2 58 41 2 0 6 1

SUMMARY OF THE PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED CROSS-OVER VALUES.

The data of the earlier papers, namely, Dexter, 1912; Morgan, 1910c, 1911a, 1911f, 1912f, 1912g; Morgan and Bridges, 1913; Morgan and Cattell, 1912 and 1913; Safir, 1913; Sturtevant, 1913 and 1915; and Tice, 1914, have been summarized in a recent paper by Sturtevant (Sturtevant, 1915) and are given here in table 64. Our summary combines three summaries of Sturtevant, viz, that of single crossing-over and two of double crossing-over.

Table 64.—Previously published data summarized from Sturtevant, 1915.

Factors. Total. Cross-overs. Cross-over
values.
Yellow white. 46,564 498 1.07
Yellow vermilion. 10,603 3,644 33.4
Yellow miniature. 18,797 6,440 34.3
Yellow rudimentary. 2,563 1,100 42.9
Yellow bar. 191 88 46.1
White vermilion. 15,257 4,910 32.1
White miniature. 41,034 13,513 32.8
White rudimentary. 5,847 2,461 42.1
White bar. 5,151 2,267 44.0
Vermilion miniature. 5,329 212 4.0
Vermilion rudimentary. 1,554 376 24.1
Vermilion bar. 7,514 1,895 25.2
Miniature rudimentary. 12,567 2,236 17.8
Miniature bar. 3,112 636 20.4
Rudimentary bar. 159 7 4.4

SUMMARY OF ALL DATA UPON LINKAGE OF GENS IN CHROMOSOME I.

In table 65 all data so far secured upon the sex-linked characters are summarized. These data include the experiments previously published in the papers given in the bibliography and the experiments given here. The data from experiments involving three or more loci are calculated separately for each value and included in the totals.

Table 65.—A summary of all linkage data upon chromosome I.

Gens. Total. Cross-overs. Cross-over
values.
Yellow lethal 1. 131 1 0.8
Yellow lethal 1b. 744 6 0.8
Yellow white. 81,299 875 1.1
Yellow abnormal. 15,314 299 2.0
Yellow bifid. 3,681 201 5.5
Yellow club. 525 93 17.7
Yellow vermilion. 13,271 4,581 34.5
Yellow miniature. 21,686 7,559 34.3
Yellow sable. 1,600 686 42.9
Yellow rudimentary. 2,563 1,100 42.9
Yellow bar. 626 300 47.9
Lethal 1 white. 1,763 7 0.4
Lethal 1 miniature. 814 323 39.7
Lethal 1b white. 846 0 0.0
White facet. 666 7 1.1
White abnormal. 16,300 277 1.7
White bifid. 23,595 1,260 5.3
White lethal 2. 8,011 767 9.6
White club. 2,251 321 14.3
White lethal sb. 3,678 572 15.6
White lemon. 241 35 14.5
White depressed. 59 12 20.3
White lethal sa. 1,150 256 22.2
White vermilion. 27,962 8,532 30.5
White reduplicated. 418 121 28.9
White miniature. 110,701 31,071 33.2
White furrowed. 208 63 30.3
White sable. 2,511 1,032 41.2
White rudimentary. 6,461 2,739 42.4
White forked. 3,664 1,676 45.7
White bar. 5,955 2,601 43.6
White fused. 430 186 43.3
White lethal sc. 3,053 1,406 46.0
Facet vermilion. 852 278 32.6
Facet sable. 186 80 43.0
Bifid vermilion. 2,724 849 31.1
Bifid miniature. 219 67 30.6
Bifid rudimentary. 899 384 42.7
Bifid forked. 306 130 42.5
Lethal 2 vermilion. 1,400 248 17.7
Lethal 2 miniature. 6,752 1,054 15.4
Club lethal 3. 222 29 13.0
Club vermilion. 5,558 1,047 18.8
Lethal sb miniature. 3,678 733 19.9
Lemon vermilion. 241 29 12.0
Shifted vermilion. 1,007 155 15.5
Shifted bar. 242 76 31.4
Depressed vermilion. 59 10 17.0
Depressed bar. 464 176 38.0
Lethal 3 vermilion. 1,549 105 6.8
Lethal 3 miniature. 1,481 138 9.3
Vermilion dot. 57 0 0.0
Vermilion reduplicated. 667 11 1.7
Vermilion miniature. 10,155 317 3.1
Vermilion furrowed. 240 9 3.8
Vermilion sable. 9,209 929 10.1
Vermilion rudimentary. 1,554 376 24.1
Vermilion forked. 665 163 24.5
Vermilion bar. 23,522 5,612 23.9
Vermilion fused. 9,252 2,390 25.8
Reduplicated bar. 583 120 20.6
Miniature furrowed. 208 7 3.4
Miniature sable. 1,855 125 6.7
Miniature rudimentary. 12,786 2,284 17.9
Miniature bar. 3,112 636 20.5
Furrowed sable. 209 12 5.7
Furrowed forked. 209 40 19.1
Furrowed bar. 240 43 17.9
Sable rudimentary. 663 95 14.3
Sable forked. 872 140 16.0
Sable bar. 7,524 1,036 13.8
Sable lethal sc. 1,641 387 23.6
Rudimentary forked. 1,456 20 1.4
Rudimentary bar. 664 15 2.3
Forked bar. 1,706 8 0.5
Forked fused. 1,201 37 3.1
Bar fused. 8,768 222 2.5
Bar lethal sc. 1,734 144 8.3


BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bridges, Calvin B.

1913. Non-disjunction of the sex-chromosomes of Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 15, p. 587, Nov. 1913.

1914. Direct proof through non-disjunction that the sex-linked gens of Drosophila are borne by the X chromosome. Science, 40, p. 107, July 17, 1914.

1915. A linkage variation in Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 19, p. 1. July 1915.

1916. Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity. First instalment, Genetics I, p. 1-52; second instalment, Genetics I, No. 2, 107-164.

Chambers, R.

1914. Linkage of the factor for bifid wing. Biol. Bull. 27, p. 151, Sept. 1914.

Dexter, John S.

1912. On coupling of certain sex-linked characters in Drosophila. Biol. Bull. 23, p. 183, Aug. 1912.

1914. The analysis of a case of continuous variation in Drosophila by a study of its linkage relations. Am. Nat., 48, p. 712, Dec. 1914.

Duncan, F. N.

1915. An attempt to produce mutations through hybridization. Am. Nat., 49, p. 575, Sept. 1915.

Hoge, M. A.

1915. The influence of temperature on the development of a Mendelian character. Jour. Exp. Zool., 18, p. 241.

Morgan, T. H.

1910a. Hybridization in a mutating period in Drosophila. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., p. 160, May 18, 1910.

1910b. Sex-limited inheritance in Drosophila. Science 32, p. 120, July 22, 1910.

1910c. The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters in the same animal. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 8, p. 17.

1911a. An alteration of the sex-ratio induced by hybridization. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 8, No. 3.

1911b. The origin of nine wing mutations in Drosophila. Science, 33, p. 496, Mar. 31, 1911.

1911c. The origin of five mutations in eye-color in Drosophila, and their mode of inheritance. Science, April 7, 1911, 33, P. 534.

1911d. A dominant sex-limited character. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., Oct. 1911.

1911e. Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance. Science, 34, p. 384, Sept. 22, 1911.

1911f. An attempt to analyze the constitution of the chromosomes on the basis of sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 11, p. 365, Nov. 1911.

1912a. Eight factors that show sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila. Science, Mar. 22, 1912.

1912c. Heredity of body-color in Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 13, p. 27, July 1912.

1912d. The masking of a Mendelian result by the influence of the environment. Proc. Soc. Exp. Zool. and Med., 9, p. 73.

1912e. The explanation of a new sex-ratio in Drosophila. Science, 36, p. 718, No. 22, 1912.

1912f. Further experiments with mutations in eye-color of Drosophila. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Nov. 1912.

1912g. A modification of the sex-ratio and of other ratios through linkage. Z. f. ind. Abs. u. Veterb. 1912.

1914a. Another case of multiple allelomorphs in Drosophila. Biol. Bull. 26, p. 231, Apr. 1914.

1914b. Two sex-linked lethal factors in Drosophila and their influence on the sex-ratio. Jour. Exp. Zool., 17, p. 81, July 1914.

1914c. A third sex-linked lethal factor in Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 17, p. 315, Oct. 1914.

1914d. Sex-limited and sex-linked inheritance. Am. Nat., 48, P. 577, Oct. 1914.

1915a. The infertility of rudimentary-winged females of Drosophila. Am. Nat., 49, p. 40, Apr. 1915.

1915b. The rôle of the environment in the realization of a sex-linked Mendelian character in Drosophila. Am. Nat., 49, p. 385, July 1915.

Morgan, T. H., and C. B. Bridges.

1913. Dilution effects and bicolorism in certain eye-colors of Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 15, p. 429, Nov. 1913.

Morgan, T. H., and Eleth Cattell.

1912. Data for the study of sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., July, 1912.

1913. Additional data for the study of sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., Jan. 1913.

Morgan, T. H., and H. Plough.

1915. The appearance of known mutations in other mutant stocks. Am. Nat., 49, p. 318, May 1915.

Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller, and Bridges. The mechanism of Mendelian heredity. Henry Holt & Co., 1915.

Morgan, T. H., and S. C. Tice.

1914. The influence of the environment on the size of the expected classes. Biol. Bull., 26, p. 213, Apr. 1914.

Rawls, Elizabeth.

1913. Sex-ratios in Drosophila ampelophila. Biol. Bull. 24, p. 115, Jan. 1913.

Safir, S. R.

1913. A new eye-color mutation in Drosophila and its mode of inheritance. Biol. Bull. 25, p. 47, June 1913.

Stark, M. B.

1915. The occurrence of lethal factors in inbred and wild stocks of Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Zool., 19, p. 531-538. Nov. 1915.

Sturtevant, A. H.

1913. The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila as shown by their mode of association. Jour. Exp. Zool., Jan. 1913.

1915. The behavior of the chromosomes as studied through linkage. Z. f. Ind. Abs. u. Vereb. 1915.

Tice, S. C.

1914. A new sex-linked character in Drosophila. Biol. Bull., Apr., 1914.

Whiting, P. W.

1913. Viability and coupling in Drosophila. Am. Nat., 47, p. 508, Aug. 1913.


DESCRIPTIONS OF PLATES.