The Socialist party, rejecting the policy of all or nothing, has a program of reforms whose realization it pursues forthwith.
(1) Democratization of Public Authorities
1. Universal direct suffrage, without distinction of sex, in every election.
2. Reduction of time of residence. Votes to be cast for lists, with proportional representation, in every election.
3. Legislative measures to secure the freedom and secrecy of the vote.
4. Popular right of initiative and referendum.
5. Abolition of the Senate and Presidency of the Republic. The powers at present belonging to the President of the Republic and the Cabinet to devolve on an executive council appointed by the Parliament.
6. Legal regulation of the legislator's mandate, to be revocable by the vote of any absolute majority of his constituents on the register.
7. Admission of women to all public functions.
8. Absolute freedom of the press, and of assembly guaranteed only by the common law. Abrogation of all exceptional laws on the press. Freedom of civil associations.
9. Full administrative autonomy of the departments and communes, under no reservations but that of the laws guaranteeing the republican, democratic, and secular character of the State.
(2) Complete Secularization of the State
1. Separation of the Churches and the State; abolition of the Budget of Public Worship; freedom of public worship; prohibition of the political and collective action of the Churches against the civil laws and republican liberties.
2. Abolition of the congregations; nationalization of the property in mortmain, of every kind, belonging to them, and appropriation of it for works of social insurance and solidarity; in the interval, all industrial, agricultural, and commercial undertakings are to be forbidden to the congregations.
(3) Democratic and Humane Organization of Justice
1. Substitution for all the present courts, whether civil or criminal, of courts composed of a jury taken from the electoral register and judges elected under guarantees of competence; the jury to be formed by drawing lots from lists drawn up by universal suffrage.
2. Justice to be without fee. Transformation of ministerial offices into public functions. Abolition of the monopoly of the bar.
3. Examination from opposite sides at every stage and on every point.
4. Substitution for the vindictive character of the present punishments, of a system for the safe keeping and the amelioration of convicts.
5. Abolition of the death penalty.
6. Abolition of the military and naval courts.
(4) Constitution of the Family in conformity with Individual Rights
1. Abrogation of every law establishing the civil inferiority of women and natural or adulterine children.
2. Most liberal legislation on divorce. A law sanctioning inquiry into paternity.
(5) Civic and Technical Education
1. Education to be free of charge at every stage.
2. Maintenance of the children in elementary schools at the expense of the public bodies.
3. For secondary and higher education, the community to pay for those of the children who on examination are pronounced fit usefully to continue their studies.
4. Creation of a popular higher education.
5. State monopoly of education at the three stages; as a means towards this, all members of the regular and secular clergy to be forbidden to open and teach in a school.
(6) General recasting of the System of Taxation upon Principles of Social Solidarity
1. Abolition of every tax on articles of consumption which are primary necessaries, and of the four direct contributions;[1] accessorily, relief from taxation of all small plots of land and small professional businesses.[2]
2. Progressive income-tax, levied on each person's income as a whole, in all cases where it exceeds 3,000 francs (£120).
3. Progressive tax on inheritances, the scale of progression being calculated with reference both to the amount of the inheritance and the degree of remoteness of the relationship.
4. The State to be empowered to seek a part of the revenue which it requires from certain monopolies.
(7) Legal Protection and Regulation of Labor in Industry, Commerce, and Agriculture
1. One day's rest per week, or prohibition of employers to exact work more than six days in seven.
2. Limitation of the working-day to eight hours; as a means towards this, vote of every regulation diminishing the length of the working-day.
3. Prohibition of the employment of children under fourteen; half-time system for young persons, productive labor being combined with instruction and education.
4. Prohibition of night-work for women and young persons. Prohibition of night-work for adult workers of all categories and in all industries where night-work is not absolutely necessary.
5. Legislation to protect home-workers.
6. Prohibition of piece-work and of truck. Legal recognition of blacklisting.
7. Scales of rates forming a minimum wage to be fixed by agreement between municipalities and the working-class corporations of industry, commerce, and agriculture.
8. Employers to be forbidden to make deductions from wages, as fines or otherwise. Workers to assist in framing special rules for workshops.
9. Inspection of workshops, mills, factories, mines, yards, public services, shops, etc., shall be carried out with reference to the conditions of work, hygiene, and safety, by inspectors elected by the workmen's unions, in concurrence with the State inspectors.
10. Extension of the industrial arbitration courts to all wage-workers of industry, commerce, and agriculture.
11. Convict labor to be treated as a State monopoly; the charge for all work done shall be the wage normally paid to trade-unionist workers.
12. Women to be forbidden by law to work for six weeks before confinement and for six weeks after.
(8) Social Insurance against all Natural and Economic Risks
1. Organization by the nation of a system of social insurance, applying to the whole mass of industrial, commercial, and agricultural workers, against the risks of sickness, accident, disability, old age, and unemployment.
2. The insurance funds to be found without drawing on wages; as a means towards this, limitation of the contribution drawn from the wage-workers to a third of the total contribution, the two other thirds to be provided by the State and the employers.
3. The law on workmen's accidents to be improved and applied without distinction or nationality.
4. The workers to take part in the control and administration of the insurance system.
(9) Extension of the Domain and Public Services, Industrial and Agricultural, of State, Department, and Commune
1. Nationalization of railways, mines, the Bank of France, insurance, the sugar refineries and sugar factories, the distilleries, and the great milling establishments.
2. Organization of public employment registries for the workers, with the assistance of the Bourses du Travail and the workmen's organizations: and abolition of the private registries.
3. State organization of agricultural banks.
4. Grants to rural communes to assist them to purchase agricultural machinery collectively, to acquire communal domains, worked under the control of the communes by unions of rural laborers, and to establish depôts and entrepôts.
5. Organization of communal services for lighting, water, common transport, construction, and public management of cheap dwellings.
6. Democratic administration of the public services, national and communal; organizations of workers to take part in their administration and control; all wage-earners in all public services to have the right of forming trade-unions.
7. National and communal service of public health, and strengthening of the laws which protect it—those on unhealthy dwellings, etc.
(10) Policy of International Peace and Adaptation of the Military Organization to the Defense of the Country
1. Substitution of a militia for the standing Army, and adoption of every measure, such as reductions of military service, leading up to it.
2. Remodeling and mitigation of the military penal code; abolition of disciplinary corps, and prohibition of the prolongation of military service by way of penalty.
3. Renunciation of all offensive war, no matter what its pretext.
4. Renunciation of every alliance not aimed exclusively at the maintenance of peace.
5. Renunciation of Colonial military expeditions; and in the present Colonies or Protectorates, withdrawn from the influence of missionaries and the military régime, development of institutions to protect the natives.
Adopted January 13, 1905
The representatives of the various Socialistic organizations of France: the revolutionary Socialist Labor Party, the Socialist Party of France, the French Socialist Party, the independent federations of Bouches-du-Rhône, of Bretagne, of Hérault, of the Somme, and of l'Yonne, commanded by their respective parties and federations to form a union upon the basis indicated by the International Congress of Amsterdam, declare that the action of a unified party should be based upon the principles established by the International Congress, especially those held in France in 1900 and Amsterdam in 1904.
The divergence of views and the various interpretations of the tactics of the Socialists which have prevailed up to the present moment have been due to circumstances peculiar to France and to the absence of a general party organization.
The delegates declare their common desire to form a party based upon the class war which, at the same time, will utilize to its profit the struggles of the laboring classes and unite their action with that of a political party organized for the defense of the rights of the proletariat, whose interests will always rest in a party fundamentally and irreconcilably opposed to all the bourgeois classes and to the state which is their instrument.
Therefore the delegates declare that their respective organizations are prepared to collaborate immediately in this work of the unification of all the Socialistic forces in France, upon the following basis, unanimously adopted:
1. The Socialist Party is a class party which has for its aim the socialization of the means of production and exchange, that is to say, to transform the present capitalistic society into a collective or communistic society by means of the political and economic organization of the proletariat. By its aims, by its ideals, by the power which it employs, the Socialist Party, always seeking to realize the immediate reforms demanded by the working class, is not a party of reforms, but a party of class war and revolution.
2. The members of Parliament elected by the party form a unique group opposed to all the factions of the bourgeois parties. The Socialist group in Parliament must refuse to sustain all of those means which assure the domination of the bourgeoisie in government and their maintenance in power: must therefore refuse to vote for military appropriations, appropriations for colonial conquest, secret funds, and the budget.
Even in the most exceptional circumstances the Socialist members must not pledge the party without its consent.
In Parliament the Socialist group must consecrate itself to defending and extending the political liberties and rights of the working classes and to the realization of those reforms which ameliorate the conditions of life in the struggle for existence of the working class.
The deputies should always hold themselves at the disposition of the party, giving themselves to the general propaganda, the organization of the proletariat, and constantly working toward the ultimate goal of Socialism.
3. Every member of the legislature individually, as well as each militant Socialist, is subject to the control of his federation; all of the officials in all of the groups are subject to the central organization. In every case the national congress has the final jurisdiction over all party matters.
4. There shall be complete freedom of discussion in the press concerning questions of principle and policy, but the conduct of all the Socialist publications must be strictly in accord with the decisions of the national congress as interpreted by the executive committee of the party. Journals which are or may become the property of the party, either of the national party or of the federations, will naturally be placed under the management of authorities permanently established for that purpose by the party or the federations. Journals which are not the property of the party, but proclaim themselves as Socialistic, must conform strictly to the resolutions of the congress as interpreted by the proper party authorities, and they should insert all the official communications of the party and party notices, as they may be requested to do. The central committee of the party may remind such journals of the policies of the party, and if they are recalcitrant may propose to the congress that all intercourse between them and the party be broken.
5. Members of Parliament shall not be appointed members of the central committee, but they shall be represented on the central committee by a committee equal to one-tenth of the number of delegates, and in no case shall their representation be less than five. The Federation shall not appoint as delegates to the Central Committee "militants" who reside within the limits of the Federation.
6. The party will take measures for insuring, on the part of the officials, respect for the mandates of the party, and will fix the amount of their assessment.
7. A congress charged with the definite organization of the party will be convened as soon as possible upon the basis of proportional representation fixed, first upon the number of members paying dues, and second upon the number of votes cast in the general elections of 1902.
There are a great many "fractions" in German politics. But, following the Continental custom, they are all grouped into three divisions, the Left or Radical, Right or Conservative, and the Center. In Germany the Center is the Catholic or Clerical Party. The leading groups are as follows:
1. Conservative.—The "German Conservatives" are the old tories; the "Free Conservatives" profess, but rarely show, a tendency toward liberal ideas, although they have, at intervals, opposed ministerial measures. The Conservatives are for the Government (Regierung) first, last, and all the time. They were a powerful factor under Bismarck and docile in his hands. Since his day they have suffered many defeats because of their reactionary policy. But the group still is the Kaiser's party, the stronghold of modern medievalism, opposed to radical reforms, and adhering to "the grace of God" policy of monarchism. Economically they are junker and "big business." The anti-Socialist laws were the expression of their ideas as to Socialism and the way to quench it.
2. National Liberal.—This party is not liberal, in the sense that England or America knows liberalism. It is really only a less conservative party than the extreme Right, although it began as the brilliant Progressist Party of the early '60's. It was triumphant in the Prussian Diet until Bismarck shattered it on his war policy. In the first Reichstag it had 116 members, nearly one-third of the whole. But Bismarck needed it, got it, and left it quite as conservative as he wished. It voted for the anti-Socialist laws and for state insurance.
3. Progressive (Freisinnige, literally, "free-minded").—This faction is a cession from the old Progressist Party of which Lassalle was a member for a few months. They are Radicals of a very moderate type, and are opposed to the junker bureaucracy. There are two wings—the People's Party (Freisinnige Volkspartei) and the Progressive Union (Freisinnige Vereinigung). It is a constitutional party, and has counted in its ranks such eminent scholars as Professor Virchow and Professor Theodor Mommsen. They are in favor of ministerial responsibility, are free traders of the Manchester type, opposed to state intervention and state insurance, but favor factory inspection, sanitation, and other social legislation. They are in favor of freedom in religion, trade, and education, and espouse ballot reform. They have a well-organized party, but do not seem effective in winning elections. They share, to some degree, with the Social Democrats the prejudice of the religious folk against free-thinking and religious latitudinarianism. It is the middle-class party of protest against bureaucracy.
4. The Center, or Catholic Party, is a homogeneous, isolated, well-disciplined, inflexible group, dominated by loyalty to their religion. Whenever they have co-operated with the government it has been in return for favors shown. The ranks of this party were closed by the Culturkampf, which resulted in the expulsion of the Jesuit orders and the separation of the elementary schools from the Church. The party is reactionary in politics and economics.
5. Anti-Semitic.—The name discloses the ideals of a party inspired by dread and hatred of an element that comprises less than 1.5 per cent. of the population, and whose political disabilities were not all removed until 1850 in Prussia and 1869 in Mecklenburg. This party was formed in 1880, largely through the agitation of the Court Chaplain, Pastor Stöcker, whose diatribes were peculiarly effective in Berlin, where some very disgraceful scenes were enacted by members of this party.
6. Independent groups are formed by the various nationalities that are under subjection to German dominance. These are the Danish, Hannoverian, Alsace-Lorraine, and Polish groups. They usually are grouped with the Center.
7. There are also a number of independent members in the Reichstag. They adhere loosely to the larger groups, but as a rule merit the name given them—Wilden, "wild ones."
The accompanying table (p. 297) shows the distribution of seats in the Reichstag, for the past thirty years.
Analysis of the New Election Law of Saxony
A. One vote—every male 25 years of age.
B. Two votes, every male, as follows:
1. Those who have an annual income of over 1,600 marks ($400).
2. Those who hold public office or a permanent private position with an annual income of over 1,400 marks ($350).
3. Those who are eligible to vote for Landskulturrat (Agricultural Board) or Gewerbskammer (Chamber of Commerce) and from their business have an income of over 1,400 marks. (This includes merchants, landowners, and manufacturers.)
4. Those who are owners or beneficiaries of property in the kingdom from which they have an income of 1,250 marks ($312.50) a year, and upon which at least 100 tax units are assessed.
5. Those who own, or are beneficiaries of, land in the kingdom, to the extent of at least 2 hectares, devoted to agriculture, or forestry, or horticulture, or more than one-half hectare devoted to gardening or wine culture.
6. Those who have conducted such professional studies as entitle them to the one-year volunteer military service.
C. The following have three votes:
1. Those who have an income of over 2,200 marks ($550).
2. Those in division B, 2 and 3, who have an income from office or position of over 1,900 marks ($475).
3. Those who are not in private or public service and have a professional income of over 1,900 marks. (This includes lawyers, physicians, artists, engineers, publicists, authors, professors.)
4. Those in B, 4, whose income is over 1,600 marks ($400).
5. Those in B, 5, with 4 hectares devoted to agriculture, etc., and 1 hectare to gardening or wine culture.
D. The following have four votes:
1. Those who have an income of 2,800 marks ($700).
2. Those in B, 2 and 3, or in C, 3, with an income over 2,500 marks ($625).
3. Those in B, 4, with an annual income of over 2,200 marks ($550).
4. Those in B, 5, with 8 hectares devoted to agriculture or 2 hectares devoted to gardening or wine culture.
E. Voters over 50 years old have an extra vote (Alters-stimme), but no voter is allowed over four votes.
Sachsen-Altenburg, in 1908-9, modified its election laws as follows: The legislature is composed of 9 representatives elected by the cities; 12 by the rural districts; 7 by the highest taxpayers; one each by the Chamber of Commerce, the Board of Agriculture, the Craft guilds (Handwerks-kammer), and the Labor Council (Arbeiter-kammer). The vigorous protest of the Social Democrats did not avail against the passage of this law.
Saxe-Weimar recently modified its election law as follows: All citizens of communes were given the right to vote. The great feudal estates (165 persons in 1909) elect 5 representatives to the Diet; the rest of the highest taxpayers, i.e., those who have a taxable income of over 3,000 marks, elect 5. The University of Jena elects 1 member, the Chamber of Commerce 1, the Handwerks-kammer (Craft Guilds) 1, Landwirthschaftkammer (Agricultural Board) 1, the Arbeitskammer (Labor Council) 1. There are 38 members in the Diet: the remaining 23 are elected at large.
Industrial Insurance in Germany, 1908.
| Sick benefits: | Number insured | 13,189,599 | |
| Men | 9,880,541 | ||
| Women | 3,309,058 | ||
| Income | 365,994,000 | marks | |
| Outlay | 331,049,900 | marks | |
| Accident Insurance: | Number insured | 23,674,000 | |
| Men | 14,795,400 | ||
| Women | 8,878,600 | ||
| Income | 207,550,500 | marks | |
| Outlay | 157,884,700 | marks | |
| Old-Age Pensions: | Number insured | 15,226,000 | |
| Men | 10,554,000 | ||
| Women | 4,672,000 | ||
| Income | 285,882,000 | marks | |
| Outlay | 181,476,800 | marks |
From 1885 to 1908 a total of 9,791,376,100 marks ($2,447,844,025) was paid out in industrial insurance. (Compiled from Statistisches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Reiches.)
| Name of Union | Membership | No. of Unions | Amount in Treasury—Marks | |||
| 1908 | 1909 | 1908 | 1909 | 1908 | 1909 | |
| Social Democratic | 1,831,731 | 1,892,568 | 11,024 | 11,725 | 40,839,791 | 43,743,793 |
| Hirsh-Duncker | 105,633 | 108,028 | 2,095 | 2,102 | 4,210,413 | 4,372,495 |
| Christian | 264,519 | 280,061 | 3,212 | 3,856 | 4,513,409 | 5,365,338 |
| Patriotic | 16,507 | 9,957 | 69 | 91 | 57,786 | 24,858 |
| "Yellow" | 47,532 | 53,849 | 79 | 85 | 386,305 | 437,602 |
| Independent* | 615,873 | 654,240 | 1,357,802 | 1,655,325 | ||
| * This is a nondescript group of local organizations, containing (1909) 56,183 Poles, as well as the organization of railwaymen, telegraph operators, postal employees, all in the government service, and organized as friendly societies rather than as fighting bodies. Government employees are not supposed to participate in "Unionism." Compiled from Statistisches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Reiches. | ||||||
| Election Year | 1871 | 1874 | 1877 | 1878 | 1881 | 1884 | 1887 | 1890 | 1893 | 1898 | 1903 | 1907 | 1912 | ||
| Population of Empire | 40,997,000 | 42,004,000 | 43,610,000 | 44,129,000 | 45,428,000 | 46,336,000 | 47,630,000 | 49,241,000 | 50,757,000 | 54,406,000 | 58,629,000 | 61,983,000 | 65,407,000 | ||
| Number of voters | 7,656,000 | 8,523,000 | 8,943,000 | 9,128,000 | 9,090,000 | 9,383,000 | 9,770,000 | 10,146,000 | 10,628,000 | 11,441,000 | 12,531,000 | 13,353,000 | 14,442,000 | ||
| Number who voted | 3,885,000 | 5,190,000 | 5,401,000 | 5,761,000 | 5,098,000 | 5,663,000 | 7,541,000 | 7,229,000 | 7,674,000 | 7,753,000 | 9,496,000 | 11,304,000 | 12,207,000 | ||
| Per cent. of vote cast | 51.0 | 61.2 | 60.6 | 63.3 | 56.3 | 60.6 | 77.5 | 71.6 | 72.2 | 68.1 | 75.8 | 84.7 | 84.5 | ||
| Conservative | 549,000 | 360,000 | 526,000 | 749,000 | 831,000 | 861,000 | 1,147,000 | 895,000 | 1,038,000 | 859,000 | 935,000 | 1,099,000 | 1,126,000 | ||
| Imperial Conservative | 346,000 | 376,000 | 427,000 | 786,000 | 379,000 | 388,000 | 736,000 | 482,000 | 438,000 | 344,000 | 333,000 | 494,000 | 383,000 | ||
| Anti-Semites | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12,000 | 48,000 | 264,000 | 284,000 | 249,000 | 261,000 | — | ||
| Other Conservative Groups | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 66,000 | 250,000 | 250,000 | 230,000 | 272,000 | 424,000 | ||
| Center | 724,000 | 1,446,000 | 1,341,000 | 1,328,000 | 1,183,000 | 1,282,000 | 1,516,000 | 1,342,000 | 1,469,000 | 1,455,000 | 1,866,000 | 2,159,000 | 1,991,000 | ||
| Guelphs | 73,000 | 72,000 | 86,000 | 107,000 | 87,000 | 96,000 | 113,000 | 113,000 | 106,000 | 109,000 | 101,000 | 94,000 | 91,000 | ||
| Danes | 21,000 | 20,000 | 17,000 | 16,000 | 14,000 | 14,000 | 12,000 | 14,000 | 14,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 | 17,000 | ||
| Poles | 176,000 | 209,000 | 216,000 | 216,000 | 201,000 | 203,000 | 220,000 | 247,000 | 230,000 | 252,000 | 354,000 | 458,000 | 448,000 | ||
| Alsatians | — | 190,000 | 149,000 | 130,000 | 147,000 | 166,000 | 234,000 | 101,000 | 115,000 | 107,000 | 127,000 | 107,000 | 157,000 | ||
| National Liberal | 1,171,000 | 1,499,000 | 1,470,000 | 1,331,000 | 747,000 | 997,000 | 1,678,000 | 1,179,000 | 997,000 | 984,000 | 1,338,000 | 1,696,000 | 1,723,000 | ||
| Other Liberal groups | 281,000 | 98,000 | 89,000 | 69,000 | 429,000 | — | — | — | 258,000 | 235,000 | 285,000 | 435,000 |
|
||
| Progressist or Radical | 361,000 | 469,000 | 403,000 | 388,000 | 649,000 | 997,000 | 973,000 | 1,160,000 | 666,000 | 558,000 | 538,000 | 744,000 | |||
| People's Party | 50,000 | 39,000 | 49,000 | 69,000 | 108,000 | 96,000 | 89,000 | 148,000 | 167,000 | 109,000 | 92,000 | 139,000 | |||
| Social Democrats | 124,000 | 352,000 | 493,000 | 437,000 | 312,000 | 550,000 | 763,000 | 1,427,000 | 1,787,000 | 2,107,000 | 3,011,000 | 3,259,000 | 4,250,000 | ||
| * In round numbers. From Kürschner's Deutscher Reichstag, p. 24. | |||||||||||||||
The Years are those of General Elections—Excepting 1911
| Party or Faction. | 1881 | 1884 | 1887 | 1890 | 1893 | 1898 | 1900 | 1903 | 1906 | 1907 | 1911 | 1912 | |||||||||
|
Conservatives | 50 | 76 | 80 | 72 | 67 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 58 | 59 | 43 | ||||||||
| German or Imperial Conservatives | 27 | 28 | 41 | 20 | 28 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 25 | 14 | |||||||||
| "Wild" Conservatives | 1 | 2 | — | 1 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
| Anti-Semites | — | — | 1 | 5 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 20 |
|
13 | |||||||||
| League of Landowners | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 7 | |||||||||||
| Bavarian Land League | — | — | — | — | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | — | 2 | |||||||||
|
Center | 98 | 99 | 98 | 106 | 96 | 102 | 102 | 100 | 100 | 104 | 103 | 90 | ||||||||
| Poles | 18 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 18 | |||||||||
| Guelphs | 10 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||
| Alsatians | 15 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 9 | |||||||||
| Danes | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| "Wild" Clericals | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | |||||||||
|
National Liberals | 45 | 51 | 98 | 41 | 53 | 48 | 53 | 50 | 51 | 54 | 51 | 45 | ||||||||
| United Progressives (Radicals) |
|
47 |
|
32 |
|
14 | 13 | 15 | 9 | 10 | 14 |
|
42 | ||||||||
| Other Progressive groups (Radicals) | 59 | 23 | 29 | 28 | 21 | 20 | 28 | ||||||||||||||
| People's Party | 8 | 7 | — | 10 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | |||||||||||
| "Wild" Liberals | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | — | 4 | 4 | 2 | |||||||||
| Social Democrats* | 12 | 24 | 11 | 35 | 44 | 56 | 58 | 81 | 79 | 43 | 53 | 110 | |||||||||
| * They form the extreme Radical Left. (These groups are those given in Kürchner's Deutscher Reichstag, p. 398.) |
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