254 Dr. F. Müller has made some good remarks to this effect in the 'Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil,’ Abtheil. iii. 1868, s. 127.

255 Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire gives a detailed account of the position assigned to man by various naturalists in their classifications: ‘Hist. Nat. Gén.’ tom. ii. 1859, p. 170-189.

256 See the very interesting article, “L’Instinct chez les Insectes,” by M. George Pouchet, ‘Revue des Deux Mondes,’ Feb. 1870, p. 682.

257 Westwood, ‘Modern Class. of Insects,’ vol. ii. 1840, p. 87.

258 ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1869, p. 4.

259 ‘Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,’ 1863, p. 70, et passim.

260 Isid. Geoffroy, ‘Hist. Nat. Gén.’ tom. ii. 1859, p. 217.

261 “Ueber die Richtung der Haare,” &c., Müller’s ‘Archiv für Anat. und Phys.’ 1837, s. 51.

262 On the hair in Hylobates, see ‘Nat. Hist. of Mammals,’ by C. L. Martin, 1841, p. 415. Also, Isid. Geoffroy on the American monkeys and other kinds, ‘Hist. Nat. Gén.’ vol. ii. 1859, p. 216, 243. Eschricht, ibid. s. 46, 55, 61. Owen, ‘Anat. of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 619. Wallace, ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ 1870. p. 344.

263 ‘Origin of Species,’ 5th edit. 1869, p. 194. ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. 1868, p. 348.

264 ‘An Introduction to the Classification of Animals,’ 1869, p. 99.

265 This is nearly the same classification as that provisionally adopted by Mr. St. George Mivart (‘Transact. Philosoph. Soc.’ 1867, p. 300), who, after separating the Lemuridæ, divides the remainder of the Primates into the Hominidæ, the Simiadæ answering to the Catarhines, the Cebidæ, and the Hapalidæ,—these two latter groups answering to the Platyrhines.

266 ‘Transact. Zoolog. Soc.’ vol. vi. 1867, p. 214.

267 Mr. St. G. Mivart, ‘Transact. Phil. Soc.’ 1867, p. 410.

268 Messrs. Murie and Mivart on the Lemuroidea. ‘Transact. Zoolog. Soc.’ vol. vii. 1869, p. 5.

269 Häckel has come to this same conclusion. See ‘Ueber die Entstehung des Menschengeschlechts,’ in Virchow’s ‘Sammlung. gemein. wissen. Vorträge,’ 1868, s. 61. Also his ‘Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte,’ 1868, in which he gives in detail his views on the genealogy of man.

270 ‘Anthropological Review,’ April, 1867, p. 236.

271 ‘Elements of Geology,’ 1865, p. 583-585. ‘Antiquity of Man’, 1863; p. 145.

272 ‘Man’s Place in Nature,’ p. 105.

273 Elaborate tables are given in his ‘Generelle Morphologie’ (B. ii. s. cliii. and s. 425); and with more especial reference to man in his 'Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte,’ 1868. Prof. Huxley, in reviewing this latter work (‘The Academy,’ 1869, p. 42) says, that he considers the phylum or lines of descent of the Vertebrata to be admirably discussed by Häckel, although he differs on some points. He expresses, also, his high estimate of the value of the general tenor and spirit of the whole work.

274 ‘Palæontology,’ 1860, p. 199.

275 I had the satisfaction of seeing, at the Falkland Islands, in April, 1833, and therefore some years before any other naturalist, the locomotive larvæ of a compound Ascidian, closely allied to, but apparently generically distinct from, Synoicum. The tail was about five times as long as the oblong head, and terminated in a very fine filament. It was plainly divided, as sketched by me under a simple microscope, by transverse opaque partitions, which I presume represent the great cells figured by Kowalevsky. At an early stage of development the tail was closely coiled round the head of the larva.

276 ‘Mémoires de l’Acad. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg,’ tom. x. No. 15, 1866.

277 This is the conclusion of one of the highest authorities in comparative anatomy, namely, Prof. Gegenbaur: ‘Grundzüge der vergleich. Anat.’ 1870, s. 876. The result has been arrived at chiefly from the study of the Amphibia; but it appears from the researches of Waldeyer (as quoted in Humphry’s ‘Journal of Anat. and Phys.’ 1869, p. 161), that the sexual organs of even “the higher vertebrata are, in their early condition, hermaphrodite.” Similar views have long been held by some authors, though until recently not well based.

278 The male Thylacinus offers the best instance. Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 771.

279 Serranus is well known often to be in an hermaphrodite condition; but Dr. Günther informs me that he is convinced that this is not its normal state. Descent from an ancient androgynous prototype would, however, naturally favour and explain, to a certain extent, the recurrence of this condition in these fishes.

280 Mr. Lockwood believes (as quoted in ‘Quart. Journal of Science,’ April, 1868, p. 269), from what he has observed of the development of Hippocampus, that the walls of the abdominal pouch of the male in some way afford nourishment. On male fishes hatching the ova in their mouths, see a very interesting paper by Prof. Wyman, in ‘Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.’ Sept. 15, 1857; also Prof. Turner, in ‘Journal of Anat. and Phys.’ Nov. 1, 1866, p. 78. Dr. Günther has likewise described similar cases.

281 All vital functions tend to run their course in fixed and recurrent periods, and with tidal animals the periods would probably be lunar; for such animals must have been left dry or covered deep with water,—supplied with copious food or stinted,—during endless generations, at regular lunar intervals. If then the Vertebrata are descended from an animal allied to the existing tidal Ascidians, the mysterious fact, that with the higher and now terrestrial Vertebrata, not to mention other classes, many normal and abnormal vital processes run their course according to lunar periods, is rendered intelligible. A recurrent period, if approximately of the right duration, when once gained, would not, as far as we can judge, be liable to be changed; consequently it might be thus transmitted during almost any number of generations. This conclusion, if it could be proved sound, would be curious; for we should then see that the period of gestation in each mammal, and the hatching of each bird’s eggs, and many other vital processes, still betrayed the primordial birthplace of these animals.

282 ‘History of India,’ 1841, vol. i. p. 323. Father Ripa makes exactly the same remark with respect to the Chinese.

283 A vast number of measurements of Whites, Blacks, and Indians, are given in the ‘Investigations in the Military and Anthropolog. Statistics of American Soldiers,’ by B. A. Gould, 1869, p. 298-358; on the capacity of the lungs, p. 471. See also the numerous and valuable tables, by Dr. Weisbach, from the observations of Dr. Scherzer and Dr. Schwarz, in the ‘Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil,’ 1867.

284 See, for instance, Mr. Marshall’s account of the brain of a Bush-woman, in ‘Phil. Transact.’ 1864, p. 519.

285 Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. 1869, p. 178.

286 With respect to the figures in the famous Egyptian caves of Abou-Simbel, M. Pouchet says (‘The Plurality of the Human Races,’ Eng. translat. 1864, p. 50), that he was far from finding recognisable representations of the dozen or more nations which some authors believe that they can recognise. Even some of the most strongly-marked races cannot be identified with that degree of unanimity which might have been expected from what has been written on the subject. Thus Messrs. Nott and Gliddon (‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 148) state that Rameses II., or the Great, has features superbly European; whereas Knox, another firm believer in the specific distinction of the races of man (‘Races of Man,’ 1850, p. 201), speaking of young Memnon (the same person with Rameses II., as I am informed by Mr. Birch) insists in the strongest manner that he is identical in character with the Jews of Antwerp. Again, whilst looking in the British Museum with two competent judges, officers of the establishment, at the statue of Amunoph III., we agreed that he had a strongly negro cast of features; but Messrs. Nott and Gliddon (ibid. p. 146, fig. 53) describe him as “a hybrid, but not of negro intermixture.”

287 As quoted by Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ 1854, p. 439. They give also corroborative evidence; but C. Vogt thinks that the subject requires further investigation.

288 “Diversity of Origin of the Human Races,” in the ‘Christian Examiner,’ July, 1850.

289 ‘Transact. B. Soc. of Edinburgh,’ vol. xxii. 1861, p. 567.

290 ‘On the Phenomena of Hybridity in the Genus Homo,’ Eng. translat. 1864.

291 See the interesting letter by Mr. T. A. Murray, in the ‘Anthropolog. Review,’ April, 1868, p. liii. In this letter Count Strzelecki’s statement, that Australian women who have borne children to a white man are afterwards sterile with their own race, is disproved. M. A. de Quatrefages has also collected (‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ March, 1869, p. 239) much evidence that Australians and Europeans are not sterile when crossed.

292 ‘An Examination of Prof. Agassiz’s Sketch of the Nat. Provinces of the Animal World,’ Charleston, 1855, p. 44.

293 ‘Military and Anthropolog. Statistics of American Soldiers,’ by B. A. Gould, 1869, p. 319.

294 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 109. I may here remind the reader that the sterility of species when crossed is not a specially-acquired quality; but, like the incapacity of certain trees to be grafted together, is incidental on other acquired differences. The nature of these differences is unknown, but they relate more especially to the reproductive system, and much less to external structure or to ordinary differences in constitution. One important element in the sterility of crossed species apparently lies in one or both having been long habituated to fixed conditions; for we know that changed conditions have a special influence on the reproductive system, and we have good reason to believe (as before remarked) that the fluctuating conditions of domestication tend to eliminate that sterility which is so general with species in a natural state when crossed. It has elsewhere been shewn by me (ibid. vol. ii. p. 185, and ‘Origin of Species,’ 5th edit. p. 317) that the sterility of crossed species has not been acquired through natural selection: we can see that when two forms have already been rendered very sterile, it is scarcely possible that their sterility should be augmented by the preservation or survival of the more and more sterile individuals; for as the sterility increases fewer and fewer offspring will be produced from which to breed, and at last only single individuals will be produced, at the rarest intervals. But there is even a higher grade of sterility than this. Both Gärtner and Kölreuter have proved that in genera of plants including numerous species, a series can be formed from species which when crossed yield fewer and fewer seeds, to species which never produce a single seed, but yet are affected by the pollen of the other species, for the germen swells. It is here manifestly impossible to select the more sterile individuals, which have already ceased to yield seeds; so that the acme of sterility, when the germen alone is affected, cannot be gained through selection. This acme, and no doubt the other grades of sterility, are the incidental results of certain unknown differences in the constitution of the reproductive system of the species which are crossed.

295 ‘The Variation of Animals,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 92.

296 M. de Quatrefages has given (‘Anthropolog. Review,’ Jan. 1869, p. 22) an interesting account of the success and energy of the Paulistas in Brazil, who are a much crossed race of Portuguese and Indians, with a mixture of the blood of other races.

297 For instance with the aborigines of America and Australia. Prof. Huxley says (‘Transact. Internat. Congress of Prehist. Arch.’ 1868. p. 105) that the skulls of many South Germans and Swiss are “as short and as broad as those of the Tartars,” &c.

298 See a good discussion on this subject in Waitz, ‘Introduct. to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. 1863, p. 198-208, 227. I have taken some of the above statements from H. Tuttle’s ‘Origin and Antiquity of Physical Man,’ Boston, 1866, p. 35.

299 Prof. Nägeli has carefully described several striking cases in his 'Botanische Mittheilungen,’ B. ii. 1866, s. 294-369. Prof. Asa Gray has made analogous remarks on some intermediate forms in the Compositæ of N. America.

300 ‘Origin of Species,’ 5th edit. p. 68.

301 See Prof. Huxley to this effect in the ‘Fortnightly Review,’ 1865, p. 275.

302 ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. 1864, p. 468.

303 ‘Die Racen des Schweines,’ 1860, s. 46. ‘Vorstudien für Geschichte, &c., Schweineschädel,’ 1864, s. 104. With respect to cattle, see M. de Quatrefages, ‘Unité de l’Espèce Humaine,’ 1861, p. 119.

304 Tylor’s ‘Early History of Mankind,’ 1865; for the evidence with respect to gesture-language, see p. 54. Lubbock’s ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 2nd edit. 1869.

305 ‘The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia,’ Eng. translat. edited by Sir J. Lubbock, 1868, p. 104.

306 Hodder M. Westropp, on Cromlechs, &c., ‘Journal of Ethnological Soc.’ as given in ‘Scientific Opinion,’ June 2nd. 1869, p. 3.

307 ‘Journal of Researches: Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ p. 46.

308 ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 1869, p. 574.

309 Translation in ‘Anthropological Review,’ Oct. 1868, p. 431.

310 ‘Transact. Internat. Congress of Prehistoric Arch.’ 1868, p. 172-175. See also Broca (translation) in ‘Anthropological Review,’ Oct. 1868, p. 410.

311 Dr. Gerland, ‘Ueber das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ 1868, s. 82.

312 Gerland (ibid. s. 12) gives facts in support of this statement.

313 See remarks to this effect in Sir H. Holland’s ‘Medical Notes and Reflections,’ 1839, p. 390.

314 I have collected (‘Journal of Researches, Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ p. 435) a good many cases bearing on this subject: see also Gerland, ibid. s. 8. Poeppig speaks of the “breath of civilisation as poisonous to savages.”

315 Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ 1868, p. 284.

316 Bagehot, “Physics and Politics,” ‘Fortnightly Review,’ April 1, 1868, p. 455.

317 “On Anthropology,” translation, ‘Anthropolog. Review,’ Jan. 1868, p. 38.

318 ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ 1868, p. 134.

319 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 95.

320 Pallas, ‘Act. Acad. St. Petersburgh,’ 1780, part ii. p. 69. He was followed by Rudolphi, in his ‘Beyträge zur Anthropologie,’ 1812. An excellent summary of the evidence is given by Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ 1859, vol. ii. p. 246, &c.

321 Sir Andrew Smith, as quoted by Knox, ‘Races of Man,’ 1850, p. 473.

322 See De Quatrefages on this head, ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ Oct. 17, 1868, p. 731.

323 Livingstone’s ‘Travels and Researches in S. Africa,’ 1857, p. 338, 329. D’Orbigny, as quoted by Godron, ‘De l’Espèce,’ vol. ii. p. 266.

324 See a paper read before the Royal Soc. in 1813, and published in his Essays in 1818. I have given an account of Dr. Wells’ views in the Historical Sketch (p. xvi) to my ‘Origin of Species.’ Various cases of colour correlated with constitutional peculiarities are given in my 'Variation of Animals under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 227, 335.

325 See, for instance, Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 68.

326 Major Tulloch, in a paper read before the Statistical Society, April 20th, 1840, and given in the ‘Athenæum,’ 1840, p. 353.

327 ‘The Plurality of the Human Race’ (translat.), 1864, p. 60.

328 Quatrefages, ‘Unité de l’Espèce Humaine,’ 1861, p. 205. Waitz, 'Introduct. to Anthropology,’ translat. vol. i. 1863, p. 124. Livingstone gives analogous cases in his ‘Travels.’

329 In the spring of 1862 I obtained permission from the Director-General of the Medical department of the Army, to transmit to the surgeons of the various regiments on foreign service a blank table, with the following appended remarks, but I have received no returns. “As several well-marked cases have been recorded with our domestic animals of a relation between the colour of the dermal appendages and the constitution; and it being notorious that there is some limited degree of relation between the colour of the races of man and the climate inhabited by them; the following investigation seems worth consideration. Namely, whether there is any relation in Europeans between the colour of their hair, and their liability to the diseases of tropical countries. If the surgeons of the several regiments, when stationed in unhealthy tropical districts, would be so good as first to count, as a standard of comparison, how many men, in the force whence the sick are drawn, have dark and light-coloured hair, and hair of intermediate or doubtful tints; and if a similar account were kept by the same medical gentlemen, of all the men who suffered from malarious and yellow fevers, or from dysentery, it would soon be apparent, after some thousand cases had been tabulated, whether there exists any relation between the colour of the hair and constitutional liability to tropical diseases. Perhaps no such relation would be discovered, but the investigation is well worth making. In case any positive result were obtained, it might be of some practical use in selecting men for any particular service. Theoretically the result would be of high interest, as indicating one means by which a race of men inhabiting from a remote period an unhealthy tropical climate, might have become dark-coloured by the better preservation of dark-haired or dark-complexioned individuals during a long succession of generations.”

330 ‘Anthropological Review,’ Jan. 1866, p. xxi.

331 See, for instance, Quatrefages (‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ Oct. 10, 1868, p. 724) on the effects of residence in Abyssinia and Arabia, and other analogous cases. Dr. Rolle (‘Der Mensch, seine Abstammung,’ &c., 1865, s. 99) states, on the authority of Khanikof, that the greater number of German families settled in Georgia, have acquired in the course of two generations dark hair and eyes. Mr. D. Forbes informs me that the Quichuas in the Andes vary greatly in colour, according to the position of the valleys inhabited by them.

332 Harlan, ‘Medical Researches,’ p. 532. Quatrefages (‘Unité de l’Espèce Humaine,’ 1861, p. 128) has collected much evidence on this head.

333 See Prof. Schaaffhausen, translat. in ‘Anthropological Review,’ Oct. 1868, p. 429.

334 Mr. Catlin states (‘N. American Indians,’ 3rd edit. 1842, vol. i. p. 49) that in the whole tribe of the Mandans, about one in ten or twelve of the members of all ages and both sexes have bright silvery grey hair, which is hereditary. Now this hair is as coarse and harsh as that of a horse’s mane, whilst the hair of other colours is fine and soft.

335 On the odour of the skin, Godron, ‘Sur l’Espèce,’ tom. ii. p. 217. On the pores in the skin, Dr. Wilckens, ‘Die Aufgaben der landwirth. Zootechnik,’ 1869, s. 7.

336 Westwood, ‘Modern Class. of Insects,’ vol. ii. 1810, p. 541. In regard to the statement about Tanais, mentioned below, I am indebted to Fritz Müller.

337 Kirby and Spence, ‘Introduction to Entomology,’ vol. iii. 1826, p. 309.

338 Even with those of plants in which the sexes are separate, the male flowers are generally mature before the female. Many hermaphrodite plants are, as first shewn by C. K. Sprengel, dichogamous; that is, their male and female organs are not ready at the same time, so that they cannot be self-fertilised. Now with such plants the pollen is generally mature in the same flower before the stigma, though there are some exceptional species in which the female organs are mature before the male.

339 I have received information, hereafter to be given, to this effect with respect to poultry. Even with birds, such as pigeons, which pair for life, the female, as I hear from Mr. Jenner Weir, will desert her mate if he is injured or grows weak.

340 On the Gorilla, Savage and Wyman, ‘Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.’ vol. v. 1845-47, p. 423. On Cynocephalus, Brehm, ‘Illust. Thierleben,’ B. i. 1864, s. 77. On Mycetes, Rengger, ‘Naturgesch.: Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 14, 20. On Cebus, Brehm, ibid. s. 108.

341 Pallas, ‘Spicilegia Zoolog.’ Fasc. xii. 1777, p. 29. Sir Andrew Smith, ‘Illustrations of the Zoology of S. Africa,’ 1849, pl. 29, on the Kobus. Owen, in his ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates’ (vol. iii. 1868, p. 633) gives a table incidentally showing which species of Antelopes pair and which are gregarious.

342 Dr. Campbell, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1869, p. 138. See also an interesting paper, by Lieut. Johnstone, in ‘Proc. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,’ May, 1868.

343 ‘The Ibis,’ vol. iii. 1861, p. 133, on the Progne Widow-bird. See also on the Vidua axillaris, ibid. vol. ii. 1860, p. 211. On the polygamy of the Capercailzie and Great Bustard, see L. Lloyd, ‘Game Birds of Sweden,’ 1867, p. 19, and 182. Montagu and Selby speak of the Black Grouse as polygamous and of the Red Grouse as monogamous.

344 The Rev. E. S. Dixon, however, speaks positively (‘Ornamental Poultry,’ 1848, p. 76) about the eggs of the guinea-fowl being infertile when more than one female is kept with the same male.

345 Noel Humphreys, ‘River Gardens,’ 1857.

346 Kirby and Spence, ‘Introduction to Entomology,’ vol. iii. 1826, p. 342.

347 One parasitic Hymenopterous insect (Westwood, ‘Modern Class. of Insects,’ vol. ii, p. 160) forms an exception to the rule, as the male has rudimentary wings, and never quits the cell in which it is born, whilst the female has well-developed wings. Audouin believes that the females are impregnated by the males which are born in the same cells with them; but it is much more probable that the females visit other cells, and thus avoid close inter-breeding. We shall hereafter meet with a few exceptional cases, in various classes, in which the female, instead of the male, is the seeker and wooer.

348 ‘Essays and Observations,’ edited by Owen, vol. i. 1861, p. 194.

349 Prof. Sachs (‘Lehrbuch der Botanik,’ 1870, s. 633) in speaking of the male and female reproductive cells, remarks, “verhält sich die eine bei der Vereinigung activ, ... die andere erscheint bei der Vereinigung passiv.”

350 ‘Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil,’ 1867, s. 216-269. The results were calculated by Dr. Weisbach from measurements made by Drs. K. Scherzer and Schwarz. On the greater variability of the males of domesticated animals, see my ‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. 1868, p. 75.

351 ‘Proceedings Royal Soc.’ vol. xvi. July, 1868, p. 519 and 524.

352 ‘Proc. Royal Irish Academy,’ vol. x. 1868, p. 123.

353 ‘Massachusetts Medical Soc.’ vol. ii. No. 3, 1808, p. 9.

354 ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. 1868, p. 75. In the last chapter but one, the provisional hypothesis of pangenesis, above alluded to, is fully explained.

355 These facts are given on the high authority of a great breeder, Mr. Teebay, in Tegetmeier’s ‘Poultry Book,’ 1868, p. 158. On the characters of chickens of different breeds, and on the breeds of the pigeon, alluded to in the above paragraph, see ‘Variation of Animals,’ &c., vol. i. p. 160, 249; vol. ii. p. 77.

356 ‘Novæ species Quadrupedum e Glirium ordine,’ 1778, p. 7. On the transmission of colour by the horse, see ‘Variation of Animals, &c. under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 21. Also vol. ii. p. 71, for a general discussion on Inheritance as limited by Sex.

357 Dr. Chapuis, ‘Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,’ 1865, p. 87. Boitard et Corbié, ‘Les Pigeons de Volière,’ &c., 1824, p. 173.

358 References are given in my ‘Variation of Animals under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 72.

359 I am much obliged to Mr. Cupples for having made enquiries for me in regard to the Roebuck and Red Deer of Scotland from Mr. Robertson, the experienced head-forester to the Marquis of Breadalbane. In regard to Fallow-deer, I am obliged to Mr. Eyton and others for information. For the Cervus alces of N. America, see ‘Land and Water,’ 1868, p. 221 and 254; and for the C. Virginianus and strongyloceros of the same continent, see J. D. Caton, in ‘Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Sc.’ 1868, p. 13. For Cervus Eldi of Pegu, see Lieut. Beavan, ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1867, p. 762.

360 Antilocapra Americana. Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 627.

361 I have been assured that the horns of the sheep in North Wales can always be felt, and are sometimes even an inch in length, at birth. With cattle Youatt says (‘Cattle,’ 1834, p. 277) that the prominence of the frontal bone penetrates the cutis at birth, and that the horny matter is soon formed over it.

362 I am greatly indebted to Prof. Victor Carus for having made inquiries for me, from the highest authorities, with respect to the merino sheep of Saxony. On the Guinea coast of Africa there is a breed of sheep in which, as with merinos, the rams alone bear horns; and Mr. Winwood Reade informs me that in the one case observed, a young ram born on Feb. 10th first showed horns on March 6th, so that in this instance the development of the horns occurred at a later period of life, conformably with our rule, than in the Welsh sheep, in which both sexes are horned.