A

Absentee tax, the propriety of, considered with reference to Ireland, 379.

Accounts of money, in modern Europe, all kept, and the value of goods computed, in silver, 16.

Actors, public, paid for the contempt attending their profession, 44.

Africa, cause assigned for the barbarous state of the interior parts of that continent, 9.

African company, establishment and constitution of, 309.
Receive an annual allowance from parliament for forts and garrisons, 310.
The company not under sufficient controul, ib.
History of the Royal African company, 311.
Decline of, ib. Rise of the present company, ib.

Age, the foundation of rank and precedency in rude as well as civilized societies, 297.

Aggregate fund, in the British finances, explained, 388.

Agio of the bank of Amsterdam explained, 194.
Of the bank of Hamburgh, 195.
The agio at Amsterdam, how kept at a medium rate, 197.

Agriculture, the labour of, does not admit of such subdivisions as manufactures, 3.
This impossibility of separation prevents agriculture from improving equally with manufactures, ib.
Natural state of, in a new colony, 38.
Requires more knowledge and experience than most mechanical professions, and yet is carried on without any restrictions, 53.
The terms of rent, how adjusted between landlord and tenant, 60.
Is extended by good roads and navigable canals, 62.
Under what circumstances pasture land is more valuable than arable, 63.
Gardening not a very gainful employment, 64.
Vines the most profitable article of culture, 65.
Estimates of profit from projects very fallacious, ib.
Cattle and tillage mutually improve each other, 93.
Remarks on that of Scotland, ib.
On that of North America, 94.
Poultry, a profitable article in husbandry, ib.
Hogs, 95.
Dairy, 96.
Evidences of land being completely improved, ib.
The extension of cultivation, as it raises the price of animal food, reduces that of vegetables, 103.
By whom and how practised under feudal government, 137.
Its operations not so much intended to increase, as to direct the fertility of nature, 149.
Has been the cause of the prosperity of the British colonies in America, 150.
The profits of, exaggerated by projectors, 154.
On equal terms, is naturally preferred to trade, 156.
Artificers necessary to the carrying it on, ib.
Was not attended to by the northern destroyers of the Roman empire, 157.
The ancient policy of Europe unfavourable to, 162.
Was promoted by the commerce and manufactures of towns, 170.
The wealth arising from, more solid and durable than that which proceeds from commerce, 172.
Is not encouraged by the bounty on the exportation of corn, 207.
Why the proper business of new companies, 251.
The present agricultural system of political economy adopted in France, described, 275.
Is discouraged by restrictions and prohibitions in trade, 279.
Is favoured beyond manufactures in China, 282.
And in Indostan, 283.
Does not require so extensive a market as manufactures, 284.
To check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, false policy, 285.
Landlords ought to be encouraged to cultivate part of their own land, 350.

Alcavala, the tax in Spain so called, explained and considered, 381.
The ruin of the Spanish manufactures attributed to this tax, ib.

Alehouses, the number of, not the efficient cause of drunkenness, 148, 200.

Allodial rights, mistaken for feudal rights, 168.
The introduction of the feudal law tended to moderate the authority of the allodial lords, ib.

Ambassadors, the first motive of their appointment, 307.

America, why labour is dearer in North America than in England, 29.
Great increase of population there, ib.
Common rate of interest there, 38.
Is a new market for the produce of its own silver mines, 85.
The first accounts of the two empires of Peru and Mexico greatly exaggerated, ib.
Improving state of the Spanish colonies there, 86.
Account of the paper currency of the British colonies, 134.
Cause of the rapid prosperity of the British colonies there, 150.
Why manufactures for distant sale have never been established there, 156.
Its speedy improvement owing to assistance from foreign capitals, 157.
The purchase and improvement of uncultivated land the most profitable employment of capitals, 171.
Commercial alterations produced by the discovery of, 181.
But two civilized nations found on the whole continent, ib.
The wealth of the North American colonies increased, though the balance of trade continued against them, 203.
Madeira wine, how introduced there, 204.
Historical review of the European settlements in, 229.
Of Spain, 232, 233.
Of Holland, 234.
Of France, ib.
Of Britain, ib.
Ecclesiastical government in the several European colonies, 235.
Fish a principal article of trade from North America to Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean, 237.
Naval stores to Britain, 238.
Little credit due to the policy of Europe from the success of the colonies, 242.
The discovery and colonization of, how far advantageous to Europe, 243.
And to America, ib.
The colonies in, governed by a spirit of monopoly, 261.
The interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer, by the system of colonization, 274.
Plan for extending the British system of taxation, over all the provinces of, 397, 398.
The question, how the Americans could pay taxes without specie, considered, 402.
Ought in justice to contribute to discharge the public debt in Britain, 402.
Expediency of their union with Britain, 403.
The British empire there a mere project, 404.

Amsterdam, agio of the bank of, explained, 194.
Occasion of its establishment, 195.
Advantages attending payments there, ib.
Rate demanded for keeping money there, ib.
Prices at which bullion and coin are received, 196, note.
This bank the great warehouse of Europe for bullion, 197.
Demands upon, how made and answered, ib.
The agio, how kept at a medium rate, ib.
The treasure of, whether all preserved in its repositories, 198.
The amount of its treasure only to be conjectured, ib.
Fees paid to the bank for transacting business, ib.

Annuities, for terms of years, and for lives, in the British finances, historical account of, 389.

Apothecaries, the profit on their drugs, unjustly stigmatized as exorbitant, 46.

Apprenticeship, the nature and intention of this bond of servitude, explained, 42.
The limitations imposed on various trades as to the number of apprentices, 50.
The statute of apprenticeship in England, ib.
Apprenticeships in France and Scotland, 51.
General remarks on the tendency and operation of long apprenticeships, ib.
The statute of, ought to be repealed, 191.

Arabs, their manner of supporting war, 289.

Army, three different ways by which a nation may maintain one in a distant country, 178.
Standing, distinction between and a militia, 292.
Historical review of, 294.
The Macedonian army, ib.
Carthaginian army, ib.
Roman army, ib.
Is alone able to perpetuate the civilization of a country, 296.
Is the speediest engine for civilizing a barbarous country, ib.
Under what circumstances dangerous to, and under what favourable to liberty, ib.

Artificers prohibited by law from going to foreign countries, 273.
Residing abroad, and not returning on notice, exposed to outlawry, ib.
See Manufactures.

Asdrubal, his army greatly improved by discipline, 294.
How defeated, ib.

Assembly, houses of, in the British colonies, the constitutional freedom of, shewn, 240.

Assiento Contract, 312.

Assize of bread and ale, remarks on that statute, 75, 77.

Augustus, emperor, emancipates the slaves of Vedius Pollio for his cruelty, 241.


B

Balance of annual produce and consumption explained, 203.
May be in favour of a nation, when the balance of trade is against it, ib.

Balance of trade, no certain criterion to determine on which side it turns between two countries, 192.
The current doctrine of, on which most regulations of trade are founded, absurd, 199.
If even, by the exchange of their native commodities, both sides may be gainers, ib.
How the balance would stand if native commodities on one side were paid with foreign commodities on the other, ib.
How the balance stands when commodities are purchased with gold and silver, ib., 200.
The ruin of countries often predicted from the doctrine of an unfavourable balance of trade, 202.

Banks, great increase of trade in Scotland since the establishment of them in the principal towns, 120.
Their usual course of business, 121.
Consequences of their issuing too much paper, 122.
Necessary caution for some time observed by them with regard to giving credit to their customers, 124.
Limits of the advances they may imprudently make to traders, 125.
How injured by the practice of drawing and redrawing bills, 126, 127.
History of the Ayr bank, 128.
History of the bank of England, 130.
The nature and public advantage of banks considered, 131.
Bankers might carry on their business with less paper, 132.
Effects of the optional clauses in the Scotch notes, 133.
Origin of their establishment, 194.
Bank money explained, 195.
Bank of England, the conduct of, in regard to the coinage, 226.
Joint stock companies, why well adapted to the trade of banking, 317, 318.
A doubtful question, whether the government of Great Britain is equal to the management of the bank to profit, 344.

Bankers, the credit of their notes how established, 118.
The nature of the banking business explained, ib., 121.
The multiplication and competition of bankers, under proper regulations of service to public credit, 135.

Baretti, Mr. his account of the quantity of Portugal gold sent weekly to England, 225.

Barons, feudal, their power contracted by the grant of municipal privileges, 163.
Their extensive authority, 168.
How they lost their authority over their vassals, 169.
And the power to disturb their country, 170.

Barter, the exchange of one commodity for another, the propensity to, of extensive operation, and peculiar to man, 6.
Is not sufficient to carry on the mutual intercourse of mankind, 10. See Commerce.

Batavia, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263.

Beaver skins, review of the policy used in the trade for, 273.

Beef, cheaper now in London than in the reign of James I., 63.
Compared with the prices of wheat at the corresponding times, 64.

Benefices, ecclesiastical, the tenure of, why rendered secure, 335.
The power of collating to, how taken from the pope, in England and France, 338.
General equality of, among the presbyterians, 340.
Good effects of this equality, ib.

Bengal, to what circumstances its early improvement in agriculture and manufactures was owing, 9.
Present miserable state of the country, 30.
Remarks on the high rates of interest there, 39.
Oppressive conduct of the English there, to suit their trade in opium, 263.
Why more remarkable for the exportation of manufactures than of grain, 284.

Berne, brief history of the republic of, 164.
Establishment of the reformation there, 338.
Application of the revenue of the catholic clergy, 341.
Derives a revenue from the interest of its treasure, 344.

Bills of Exchange, punctuality in the payment of, how secured, 126.
The pernicious practice of drawing and redrawing explained, ib.
The arts made use of to disguise this mutual traffic in bills, 127.

Birth, superiority of, how it confers respect and authority, 298.

Bishops, the ancient mode of electing them, and how altered, 335, 337.

Body, natural and political, analogy between, 280.

Bohemia, account of the tax there on the industry of artificers, 366.

Bounty, on the exportation of corn, the tendency of this measure examined, 81.

Bounties, why given in commerce, 183.
On exportation, the policy of granting them considered, 205.
On the exportation of corn, 206.
This bounty imposes two taxes on the people, 207.
Evil tendency of this bounty, 209.
The bounty only beneficial to the exporter and importer, ib.
Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty, 210.
A trade which requires a bounty, necessarily a losing trade, ib.
Tonnage bounties to the fisheries considered, 211.
Account of the white-herring fishery, 212.
Remarks on other bounties, 213.
A review of the principles on which they are generally granted, 267.
Those granted on American produce founded on mistaken policy, 268.
How they affect the consumer, 274.

Bourdeaux, why a town of great trade, 138.

Brazil grew to be a powerful colony under neglect, 233.
The Dutch invaders expelled by the Portuguese colonists, ib.
Computed number of inhabitants there, ib.
The trade of the principal provinces oppressed by the Portuguese, 236.

Bread, its relative value with butcher's meat compared, 62, 63.

Brewery, reasons for transferring the taxes on to the malt, 376.

Bridges, how to be erected and maintained, 303.

Britain, Great, evidences that labour is sufficiently paid for there, 30.
The price of provisions nearly the same in most places, 31.
Great variations in the price of labour, ib.
Vegetables imported from Flanders in the last century, 32.
Historical account of the alterations interest of money has undergone, 37.
Double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit, 40.
In what respects the carrying trade is advantageous to, 152, 153.
Appears to enjoy more of the carrying trade of Europe than it really has, 153.
It is the only country of Europe in which the obligation of purveyance is abolished, 161.
Its funds for the support of foreign wars inquired into, 178, 179.
Why never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle, 186.
Nor salt provisions, ib.
Could be little affected by the importation of foreign corn, 187.
The policy of the commercial restraints on the trade with France examined, 192.
The trade with France might be more advantageous to each country than that with any other, 202.
Why one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Portugal are among the poorest, 221.
Review of her American colonies, 234.
The trade of her colonies, how regulated, 236.
Distinction between enumerated and non-enumerated commodities explained, 237.
Restrains manufactures in America, 238, 239.
Indulgences granted to the colonists, 239.
Constitutional freedom of her colony government, 240.
The sugar colonies of, worse governed than those of France, 241.
Disadvantages resulting from retaining the exclusive trade of tobacco with Maryland and Virginia, 244, 245.
The navigation act has increased the colony trade, at the expense of many other branches of foreign trade, 245.
The advantage of the colony trade estimated, 247.
A gradual relaxation of the exclusive trade recommended, 250.
Events which have concurred to prevent the ill effects of the loss of the colony trade, ib.
The natural good effects of the colony trade more than counterbalance the bad effects of the monopoly, 251.
To maintain a monopoly, the principal end of the dominion assumed over the colonies, 254.
Has derived nothing but loss from this dominion, ib.
Is perhaps the only state which has only increased its expenses by extending its empire, 256.
The constitution of, would have been completed by admitting of American representation, 258.
Review of the administration of the East India Company, 264, 265.
The interest of the consumer sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America, 274.
The annual revenue of, compared with its annual rents and interest of capital stock, 345, 346.
The land-tax of, considered, 348.
Tithes, 352.
Window-tax, 357.
Stamp-duties, 363, 365.
Poll-taxes in the reign of William III., 367.
The uniformity of taxation in, favourable to internal trade, 382.
The system of taxation in, compared with that in France, 384.
Account of the unfunded debt of, 387.
Funded debt, 388.
Aggregate and general funds, ib.
Sinking fund, 389.
Annuities for terms of years and for lives, ib.
Perpetual annuities the best transferable stock, 391.
The reduction of the public debts during peace bears no proportion to their accumulation during war, 392.
The trade with the tobacco colonies, how carried on, without the intervention of specie, 401.
The trade with the sugar colonies explained, ib.
Ireland and America ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of her public debts, 402.
How the territorial acquisitions of the East India Company might be rendered a source of revenue, 403.
If no such assistance can be obtained, her only resource pointed out, ib.

Bullion, the money of the great mercantile republic, 179. See Gold and Silver.

Burghs, free, the origin of, 163.
To what circumstances they owed their corporate jurisdictions, ib.
Why admitted to send representatives to parliament, 164.
Are allowed to protect refugees from the country, 165.

Burn, Dr. his observation on the laws relating to the settlements of the poor, 58, 59.

Butcher's meat, nowhere a necessary of life, 370.


C

Calvinists, origin of that sect, 339.
Their principles of church government, ib.

Cameron, Mr. of Lochiel, exercised, within thirty years since, a criminal jurisdiction over his own tenants, 168.

Canada, the French colony there, long under the government of an exclusive company, 234.
But improved speedily after the dissolution of the company, ib.

Canals, navigable, the advantages of, 62.
How to be made and maintained, 303.
That of Languedoc, the support of, how secured, ib.
May be successfully managed by joint stock companies, 317.

Cantillon, Mr. remarks on his account of the earnings of the labouring poor, 28.

Cape of Good Hope, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263.

Capital, in trade, explained, and how employed, 112.
Distinguished into circulating and, fixed capitals, ib.
Characteristic of fixed capitals, 113.
The several kinds of fixed capitals specified, ib.
Characteristic of circulating capitals, and the several kinds of, 114.
Fixed capitals supported by those which are circulating, ib.
Circulating capitals how supported, ib.
Intention of a fixed capital, 116.
The expense of maintaining the fixed and circulating capitals illustrated, ib.
Money, as an article of circulating capital, considered, ib.
Money no measure of capital, 118.
What quantity of industry any capital can employ, 120.
Capitals, how far they may be extended by paper credit, 125.
Must always be replaced with profit by the annual produce of land and labour, 136.
The proportion between capital and revenue regulates the proportion between industry and idleness, 138.
How it is increased or diminished, ib.
National evidences of the increase of, 141.
In what instances private expenses contribute to enlarge the national capital, 142.
The increase of, reduces profits by competition, 145.
The different ways of employing a capital, 147.
How replaced to the different classes of traders, 148.
That employed in agriculture puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than any equal capital employed in manufacturers, 149.
That of a manufacturer should reside within the country, 150.
The operation of capitals employed in agriculture, manufactures, and foreign trade compared, ib.
The prosperity of a country depends on the due proportion of its capital applied to these three grand objects, 151.
Different returns of capitals employed in foreign trade, 152.
Is rather employed in agriculture than in trade and manufactures, on equal terms, 155, 156.
Is rather employed in manufactures than in foreign trade, 156.
The natural progress of the employment of, 157.
Acquired by trade, is very precarious, until realized by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172.
The employment of, in the different species of trade, how determined, 183.

Capitation taxes, the nature of, considered, 367.
In England, ib.
In France, ib.

Carriage, land and water, compared, 8.
Water carriage contributes to improve arts and industry in all countries where it can be used, 9, 62, 87.
Land, how facilitated and reduced in price by public works, 303.

Carrying trade, the nature and operation of, examined, 152.
Is the symptom, but not the cause of national wealth, and hence points out the two richest countries in Europe, 153.
Trades may appear to be carrying trades which are not so, ib.
The disadvantages of, to individuals, 183.
The Dutch, how excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain, 187, 188.
Drawbacks of duties originally granted for the encouragement of, 205.

Carthaginian army, its superiority over the Roman army accounted for, 294.

Cattle and Corn, their value compared, in the different stages of agriculture, 62.
The price of, reduced by artificial grasses, 63.
To what height the price of cattle may rise in an improving country, 92, 93.
The raising a stock of, necessary for the supply of manure to farms, 93.
Cattle must bear a good price to be well fed, ib.
The price of, rises in Scotland in consequence of the union with England ib.
Great multiplication of European cattle in America, 94.
Are killed in some countries merely for the sake of the hides and tallow, 97.
The market for these articles more extensive than for the carcase, ib.
This market sometimes brought nearer home by the establishment of manufactures, ib.
How the extension of cultivation raises the price of animal food, 103.
Is perhaps the only commodity more expensive to transport by sea than by land, 186.
Great Britain never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle, ib.

Certificates, parish, the laws relating to, with observations on them, 58.

Child, Sir Josiah, his observation on trading companies, 309.

Children, riches unfavourable to the production, and extreme poverty to the raising, of them, 33.
The mortality still greater among those maintained by charity, ib.

China, to what the early improvement in arts and industry there was owing, 9.
Concurrent testimonies of the misery of the lower ranks of the Chinese, 30.
Is not, however, a declining country, ib.
High rate of interest of money there, 40.
Great state assumed by the grandees, 86.
The price of labour there lower than in the greater mpart of Europe, 87.
Silver the most profitable article to send thither, ib.
The proportional value of gold to silver, how rated there, 89.
The value of gold and silver much higher there than in any part of Europe, 101.
Agriculture favoured there beyond manufactures, 282.