[1] History of the Life and Reign of Richard III., by James Gairdner (1878), 1st ed. History of the Life and Reign of Richard III., by James Gairdner (1898), 2nd ed. Henry the Seventh, by James Gairdner (1889). Article in the English Historical Review, 1891.
[2] Preface to Gairdner's Life of Richard III. p. x.
[3] Ibid. p. x.
[4] Ibid. p. xii.
[5] Ibid. p. xii.
[6] Gairdner's Richard III. p. 38.
[7] Ibid. p. 112.
[8] Ibid. pp. 115, 131.
[9] Ibid. p. 247.
[10] Ibid. p. 73.
[11] Ibid. p. 250.
[12] Ibid. p. 251.
[13] Ibid. p. 251.
[14] Stow set a better example. He adopted the 'probable story' of Fabyan, and rejected the 'tradition of later times,' as Mr. Gairdner calls the unsupported calumny of Polydore Virgil.
[15] Dr. Lingard says that 'Clarence and Gloucester, perhaps the Knights in their retinue, despatched young Edward with their swords' (iv. p. 189). In a foot-note he sees no good reason to doubt Stow. But Stow says nothing of the kind. He merely adopts Fabyan's tale that King Edward's servants despatched the prince. He does not even mention either Clarence or Gloucester. The accusation against the knights in the retinue of those princes is Lingard's own, unsupported by any evidence whatever.
[16] English Historical Review, 1891 (July), p. 448.
[17] The Lancastrians gave no quarter at Wakefield, slaughtering all prisoners high and low. At the second battle ol St. Albans their cruelty was deepened by bad faith. After Bosworth, Henry Tudor ordered four executions which, in his outlawed condition, were lawless murders. The atrocious conduct of his son, in suppressing the Pilgrimage of Grace, was still more horrible. Executions went on, long after all resistance had ceased, with unrelenting cruelty.
The tribunal at Tewkesbury is unjustly arraigned by modern historians, while the barbarities of Lancastrians and Tudors are slurred over or ignored.
[18] 'I am struck with the singular leniency of Edward IV. towards his political enemies. The rolls of Parliament are full of petitions for the reversal of attainders. I do not recollect a single instance in which the petition was refused.'—Thorold Rogers, Agriculture and Prices, iv. p. 180.
[19] Dr. Lingard's chief reason for believing that Gloucester murdered Henry VI. is that 'writers who lived under the next dynasty attributed the black deed to Richard' (iv. p. 192). Of course they did. They were well paid to do so.
[20] P. 61. He considers it more probable that Gloucester was ignorant of what had been going on in London.
[21] P. 62.
[22] P. 66.
[23] Dr. Lingard's argument in favour of the calumny against the Duchess of York is that a man who would shed the blood of his nephews would not refuse to allow his mother to be slandered. Doubtless the Doctor would have been equally ready with the reversed argument. A man who would slander his mother would not refuse to allow his nephews to be murdered (iv. p. 232 n).
[24] York Records, p. 181 n.
Aberford, 26
Abergavenny, Lord, at Richard's coronation, 109, 143; cousin to the King, 110
Abingdon, 71; cattle fair at, 112
Acaster College, founded by Bishop Stillington, 96, 118. See Stillington
Albany, Duke of, with King Richard in the progress, 130
Alcock, Bishop, 88, 91, 146; at Oxford to receive King Richard, 129; account of, 91 n.
Alfonso V. of Portugal, 66
Alkmaar, Edward IV. landed at, 42
Alnwick, 59
Ambien Hill, 153; King Richard slain at the foot of, 157
André, Bernard, historiographer to Henry VII., 168, 171; silent about the fable of the murder of Edward of Lancaster, 191
Anne, heiress of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, married Edmund Earl of Stafford, 128
Anne, Nevill, companion of Richard at Middleham, 40; taken to France by her father, 66, 67; marriage with Edward of Lancaster never took place, 67; return to England, 68; her wardship claimed by Clarence. In sanctuary, 81; married to Prince Richard, 82; joined by her mother at Middleham, 82, 202; marriage settlement, 199, 200, 201; her beauty, 124; joined her husband in London, 93
Anne, Queen, her coronation, 126, 127; joined the King at Warwick, 129; at York, 130; grief on her son's death, 137; illness, 139; death and burial, 139, 140, 228; malignant slander of Polydore Virgil and Rous, 228
Anne, daughter of Edward IV., married the Earl of Surrey, 86 n., 271 n.
Anne, sister of Edward IV., Duchess of Exeter, 3; birth, 6, 110
Anne de la Pole, betrothed to James III., became a nun at Sion, 139
Appledore, home of Captain Horn who fell at Towton, 32
Arbitration by King Richard, 84, 113, 160 n.; by the Lord Mayor, 113
Armour and arms, 107, 120, 122; arrows at Towton, 32; hand-guns, 44; artillery, 49, 155 n.
Arthur, son of Henry VII., 267
Arthur Plantagenet, son of Edward IV., 87 n., 221 n.
Arundel, Archbishop, 117
Arundel, Earl of, at Richard's coronation, 109, 143
Arundel collection, letter from Elizabeth of York to the Duke of Norfolk seen by Buck in, 229
Arundell, Sir Thomas, K.B., at Richard's coronation, 147
Ashton, Sir Ralph, made Vice-Constable, 131, 132 n.
Atherstone, Henry Tudor at, 149
Attorney-General, see Kidwelly, Morgan
Audley, Lord, Battle of Blore Heath, 56; at Richard's coronation, 109, 143; Lord Treasurer, 144
Audley, Edmund, Bishop of Rochester, 146
Audley, Sir Humphrey, tried and executed at Tewkesbury, 76
Ayala, Don Pedro de, Spanish Ambassador, his evidence respecting the remorse of Henry VII., 276
Ayscough, Bishop of Salisbury, 118
Babington, Sir Henry, made K.B., 147
Bacon, Lord, his character of Richard III., 134; believed the story of the murders to have been inspired by Henry VII., 169; on treatment of the Queen Dowager by Henry VII., 257 n.
Bamborough Castle, 59
Banbury, 47
Bangor, Thomas Ednam, Bishop of, 146
Barnard Castle, 84, 161, 265, 295
Barnet, battle of, 49, 50-52; losses at, 52
Barrow, Thomas, Master of the Rolls, Commissioner for Peace with Scotland, 145
Basset pardoned after Tewkesbury, 77
Bath, Knights of the, at coronations of Edward IV., 35; and Richard III., 126, 147
Bath and Wells, Bishop of, at Richard's coronation, 127, 144, 146. See Stillington
Baume, Sir Thomas, slain at Wakefield, 15
Bayley, 'History of the Tower,' 181, 198 n.
Baynard's Castle, 3, 91, 92 n., 102, 110, 222; family of the Duke of York assembled at, 10, 11, 19, 21; Edward IV. accepted the crown at, 22
Beauchamp of Powyke, Lord, 72; at Richard's coronation, 109, 143; his son in command at Gloucester, 72
Beaufort, Sir John, 70; slain at Tewkesbury, 73, 76
Beaujeu, the Lady of, Regent of France, her enmity to England, 141, 243
Beaulieu Abbey, Countess of Warwick in sanctuary at, 70, 81, 82, 201
Beaumont, Viscount, at Towton, 24, 31; flight from Towton, 33; under attainder, 109, 144
Becca Banks, 26
Bedingfield, Sir Edmund, K.B., at Richard's coronation, 147
Bemynster, Robert, Abbot of Cerne, 69
Benevolences abolished by Richard's Parliament, 134, 142 n.
Berkeley, Lord, viii n.
Berkeley, Sir William, of Beverston made K.B., 147; a traitor, 133
Berkeley, Sir William, of Wyldy made K.B., 147; loyal to the last, 252
Bermondsey nunnery, Queen Dowager confined in, until her death, 257
Bernall, Richard, tutor to young Edward, 84
Berners, Juliana, her 'Book of St. Albans,' 108
Berwick, 86
Beskwood Park, King Richard hunting at, 151
Beverley, 46
Bigot, Sir John, of Musgrave Castle, at Towton for Henry, 24
Bisham, Earl of Salisbury buried at, 34; Warwick and Montagu buried at, 51
Bishops in the fifteenth century, 118; at Richard's coronation, 126, 127, 146; at Oxford to receive Richard, 129; with him on his progress, 129; list, 146
Blore Heath, battle of, 56
Blount, Sir Walter, marched north with Edward, 23; in the pursuit of Clifford, 28; march to Towton, created Lord Mountjoy, 35, whom see
Blythe, 39
Bohun inheritance explained, 128, 223, 224
Boleyn, Sir Thomas, made K.B. at Richard's coronation, 147
Bolton Hall, Henry VI. concealed at, 59
Borough, Sir John, present to, from the royal wardrobe, 111
Bosworth, battle of, 152-157; numbers, 153; artillery at, 155 n.
Bosworth Market, Sir W. Stanley's camp near, 153
Bourchier, Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, crowned Edward IV., 35; cousin to the King, 111; crowned Richard III., 120, 143, 146, 234
Bourchier, Sir Edward, with the Duke of York at Wakefield, 10; slain, 15; head stuck on the gate at York, 17
Bourchier, Sir Humphrey, two slain at Barnet, 51 n. See Cromwell, Lord
Bracher, Wm., and his son, loyal servants of King Richard, put to death by Henry Tudor, 247
Brackenbury, Sir Robert, knighted, 147; joined the king at Bosworth, 151; slain, 155, 156; loyal to the last, 252; in the story of the murders, 258, 260, 261
'Bradshaws' a strategic position at Bosworth field, 152
Bramham Moor, 26
Brampton, Wm., of Burford, loyal to the last, 252
Brandon, Sir William, knighted after Tewkesbury, 77; traitor, 133 n.; Henry Tudor's standard-bearer, slain by the King, 156
Bray, Reginald, Lady Stanley's steward, 149; his skill as an architect, 149 n.; agent to Henry Tudor, 226, 231
Brecknock Castle, 226, 227, 231
Brezé, Pierre de, Lord of Varenne, devoted to Margaret of Anjou, 53, 58
Brian, Sir Thomas, Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 145
Bridget, daughter of Edward IV., a nun, 87 n., 271 n.
Brittany, treaty with, 139, 161; Henry Tudor in, 131, 141
Browne, Sir John, made K.B., 147
Bruges, Edward IV. and Richard at, 43; Caxton at, 113; news of Edward's success sent to the citizens, 198
Buck, Sir George, wrote the life of Richard III.--had seen the true statement of his claim to the crown, 219; heard that the pamphlet attributed to Sir Thomas More was written by Morton, 168, 179; account of, 180 n.; saw the letter from Elizabeth of York to the Duke of Norfolk, 229
Buck, Sir John, Controller of the Household, 145; put to death by Henry Tudor, 246
Buckingham, Duchess of, 7, 55, 132
Buckingham, Duke of, 89; left London to warn Richard, 90; speech at the Guildhall, 102; at Richard's coronation, 109, 143; cousin to the King, 110; bearing the King's train, 127; Lord Constable, 144; his claims, 223, 224; alleged conversations with Morton, 225; object of his treason, 225; met Lady Stanley on the road, 226; trial and execution at Salisbury, 131, 132; Richard's generous treatment of his widow, 132
Burford, see Cornwall
Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of, helped Edward secretly, 43; marriage with Princess Margaret, 43, 113; invested with the Garter, 113; received Margaret of Anjou at St. Pol, 60; Edward's desertion of, 82; fall of, 162
Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, George and Richard under protection of, 18
Burgundy, Duchess of, see Margaret, Princess
Butler, Lady Eleanor, contracted in marriage to Edward IV., 93; truth of the contract, 218, 219, 222, 296; details respecting her, 219 n.; her death, 94, 219
Butler, Sir John, at Towton, 24. See Ormonde
Byron, Sir John, with Henry Tudor, 149; saved Sir Gervase Clifton at Bosworth, 156
Byron, Sir Nicholas, created K.B., 36