At the temporary Ketchum's Camp factory the fish were pulled up on the shore in haul seines. After that they were caught in purse seines operated from sailing vessels.
It had been found, as previously explained, that by cooking the fish much more oil could be extracted. The fish were boiled and then dipped out with dip-nets and put in what was called a press. Burlap was then placed over the mass of fish, and then boards on top of that. The boards were then pulled down tight with a screw-jack.
After the oil and water had been pressed out, the residue of fish was spread out on the wharf in the sun to dry. To hasten this process the mass was turned over and over by men with pitchforks. Acid was sprayed on the "green scrap" to kill the maggots. It usually took about a week to change the menhaden from the raw state into oil and guano.
The following government report is probably the first of the menhaden industry of the Chesapeake and its tributaries. It is dated 1869.
| Men employed on vessels fishing | 12 |
| Vessels employed | 4 |
| Men employed making guano | 9 |
| Fish taken | 3,000,000 |
| Oil made | 200 bbls. |
| Guano made | 300 tons |
In 1873 Reed's factory on Point Pleasant burned. The next year he built another factory on another point on Cockrell's Creek on a spot where a windmill for grinding corn had been previously located. This location was known as Windmill Point. Later the village of Reedville grew up on this small peninsula.
By 1874 the manufacture of menhaden oil and guano had become identified as one of the important industries of this country. The annual yield of the menhaden oil now exceeded the whale oil (from American fisheries) by about 200,000 gallons.
By 1878 the menhaden industry of the Chesapeake area had grown considerably according to the government report of that year:
| Men employed on vessels fishing | 286 |
| Vessels employed fishing | 78 |
| Men employed on shore | 201 |
| Fish taken | 118,309,200 |
| Gallons of oil made | 234,168 |
| Tons of guano | 10,832 |
The next advancement in the industry came when steam cooking superseded the use of the kettles. The first steam factory in Virginia was built by Elijah Reed in 1879. The first fishing steamer used in the business in the Chesapeake, Starry Banner, was purchased by him in Rhode Island. This steamer's capacity was one hundred and fifty thousand fish.
The menhaden fishing industry continued to grow and to advance with the times. It brought prosperity to the lower Northern Neck. Reedville became an important menhaden fishing center and fishing port.
Eventually menhaden became the biggest fishery in America.
About 1868 the tower lighthouse on Smith Point was condemned by the government as unfit for use. At that time a new lighthouse of the screw pile type was built two and one-half miles offshore from Smith Point.
After the tower was condemned the keeper's house on the government reservation was rented to various tenants. In summer the Point became a social center for the neighborhood. Carriages, road-carts, and perhaps even ox-carts tied up at Tranquility, the nearest farmhouse, on a Sunday afternoon, and their occupants strolled up the beach with their picnic baskets.
The breakwater some distance out in the water from Smith Point was a favorite fishing spot, but the high point of any trip there in those days was a climb to the top of the condemned tower. The long, full skirts of the ladies of that era were hard to maneuver up the narrow spiral stairway.
The tower finally became too dangerous to enter. During an easterly storm in the spring of 1889 it crumbled in the night, so gently that the people living in the keeper's house didn't hear it fall.
The sandstone blocks lay there for many years and later generations knew them as "the old stone pile." Each year the sea took its toll of the Point until the land between the tower and the water, where "ten rows of corn" had once grown, finally disappeared completely. And then "the old stone pile" was swallowed by the persistent sea.
The keeper's house gradually deteriorated and then it too was claimed by the sea. For many years after, people of the region came at low tide and loaded their ox-carts and wagons with the stones and bricks. The stones were used for foundations of buildings and the bricks were used to line wells. Only the burial ground was left at Smith Point. There on the bank, "under the wide and starry sky," rest some of the early keepers of the light.
When the new lighthouse was built two-and-one-half miles offshore from Smith Point in 1868, it was manned by only two men. Shore leave or need for provisions meant a trip for one man in a small open sail boat, weather permitting, and a lonely watch for the man left behind.
If a keeper became ill he had to make out as best he could with a chest of medicine and a doctor's book. He had to be his own cook and housekeeper. Due to lack of refrigeration the lighthouse diet became monotonous, although seafood was a help. Kerosene for the lamps and firewood was brought by a lighthouse tender. The lonely keepers of the light often kept pets. Canaries and parrots made good companions, but dogs sickened and died.
The lighthouse keeper had to be a machinist, carpenter and painter, in order to keep the lighthouse in working order. Stamina was perhaps the quality most needed in a keeper of those days. The bell had to be wound up like a clock every half hour and kept ringing during storm and fog. There were instances when the keeper sometimes stayed awake for eight days and eight nights. But he kept the bell ringing, and without the aid of alcoholic drink.
A lighthouse keeper had to be a waterman, and that meant a man who had been born and bred in the region. Many lives were saved by these early lighthouse keepers. Winters were colder then. In those days the Bay often froze over like a mill-pond.
The winter of 1895 was a cold winter. The Bay was frozen, and, to make matters worse, in February there was a blizzard that went howling through the region of Smith Point. Both keepers were on duty that night when part of the ice started moving. They felt it hit the lighthouse and they loaded whatever they could find on a boat and somehow they got out alive. Before they started away the lighthouse had gone to pieces. They took turns pushing the boat over the ice toward land. That was a long two-and-a-half miles, but they made it.
They were welcomed by people on shore who waited, with lanterns, to serve them hot coffee and food. They had seen the light go out and had been anxiously waiting, as there was nothing that they could do to help. The lighthouse keepers were taken into warm homes that night. Later they found that the ice had carried the remains of the lighthouse six miles away from its foundation.
Years later one of the keepers who had been on Smith Point lighthouse that night said: "Things like that happened all the time then."
A light-ship was stationed at Smith Point until another lighthouse could be built. The new lighthouse was built on a cylindrical pier of metal. The tower was square and made of brick, with an octagonal dwelling. It was completed in 1897.
In those days between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century, life in the Northern Neck still followed the old Southern pattern, but in a diminished way. War had destroyed all glamour and pared the design down to its skeleton. The planter had become a farmer, the mistress of the plantation a farmer's wife. An independent way of life remained, however. Each farm was a self-sustaining unit, though besides the occasional day hands there were usually only a colored girl who helped with the housework, laundry and dairy and a colored boy who tended the stock, did the chores and worked in the fields. The Boy and Girl, as they were always called, were regarded with affection, especially by the children.
"Evening-time," when work was over for the day, was something to be looked forward to by the children. They gobbled their suppers with a listening ear toward the soft murmur of voices in the kitchen, for they were anxious to hear the latest news about the Headless Dog, who prowled the by-roads, bottoms and graveyards of the Neck after dark.
As soon as permission was granted the youngsters to leave the supper table they would make a dash for the kitchen where the Boy and Girl sat at the big pine table lingering over their dessert. When pressed for the latest news of the Headless Dog they pretended an indifference and ignorance that was maddening. The children then began a breaking down process, made up of threats and cajolery, which they had cunningly developed from experience over a period of time.
Finally, the Boy would remember that he did "just catch a glimpse" of the Dog the night before when returning from the store. As he reached the bottom it seemed that the Dog appeared for an instant and faded before his eyes.
Bottoms, which were low places where creeks or ponds "made up" near the roads, seemed to be favorite haunts of the Headless Dog. This was possibly due to the mists which arose from the marshy places and made his appearances and disappearances quite easy, as well as dramatic.
Sometimes, when the Boy borrowed the horse and road-cart for a Sunday's visit to his people "up in the forest," he encountered the Dog near a graveyard. The sudden halt of the horse and the pointing of his ears were signals of the Dog's proximity. If you wished to see him, the certain way was to look at the space between the horse's ears, like sighting through a camera. You could always find him in that spot—"a great big dog with no haid a-tall." Further details as to the Dog's appearance were left to the imagination. When the horse lowered his ears and began to move cautiously forward, you knew that the Dog was continuing his journey to some other graveyard or bottom and it was safe to proceed.
The Boy's meetings with the Dog were much more exciting than the Girl's, maybe because she did not travel very much at night. Sometimes she would see him at the "edge of dark," usually just before or shortly after the death of some local person. Her stories were always gruesomely connected with death.
While these tales were spinning out in the kitchen where the fire burned low in the iron range, the children, who had heard them a hundred times before, huddled closer and closer together. Their eyes shone round and bright, and, if the flame of the lamp flickered, they jumped and drew away from dark corners. When the Girl had washed and dried the last dish and set the morning rolls to rise behind the stove, the Boy took his hat from its peg and prepared to depart for his nightly visit to the store.
Hours later the children, snug in their beds, were aroused by music. In that delicious stage between sleep and waking they lay half-dreaming and unaware that they were listening to some unwritten bars of a blues melody that were being created and lost to posterity on the still night air. They only knew that the perfect notes were being produced by the Boy on his jew's-harp and accompanied by the yeast powder bottles, mouth organs and guitars of his companions, the Nehemiahs, Daniels and Zechariahs of the neighboring farms. (Bible names were popular then.)
The children knew, too, that their friends were wending their leisurely way home from the store where the nightly session was over. Their interest was not in music, but in the hope that the Boy had met with adventure in that marshy, ferny and woodsy-smelling place known as the bottom.
The lower section of the Neck was evidently a favored land at that time. Besides being a hideout for the Headless Dog, a white mule and a Headless Man, it also furnished a routine route for another interesting Dog. This Dog had a head. Furthermore, the head was punctuated by glaring red eyes. According to good authority, he was as big as a calf, brown in color except about the mouth which was patched with gray. His neck was encircled with a chain which dragged on the ground and rattled as he moved. He was a methodical animal and traveled always at night, and only between Cockrell's Neck and Heathsville, and only before or after the death of some local person. Instead of appearing suddenly and fading out like the Headless Dog, he had a disconcerting habit of trailing moving vehicles.
After motor vehicles became numerous the Headless Dog was seen no more, but the Cockrell's Neck Dog was still seen occasionally for some time after that. His systematic ways probably kept him going longer. Some said that he was not brown but black, and if you struck at him with a whip it went clear through him.
Visitors to the Northern Neck often ask the question: "Where are the old houses?"
Most of the remaining ancient seats are off the beaten path due to the fact that when they were built the rivers, creeks and bays were the highways.
Many of the old houses burned, either accidentally or during the wars. Others fell into decay during the years of depression following the Civil War, and after traffic by boat was discontinued.
Some of the early homes were remodeled beyond recognition, or torn down to give way for new buildings. Some were bought by persons of wealth and faithfully restored by them. A few of the old seats are still owned and lived in by descendants of the original planters who built them.
Portions of some of the old mansions of the Northern Neck found their way into museums. An instance of this is a room from Marmion, a Fitzhugh home of King George County. The Marmion Room in the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, is described in the museum literature as follows: "Of all the rooms we have gathered together, possibly the most extraordinary and impressive is the one from Marmion."
Stratford Hall in Westmoreland County had been lost to the Lee family in 1820. Many years later, in 1929, the Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Incorporated, was organized to acquire, restore, furnish and preserve the Stratford plantation. After a great deal of dedicated effort by a great many people this goal was finally achieved. Under the painstaking guidance of the ladies of the Foundation Thomas Lee's mansion was restored to its original splendor. The garden was restored by the Garden Club of Virginia.
Stratford Hall and plantation is now a restored working colonial plantation open to the public. The restored mill grinds meal. Virginia cured hams hang in the smokehouse, and jellies and preserves are made by old recipes.
Thoroughbreds stand again in the stables. The fields are worked by modern machinery, but the 1,164-acre estate is run as nearly as possible as it was in the days of Thomas Lee.
Stratford Hall is pronounced "of prime architectural importance" by the American Institute of Architects.
George Washington referred to his birthplace as "the Popes Creek home" or the "ancient mansion seat in Westmoreland County."
The name Wakefield seems to have been given the plantation about 1773 by the Washington heir who lived there at that time. The name is said to have been suggested by Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield."
The original house at Popes Creek was destroyed by fire. It is believed to have burned on Christmas Day, 1779.
Thirty-six years passed before the birthsite of George Washington was marked and then it was only by a simple stone which bore an inscription.
In 1881 Congress authorized the construction of a monument to mark the birthsite, but fifteen years passed before the granite shaft was erected.
A group of patriotic women were not satisfied. They dreamed of the plantation as it was when George Washington was born, and they planned to bring it alive again. In 1923, under the leadership of Mrs. Josephine Wheelright Rust, they organized the Wakefield National Memorial Association. Their goal was to restore the Wakefield plantation and make it a shrine for all people.
The Association acquired land which adjoined Government property, and Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., purchased additional acreage of the old Wakefield plantation and transferred it to the Federal Government.
An act of Congress granted the Association authority to erect a building on the birthsite "as nearly as may be practicable, of the house in which George Washington was born."
By act of Congress, January 23, 1930, the 394.47 acres owned by the Federal Government was designated as George Washington Birthplace National Monument to be administered by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior.
The dream of the patriotic women came true when the new Memorial Mansion was erected in 1930-31. It was immediately opened to the public.
Reliable information concerning the appearance of the original house could not be found, therefore the house that was erected represents a typical Virginia plantation house of the eighteenth century.
In the old-fashioned garden established near the Memorial Mansion there is a sundial bearing this inscription:
Wakefield plantation is a memorial to the many people who had a part in saving it and bringing it to life again, as well as a monument to George Washington.
Assembly of October, 1644
| Northumberland County | Capt. Fr. Poythers, Jo. Trussell |
Burgesses of the Assembly, convened November 20, 1645
| Northumberland County | John Matrum |
Assembly of 1651
| Northumberland County | Richard Lee |
Members of Assembly, convened April 26, 1652
| Northumberland County | John Mottram, George Fletcher |
| Lancaster County | Francis Willis |
Members of Assembly, November, 1652
| Lancaster County | Capt. H'y Fleet, Wm. Underwood |
Assembly convened July 5, 1653
| Lancaster County | Capt. M. Fantleroy, William Hackett |
| Northumberland County | Lt. Col. Fletcher, Walter Broadhurst |
Assembly convened November 20, 1654
| Lancaster County | John Carter, James Bagnall |
| Northumberland County | John Trussell |
| Westmoreland County | John Holland, Alex. Baynham |
Burgesses, March 13, 1657-8
| Lancaster County | Col. John Carter (a member of the Council) |
| Northumberland County | Peter Montague, John Hanie, Peter Knight |
Burgesses, March, 1658-9
| Lancaster County | Col. John Carter, Henry Corbin |
| Northumberland County | Geo. Coleclough |
Assembly of March, 1659-60
| Lancaster County | Col. John Carter, John Curtis, Henry Corbin |
| Northumberland County | Capt. Peter Ashton |
| Westmoreland County | Capt. Tho's Foulke |
Burgesses in Assembly, September, 1663
| Northumberland County | Wm. Presley |
| Westmoreland County | Col. Gerard Fowke |
| Lancaster County | Raleigh Frances |
Assembly convened October, 1666
| Lancaster County | Raleigh Traverse |
| Westmoreland County | Col. Nich. Spencer, Col. John Washington |
| Northumberland County | Mr. William Presley |
May 4,1683
| Nich. Spencer and Jos. Bridger were Councillors at this time. |
(Compiled from old manuscripts and documents. This list is probably incomplete.)
The formation of the counties of the Northern Neck took place as follows:
Northumberland, 1648; Lancaster, 1651; Westmoreland, 1653; Stafford, 1664; Richmond, 1692; King George, 1721.
The names of these counties reflect the English origin of the first white settlers.
George Washington, First President of the United States; "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." These famous words were written by General Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee.
James Madison, Fourth President of the United States, and Father of the Constitution.
James Monroe, Fifth President of the United States, and author of the Monroe Doctrine.
Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Richard Henry Lee, and Francis Lightfoot Lee.
General Robert Edward Lee: Leader of the Confederate forces in the Civil War.
Hall of Fame for Great Americans: George Washington, James Madison, James Monroe, Robert Edward Lee.
INDIANS AND EARLY EXPLORERS
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, published about 1840.
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
The Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, 1846.
History of Virginia, by Mary Tucker Magill, 1888.
History of Virginia, by R. B. Smithey, 1898.
A History of the United States, by Franklin L. Riley, 1910.
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
The Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, 1846.
Arrival of the First Permanent English Settlers Jamestown, by G. B. Coale, 1950.
POWHATAN'S EMPIRE
Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, 1840.
Beverley's History of Virginia.
Virginia, Virginia Writer's Project, 1940.
CAPTAIN SMITH VISITS THE NECK
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
The Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, 1846.
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, published about 1840.
"A PLAINE WILDERNES"
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, published about 1840.
"WILD BEASTES"
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Clayton's Virginia, p. 37, Force's Historical Tracts, Vol. III.
Writings of Ralph Hamor, William Strachey and other early writers.
"BIRDS TO VS UNKNOWNE"
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
The Cradle of the Republic, by Lyon G. Tyler.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce, Vol. I.
Writings of: William Strachey, Thomas Hariot, Ralph Hamor, Robert Beverley, and other early writers.
THE NOMINIES
Virginia, Virginia Writers' Project, 1940.
Bureau of American Enthnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce, Vol. I.
Our Republic, Riley, Chandler, Hamilton, 1910.
History of Virginia, Magill, 1888.
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
Indians in Seventeenth-Century Virginia, by Ben C. McCary, 1957.
THE DISCOVERERS
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, published about 1840.
History of Virginia, by R. B. Smithey, published 1898.
THE RIVER OF SWANS
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Writings of Dr. Walter Russell and Anas Todkill.
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach, published 1929.
MOTHER OF WATERS
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Writings of Dr. Walter Russell and Anas Todkill.
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Bruce, Vol. I.
Tobacco Coast, by A. P. Middleton, Ph. D.
Chesapeake Bay, by M. V. Brewington.
"The Chesapeake's Million Years," by Harold A. Williams, in Baltimore Sunday Magazine, October 18, 1953.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach.
The Bay, by Gilbert Klingel.
QUICK-RISING-WATER
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
Virginia, Virginia Writers' Project, published 1940.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach.
HENRY AND POCAHONTAS
HENRY AND KING PATOWMEKE
HENRY'S RELATION
BETRAYED
Henry Spelman's Relation of Virginia, a manuscript first published in London, in 1872.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill, pp. 52-53.
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
History of Virginia, by Mary Tucker Magill, published 1888.
Travels and Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach, published 1929.
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, published about 1840.
Virginia, Virginia Writers' Project, published 1940.
"The Virginia Indian Trade to 1673," by A. J. Morrison. William & Mary College Quarterly, 2nd Series, vi.
The Genesis of the United States, by Alexander Brown, Vol. 2, pp. 1020-1021.
Howes' Abridgment.
Observations of William Simmons, Doctor of Divinity, 1609.
Writings of William Box, 1610.
Narratives of Early Virginia, by Lyon G. Tyler.
Indians in Seventeenth-Century Virginia, by Ben C. McCary, 1957.
KIDNAPPED
Smith's Generall Historie, Book IV.
State Historical Markers of Virginia, Sixth Edition, 1948, p. 16.
Life of Capt. John Smith, by W. Gilmore Simms, published 1846.
History of Virginia, by Mary Tucker Magill, published 1888.
THE INDIAN TRADER (also FLEET'S POINT)
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill, p. 238.
Cavaliers and Pioneers, by Nell M. Nugent.
"The Money of Colonial Virginia." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 51, pp. 36-54, January, 1943, by Mrs. Philip W. Hiden.
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary Newton Stanard.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach.
Chesapeake Bay, by M. V. Brewington.
Smith's Generall Historie, Book IV.
Henry Fleet's Relation.
"The Virginia Indian Trade to 1673," by A. J. Morrison. William & Mary College Quarterly, 2nd Series, vi.
A PETITION
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill, p. 289.
FROM NORTH OF THE POTOMAC
Jamestown and St. Mary's, Buried Cities of Romance, by H. C. Forman, 1938.
"The Virginia Indian Trade to 1673," by A. J. Morrison. William & Mary College Quarterly, 2nd Series, vi.
Narratives of Early Virginia, by Lyon G. Tyler.
History of Virginia, by R. B. Smithey, 1898.
Our Republic, by Riley, Chandler & Hamilton, 1910.
"Roving Maryland's Cavalier Country," by William A. Kinney. The National Geographic Magazine, April, 1954.
"History of Northumberland County," by Lillian Anderson Hatton Metcalfe. Northern Neck Historical Magazine, December, 1951.
"Maryland Influence in the Northern Neck," by Henry Wright Newman. Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, December, 1954.
THE FIRST SETTLER
"Mottrom," William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 17, p. 53. Archives of Maryland, Vol. IV, p. 269.
York County Records (Shallop).
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, Vol. I, by P. A. Bruce.
Historic Dress in America, 1607-1800, by Elizabeth McClellan.
Tobacco Coast, by Arthur Pierce Middleton, Ph.D., published 1953.
Chesapeake Bay, by M. V. Brewington, published 1953.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, published 1934.
State Historical Markers of Virginia, Sixth Edition, 1948, p. 180.
"A Little Tour of Northumberland County," by Thomas Lomax Hunter, (published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, date unknown).
"Northumberland, Mother County," by Thomas Lomax Hunter, (published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, date unknown).
"History of Northumberland County," (From 1648 to War of Revolution), by Lillian Anderson Hatton Metcalfe. Northern Neck Historical Magazine, Vol. I, December, 1951.
History of Northumberland County, by Miss Lucy Brown Beale. (pageant)
"Old Northumberland," by Elwood Street. (An article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 19, 1942.)
Virginia Magazine, X, (402).
Northumberland County Records.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach, published 1929.
COAN HALL
Jamestown and St. Mary's, Buried Cities of Romance, Henry C. Forman, p. 33, 1938.
The Holy Bible, Genesis 2: 8-10, 19.
"Log Cabin or Frame," by Janet Foster Newton. Antiques Magazine, Nov. 1944.
1953, Williamsburg Antiques Forum, Theme: "European Influence on American Craftsmanship"; "Architecture Up to the Time of the Revolution." Speaker, Dr. Richard H. Howland, Chairman of the Art Department of Johns Hopkins University.
The Log Cabin Myth, by Harold R. Shurtleff.
The Homes of Our Ancestors, by R. T. H. Halsey and Elizabeth Tower, 1937.
A Treasury of Early American Homes, by Richard Pratt, published 1946.
"Notes on Imported Brick," by Charles E. Peterson. Antiques Mag., July, 1952.
Glassmaking at Jamestown, by J. C. Harrington, published 1952.
"Roving Maryland's Cavalier Country," by William A. Kinney. The National Geographic Magazine, April, 1954.
Cradle of the Republic, by Lyon G. Tyler.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
"The Buttolph-Williams House," (In Wethersfield, Connecticut) by Frederic Palmer. Antiques Magazine, September, 1951.
"Hurstville," by Jennie Harding Cornelius, in Northumberland Echo, Heathsville, Va.
"Green Spring," by Leonora A. Wood, in Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 27, 1955.
Westmoreland County Records, 1661-1662.
"A Visit to Historic Old Marmion," by Joseph A. Billingsley, Jr., in Richmond Times-Dispatch, August 6, 1939.
NEIGHBORS
Maryland Archives (Vol. V: 204).
The Homes of Our Ancestors, by R. T. H. Halsey and Elizabeth Tower, 1937.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, 1934.
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
THE "KIDS"
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill.
George Washington, Vol. I, by Dr. Douglas Southall Freeman.
Diary of John Harrower, (A journal by an indentured servant-teacher.)
"Spirits," from a treatise published in 1657, by Lionel Gatford, B. D., p. 278.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
INDIAN SERVANTS
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
William Presley, by Miss Lucy Brown Beale.
MONEY
"The Money of Colonial Virginia," by Mrs. Philip W. Hiden. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.
Northumberland County Records.
Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, by John Fiske, Vol. I.
Tobacco Coast, by A. P. Middleton, 1953.
James Madison, by Brant, p. 413.
A PARADISE DISCOVERED
Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, edited by William Waller Hening. Richmond, 1809. 1619-60.
Jamestown and St. Mary's: Buried Cities of Romance, by Henry Chandlee Forman, Baltimore, 1938. (The Johns Hopkins Press.)
A VISIT TO JAMESTOWN
Jamestown and St. Mary's: Buried Cities of Romance, by Henry Chandlee Forman, Baltimore, 1938. (The Johns Hopkins Press.)
The Oldest Legislative Assembly in America and Its First Statehouse, by Charles E. Hatch, Jr. Washington: 1943.
The Cradle of the Republic, Jamestown and James River, by Lyon G. Tyler, Richmond, Va., 1906. The Hermitage Press, Inc.
Minutes of the Council and General Court of Virginia, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, edited by H. R. McIlwaine, Richmond, 1924, pp. 497-498.
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1619-1658-59, edited by H. R. McIlwaine, Richmond, 1915, p. 36.
Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
Historic Dress in America, 1607-1800, by Elizabeth McClellan.
FRANCES
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, 1934.
"Old Northumberland," by Elwood Street. (An article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 19, 1942.)
Northumberland County Record Book, 1652-1665, p. 47. ("cow calfe")
Historic Dress in America, 1607-1800, by Elizabeth McClellan.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by Philip A. Bruce.
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
Child Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
The Homes of Our Ancestors, by R. T. H. Halsey and Elizabeth Tower, 1937.
FOREVER LOST
Hening's Statutes at Large, 1619-60.
Northern Neck Historical Magazine, December 1951, p. 6.
URSULA
William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 17, p. 53. (Archives of Md., Vol. IV, p. 269.)
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
Northumberland County Records, 1655-56, 1657-58.
Maryland Archives, Vol. V: 204.
Homes of Our Ancestors, by Halsey and Tower, 1937.
Records of Lancaster Co., Orig. Vol., 1690-1709, p. 21. (Ref. to leather coverlet.)
Records of Lancaster Co., Orig. Vol., 1674-1687, p. 77. (Wardrobe of F. Pritchard.)
THE YARD
George Washington, Vol. I, by D. S. Freeman.
Patrician and Plebeian in Virginia, by T. J. Wertenbaker.
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
Beverley's History of the Present State of Virginia.
KITTAMAQUND
Genealogy of the Brent Family, compiled by W. B. Chilton, Washington, D. C.
Virginia Magazine of History & Biography, V. 12, July, 1904-April, 1905.
(Relatio Itineris, Father Andrew White, S. J., pp. 74, 76 & 82.)
Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. III, p. 30.
Landmarks of Old Prince William, p. 43.
Maryland Council Proceedings, Vol. 3, p. 403.
"Maryland Influence in the Northern Neck," by Harry Wright Newman, in Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, 1954.
THE GIFT
The First Patent of the Proprietary.
George Washington, V. I, by D. S. Freeman.
A History of the Valley of Virginia, by Samuel Kercheval, 1833.
Historic Dress in America, 1607-1800, by Elizabeth McClellan.
History of England, by Charlotte M. Yonge, 1879.
Our Republic, by Riley, Chandler & Hamilton, 1910.
THE CAVALIERS
Smithey's History of Virginia, 1915.
Tobacco Coast, by A. P. Middleton, 1953; pp. 8, 15, 16.
Cavaliers and Pioneers, V. I, by N. M. Nugent, published 1934.
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary N. Stanard, 1928.
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske, 1897, V. I. & V. II.
Patrician and Plebeian in Virginia, by Thos. J. Wertenbaker, 1910.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce, 1927.
Virginia, Its History and Antiquities, published about 1840.
A History of the Valley of Virginia, by Samuel Kercheval, 1833.
"Cavaliers of the Northern Neck in the 17th Century," by Dr. J. E. Monohan, in Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, 1953.
Virginia, A History of the People, by John Esten Cooke, 1883, p. 227.
Historic Dress in America, 1607-1800, by Elizabeth McClellan.
George Washington, V. I, by D. S. Freeman.
William and Mary Quarterly, V. 17, p. 196.
"Perfect Description of Virginia," Force's Tracts II, No. viii.
Hammond's, Leah and Rachel.
"CHARLIE-OVER-THE-WATER"
Life of General R. E. Lee, by J. D. McCabe, Jr., 1866.
The Lees of Virginia, by Burton J. Hendrick, 1935. ("Introductio ad Latinam Blasoniam," by John Gibbon, 1629-1718. Lee's trip to Brussels.)
Stratford Hall and the Lees, by F. W. Alexander, 1912.
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, John Fiske, 1897.
Virginia Carolorum, by E. D. Neill, 1886.
George Washington, V. I, by D. S. Freeman, pp. 452-453.
THE LEGACY
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, V. II, p. 19, by John Fiske, 1897.
Stratford Hall and the Lees, by F. W. Alexander, 1912.
The Lees of Virginia, by Hendrick (B. J.).
Life of General R. E. Lee, by J. D. McCabe, Jr., 1866.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank.
THE INDIAN DEED
Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock, by M. D. Conway.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach, p. 247.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, # 148.
A SUMMONS TO JAMESTOWN
Archives of Maryland, V. IV, 269.
The Oldest Legislative Assembly in America and Its First Statehouse, by Charles E. Hatch, Jr., Washington: 1943.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, 1934. (Northumberland County, Record Book, 1652-1665.)
Virginia Carolorum, by E. D. Neill, 1886.
Virginia and Its Antiquities, about 1840.
Magill's History of Virginia, 1888, p. 80.
"The Treaty of Jamestown, 1652," by W. H. Gaines, Jr., in Virginia Cavalcade, Spring, 1952.
THE OATH
"The Treaty of Jamestown, 1652," by W. H. Gaines, Jr., in Virginia Cavalcade, Spring, 1952.
"History of Northumberland County," by Lillian Anderson Hatton Metcalfe, Northern Neck Historical Magazine, December, 1951. (Northumberland Order Book, 1650-53.)
Virginia's First Century, by M. N. Stanard.
THE CHALLENGE
"Courthouses of Lancaster County, 1656-1950," Abstracted and Compiled from County Court Records by Elizabeth Combs Peirce, in Northern Neck Historical Society Magazine, December, 1951.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce, pp. 250-252.
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, V. II, p. 96.
Patrician and Plebeian, by T. J. Wertenbaker.
Lancaster County Records, V, 1652-56, p. 64.
TRADE
Cradle of the Republic, by Lyon G. Tyler.
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske.
Economic History of the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
Lancaster County Records, Original volume, 1654-1702.
Lancaster County Records, 1652-57.
Orders of Wm. Fitzhugh.
Records of Lancaster County, Original volume, 1682-1687.
Virginia Carolorum, by E. D. Neill, 1886.
Virginia and Its Antiquities, p. 67.
JOHN CARTER
Virginia's First Century, by M. N. Stanard.
The Chesapeake Bay Country, by Sampson Earle.
Robert Carter of Nomini Hall, by Louis Morton, 1945.
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, edited by H. R. McIlwaine (1619-1658/59, p. 94).
Economic History of Virginia, by P. A. Bruce, V. II, p. 124.
"Old Virginia Bottles," by Walter J. Sparks, in Richmond Times-Dispatch Sunday Magazine, 1938.
FLEET'S POINT (see chapter, The Indian Trader)
GEORGE MASON
The Life of George Mason, by Kate M. Rowland (1725-1792).
Westmoreland Court House Records, 1664.
Virginia Carolorum, by E. D. Neill, 1886, p, 344. From a MS. owned by the Virginia Historical Society.
Hening's Statutes, Vol. II (storehouse).
Hening's Statutes, Vol. III (boats).
Copy of an old paper of 1793, by Geo. Mason, of Lexington.
Westmoreland Court House and Virginia Land Registry Office (patent).
Hening's Statutes, Vol. II, 1661-2 (Indian trouble).
MARY CALVERT
Northumberland County Records, 1655.
"History of Northumberland County," by Lillian Anderson Hatton Metcalfe, in Northern Neck Historical Magazine, December 1951.
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary Newton Stanard.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce, 1927.
HE LIVED BRAVELY
William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 17, p. 53.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
Surry County Records, vol. 1645-72, p. 246.
Lower Norfolk County Records, vol. 1686-95, f. p. 171.
York County Records, vol. 1675-84, p. 87.
Westmoreland County Records, vol. 1655-77, p. 186.
Virginia Historical and Genealogical Magazine, vol. X, p. 402.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, 1934.
Northumberland County Records, 1655-56.
George Washington, by D. S. Freeman (V. I, p. 4).
WITCHCRAFT
Northumberland County Records, 1656.
A History of the Valley of Virginia, by Samuel Kercheval, 1833, pp. 280-283.
William and Mary College Quarterly, vol. I, p. 127.
SEAHORSE OF LONDON
Virginia Carolorum (1625-85), by E. D. Neill, 1886.
George Washington, Vol. I, by D. S. Freeman.
1 Westmoreland Deeds and Wills, 88.
Westmoreland County Records.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank.
"TENN MULBERRY TREES"
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary Newton Stanard.
The Oldest Legislative Assembly in America and Its First Statehouse, by Charles E. Hatch, Jr., Washington: 1943.
Plants of Colonial Days, by Raymond L. Taylor, pub. 1952, Williamsburg, Va.
Child Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
ROADS
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, Vol. II, by John Fiske.
The Mother of Washington and Her Times, by Sara Pryor.
George Washington, Vol. I, by D. S. Freeman.
Roads and Vehicles, William and Mary Quarterly, vol. III, pp. 37-43.
The Journal of Philip Vickers Fithian.
Cavaliers and Pioneers, by Nell M. Nugent, 1934.
MARKETS
Records, original volume 1652-1657, p. 214.
Cradle of the Republic, by Lyon G. Tyler.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill, 1886.
THE OLD DOMINION
Smithey's History of Virginia, published 1898.
Young Folks History of England, by Charlotte M. Yonge, published 1879.
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary Newton Stanard.
Magill's History of Virginia, published 1888.
THE PROPRIETARY
George Washington, V. I, by D. S. Freeman.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
A History of the Valley of Virginia, by Samuel Kercheval, published 1833.
A FIRST LADY OF JAMESTOWN
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary Newton Stanard, p. 252.
Virginia Magazine, V. II, p. 33.
New England Hist. and Gen. Reg., Vol. XLV, p. 67.
Virginia Magazine, Vol. V, p. 257 (Anne Mottrom).
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank.
George Washington, Vol. I, by D. S. Freeman.
A collection of magazine and newspaper articles on early wedding customs.
Historic Dress in America, by Elizabeth McClellan.
"Cavaliers of the Northern Neck in the 17th Century," by Dr. John E. Monohan, in Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, December, 1953.
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
Westmoreland County Records, Vol. 1665-77, folio p. 79 (Madam Spencer).
"Old Northumberland," by Elwood Street, in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 19, 1942.
PROCESSIONING
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
George Washington, V. I, by Dr. Douglas S. Freeman.
Barons of the Potomac and the Rappahannock, by M. D. Conway.
James Madison, V. I, by Irving Brant, p. 44.
"THE BANQUETTING HOUSE"
9 Westmoreland Deeds and Wills, 344-45, March 30, 1670.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank, Nos. 103, 106, 110, 112.
"The First Country Club in America," by Arnold Jones, in Richmond Times-Dispatch, 1953.
"A Mayflower Relic in Virginia," by Wm. M. E. Rachal, Virginia Cavalcade, Autumn, 1952.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill.
Maryland Archives, IV, 109, March 21, 1639.
Buried Cities, Jamestown and St. Mary's, by Henry Chandlee Forman.
The Lees of Virginia, by B. J. Hendrick.
"Revolutionary Suffragists," by Elizabeth Dabney Coleman, in Virginia Cavalcade, Autumn, 1953.
THE LAND AGENT
Westmoreland Orders, 1676-89, p. 529.
"Land Agents in Virginia," by G. H. S. King, in Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, December, 1954.
George Washington, Vol. I, D. S. Freeman, p. 458.
Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
HANNA AND THE HORSESHOE
Northumberland County Records, 1671.
William and Mary College Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 247-48.
A History of the Valley of Virginia, by Samuel Kercheval, 1833, pp. 280-83.
Historic Dress in America, 1607-1800, by Elizabeth McClellan.
MUSTER
Virginia County Records, 1689.
Virginia Historical Magazine, 1904-06, p. 191.
Minutes of the House of Burgesses, Sept. 30, 1696, B. T. Va., L 11.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
Pirates and Buccaneers of the Atlantic Coast, by E. R. Snow.
Pirates of Colonial Virginia, by Lloyd H. Williams.
THE STORE
Virginia and Her Neighbours, Vol. II, p. 213, by John Fiske.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill, 1886.
Historic Dress in America, by Elizabeth McClellan.
THE WOLF-DRIVE
Northumberland County Records, Orders, September 16, 1691.
Clayton's Virginia.
Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
Force's Historical Tracts, Vol. III.
Works of Capt. John Smith, edited by Arber, p. 60.
Beverley's History of Virginia.
Lancaster Court Records: 1677.
Northumberland County Record Book, 1666-78, p. 107.
The Chesapeake Bay Country, by Sampson Earle (McDonald Lee).
THE INDIANS AND ROBERT HEN
A History of the Valley of Virginia, by Samuel Kercheval, pp. 18-34.
The Story of Virginia's First Century, by Mary N. Stanard.
George Washington, Vol. I, by D. S. Freeman.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill, pp. 347-49.
Virginia and Her Neighbours, Vol. II, by John Fiske.
Spencer ii, 61, 80, 89, 111.
Descendants of Coll: Giles Brent, by Chester Horton Brent, 1946.
Force's Tracts, Vol. I, tract viii.
The Life of George Mason, by Kate M. Rowland.
THE ROYAL CAVALCADE and THE KING OF THE NORTHERN NECK
Robert Carter of Nomini Hall, by Louis Morton, Williamsburg, 1945.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank.
The Chesapeake Bay Country, by Sampson Earle.
"Colonel Robert (King) Carter," by Samuel Bemiss, in Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine, 1953.
"The Fruits of His Labor," by Samuel Bemiss, in Virginia Cavalcade, 1953.
Old Churches and Families of Virginia, by Meade, V. II, p. 116.
George Washington, V. I, by D. S. Freeman.
King Carter, the Man, by James Wharton.
KITH AND KIN
Robert Carter of Nomini Hall, by Louis Morton.
Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, by H. Ragland Eubank.
King Carter, the Man, by James Wharton.
Tidewater Virginia, by Paul Wilstach.
Baron of the Potomac and the Rappahannock, by M. D. Conway.
THE FIELDINGS
Virginia Historical Magazine, V. 12, pp. 98, 101, 215.
Robert Carter of Nomini Hall, by Louis Morton, p. 64.
PIRATES
"Pursuits of a Pirate," by Wm. H. Gaines, Jr., Virginia Cavalcade, Autumn, 1952.
"Treasure Trove," in News from Home, Autumn, 1955.
Pirates of Colonial Virginia, by Lloyd Haynes Williams, published 1937.
Tobacco Coast, by Arthur Pierce Middleton, Ph.D., 1953.
Chesapeake Bay, by M. V. Brewington, 1953, p. 198.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill.
The Mother of Washington and Her Times, by Sara Pryor.
Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, V. II, by John Fiske, p. 338.
Pirates and Buccaneers of the Atlantic Coast, by Edward Rowe Snow.
Records of Middlesex County, original volume, 1679-1694, p. 472.
CHRISTMAS AT COLONEL FITZHUGH'S
Description de la Virginie & Marilan dans L'Amérique, by Durand Du Dauphine.
INDIAN VISITORS
Description de la Virginie & Marilan dans L'Amérique, by Durand Du Dauphine.
HORSE RACING
The Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century, by P. A. Bruce.
Minutes of House of Burgesses, Sept. 30, 1696. B. T., Va., Vol. LII.
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 130.
Northumberland County Records, Orders, January 17, 1693-4.
Northumberland County Records, Orders, August 22, 1695.
Westmoreland County Records, Vol. 1665-77, folio p. 211.
Westmoreland County Orders, January 11, 1687-8.
Westmoreland County Records, Orders, April 7, 1693.
Northumberland Orders of August 22, 1695.
MANUFACTURE
Home Life in Colonial Days, by Alice M. Earle.
Lancaster County Records, 1654-1702; 1674-78; 1690-1709.
Letters of Wm. Fitzhugh.
Virginia Carolorum, by Edward D. Neill.
Hening's Statutes, 1, 336, 337.
THE POTOMAC RANGERS
Hening's Statutes, Vol. II.