Expense of levying excise duties computed, 380.
The laws of, more vexatious than those of the customs, 381.

Exercise, military, alteration in, produced by the invention of fire-arms, 292.

Expenses, private, how they influence the national capital, 33.
Advantage of bestowing them on durable commodities, ib.

Export trade, the principles of, explained, 153.
When rude produce may be advantageously exported, even by a foreign capital, 156, 157.
Why encouraged by European nations, 182, 183.
By what means promoted, ib.
The motives to, and tendency of, drawbacks of duties, 203.
The grants of bounties on, considered, 205.
Exportation of the materials of manufactures, review of the restraints and prohibitions of, 268.


F

Faith, articles of, how regulated by the civil magistrate, 354.

Families seldom remain on large estates many generations in commercial countries, 170.

Famine. See Dearth.

Farmers of land, the several articles that compose their gain distinguished, 22.
Require more knowledge and experience than the generality of manufacturers, 53.
In what their capitals consist, 112.
The great quantity of productive labour put into motion by their capitals, 149.
Artificers necessary to them, 156.
Their situation better in England than in any other part of Europe, 160.
Labour under great disadvantages everywhere, 161.
Origin of long leases of farms, 170.
Are a class of men least subject to the wretched spirit of monopoly, 187.
Were forced by old statutes to become the only dealers in corn, 215.
Could not sell corn cheaper than any other corn merchant, 216.
Could seldom sell it so cheap, ib.
The culture of land obstructed by this division of their capitals, 217.
The use of corn-dealers to the farmers, ib.
How they contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the French agricultural system of political economy, 275.

Farmers of the public revenue, their character, 383, 391.

Feudal government, miserable state of the occupiers of land under, 137.
Trade and interest of money under, ib.
Chiefs, their power, 157.
Slaves, their situation, 159.
Tenures of land, ib.
Taxation, 161.
Original poverty and servile state of the tradesmen in towns, 162.
Immunities seldom granted but for valuable considerations, 163.
Origin of free burghs, ib.
The power of the barons reduced by municipal privileges, ib.
The cause and effect of ancient hospitality, 167.
Extensive power of the ancient barons, 168.
Was not established in England until the Norman conquest, ib.
Was silently subverted by manufactures and commerce, 169.

Feudal wars, how supported, 290.
Military exercises not well attended to, under, 291.
Standing armies gradually introduced to supply the place of the feudal militia, 295.
Account of the casualties or taxes under, 363.
Revenues under, how enjoyed by the great landholders, 385.

Fairs, public, in Scotland, the nature of the institution, explained, 76, 77.

Fines for the renewal of leases, the motive for exacting them, and their tendency, 349.

Fire-arms, alteration in the art of war effected by the invention of, 292, 295.
The invention of, favourable to the extension of civilisation, 296.

Fish, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.
The multiplication of, at market, by human industry, both limited and uncertain, 99.
How an increase of demand raises the price of fish, 100.

Fisheries, observations on the tonnage bounties granted to, 211.
To the herring fishery ib.
The boat fishery ruined by this bounty, 212.

Flanders, the ancient commercial prosperity of, perpetuated by the solid improvements of agriculture, 172.

Flax, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.

Fleetwood, Bishop, remarks on his Chronicon Pretiosum, 77, 78.

Flour, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.

Food, will always purchase as much labor as it can maintain on the spot, 61.
Bread and butcher's meat compared, 62, 63.
Is the original source of every other production, 69.
The abundance of, constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, and gives the principal value to many other kinds of riches, 73.

Forestalling and engrossing, the popular fear of, like the suspicions of witchcraft, 218.

Forts, when necessary for the protection of commerce, 306.

France, fluctuations in the legal rate of interest for money there during the course of the present century, 37, 38.
Remarks on the trade and riches of, ib.
The nature of apprenticeships there, 51.
The propriety of restraining the planting of vineyards examined, 65.
Variations in the price of grain there, 73.
The money price of labour has sunk gradually with the money price of corn, 84.
Foundation of the Mississippi scheme, 130.
Little trade or industry to be found in the parliament towns of, 138.
Description of the class of farmers called metayers, 159.
Laws relating to the tenure of land, 161.
Services formerly exacted besides rent, ib.
The taille, what, and in operation in checking the cultivation of land, ib.
Origin of the magistrates and councils of cities, 164.
No direct legal encouragement given to agriculture, 171.
Ill policy of M. Colbert's commercial regulations, 189.
French goods heavily taxed in Great Britain, 192.
The commercial intercourse between France and England, now chiefly carried on by smugglers, ib.
The policy of the commercial restraints between France and Britain considered, ib.
State of the coinage there, 194.
Why the commerce with England has been subjected to discouragement, 202.
Foundation of the enmity between these countries, ib.
Remarks concerning the seignorage on coin, 225.
Standard of the gold coin there, ib.
The trade of the French colonies, how regulated, 237.
The government of the colonies conducted with moderation, 241.
The sugar colonies of, better governed than those of Britain, ib.
The kingdom of, how taxed, 256.
The members of the league fought more in defence of their own importance than for any other cause, 258.
The present agricultural system of political economy adopted by philosophers there described, 275.
Under what direction the funds for the repair of the roads are placed, 305.
General state of the roads, ib.
The universities badly governed, 319.
Remarks on the management of the parliaments of, 335.
Measures taken in, to reduce the power of the clergy, 337.
Account of the mode of rectifying the inequalities of the predial taille in the generality of Montauban, 352.
The personal taille explained, 360.
The inequalities in, how remedied, 361.
How the personal taille discourages cultivation, ib.
The vingtieme, 362.
Stamp duties and the controle, 364, 365.
The capitation tax, how rated, 367.
Restraints upon the interior trade of the country by the local variety of the revenue laws, 382.
The duties on tobacco and salt, how levied, 383.
The different sources of revenue in, 384.
How the finances of, might be reformed, ib.
The French system of taxation compared with that in Britain, ib.
The nature of tontines explained, 390.
Estimate of the whole national debt of, ib.

Frugality, generally a predominating principle in human nature, 140.

Fuller's earth, the exportation of why prohibited, 271.

Funds, British, brief historical view of, 387.
Operation of, politically considered, 393.
The practice of funding has gradually enfeebled every state that has adopted it, 395.

Fur trade, the first principles of, 68.


G

Gama, Vasco de, the first European who discovered a naval track to the East Indies, 229.

Gardening, the gains from, distinguished into the component parts, 22.
Not a profitable employment, 64.

Gems, See Stones.

General fund in the British finances explained, 389.

Genoa, why corn is dear in the territory of, 80.

Glasgow, the trade of, doubled in fifteen years, by erecting banks there, 120.
Why a city of greater trade than Edinburgh, 138.

Gold, not the standard value in England, 16.
Its value measured by silver, 17.
Reformation of the gold coin, ib.
Mint price of gold in England, ib.
The working the mines of, in Peru, very unprofitable, 71.
Qualities for which this metal is valued, 72.
The proportionate value of, to silver, how rated before and after the discovery of the American mines, 89.
Is cheaper in the Spanish market than silver, 90.
Great quantities of, remitted annually from Portugal to England, 223.
Why little of it remains in England, ib.
Is always to be had for its value, 224.

Gold and Silver, the prices of, how affected by the increase of the quantity of the metals, 79.
Are commodities that naturally seek the best market, 80.
Are metals of the least value among the poorest nations, ib.
The increase in the quantity of, by means of wealth and improvement, has no tendency to diminish their value, 81.
The annual consumption of those metals very considerable, 87.
Annual importation of, into Spain and Portugal, 88.
Are not likely to multiply beyond the demand, ib.
The durability of, the cause of the steadiness of their price, ib.
On what circumstances the quantity of, in every particular country, depends, 100.
The low value of these metals in a country no evidence of its wealth, nor their high value of its poverty, 101.
If not employed at home, will be sent abroad notwithstanding all prohibitions, 139.
The reason why European nations have studied to accumulate these metals, 174.
Commercial arguments in favour of their exportation, ib.
These and all other commodities are mutually the prices of each other, 175.
The quantity of, in every country, regulated by the effectual demand, 176.
Why the prices of these metals do not fluctuate so much as those of other commodities, ib.
To preserve a due quantity of, in a country, no proper object of attention for the government, 176.
The accumulated gold and silver in a country distinguished into three parts, 178.
A great quantity of bullion alternately exported and imported for the purposes of foreign trade, 179.
Annual amount of these metals imported into Spain and Portugal, 180.
The importation of, not the principal benefit derived from foreign trade, 181.
The value of, how affected by the discovery of the American mines, ib.
And by the passage round the Cape of Good Hope to the East Indies, ib.
Effect of the annual exportation of silver to the East Indies, 182.
The commercial means pursued to increase the quantity of these metals in a country, ib., 192.
Bullion, how received and paid at the bank of Amsterdam, 195.
At what prices, 196, note.
A trading country without mines not likely to be exhausted by an annual exportation of these metals, 200.
The value of, in Spain and Portugal, depreciated by restraining the exportation of them, 208.
Are not imported for the purposes of plate or coin, but for foreign trade, 224.
The search after mines of, the most ruinous of all projects, 230.
Are valuable because scarce and difficult to be procured, 231.

Gorgias, evidence of the wealth he acquired by teaching, 56.

Government, civil, indispensibly necessary for the security of private property, 297.
Subordination in society, by what means introduced, ib.
Inequality of fortune introduces civil government for its preservation, 299.
The administration of justice a source of revenue in early times, ib.
Why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes, 304.
Nor of other public works, 306.
Want of parsimony during peace imposes a necessity of contracting debts, to carry on a war, 386.
Must support a regular administration of justice to cause manufactures and commerce to flourish, 387.
Origin of a national debt, ib.
Progression of public debts, ib.
War, why generally agreeable to the people, 391.

Governors, political, the greatest spendthrifts in society, 142.

Grasses, artificial, tend to reduce the price of butcher's meat, 63.

Graziers, subject to monopolies obtained by manufactures to their prejudice, 271.

Greece, foreign trade promoted in several of the ancient states of, 284.
Military exercises a part of general education, 291.
Soldiers not a distinct profession in, ib.
Course of education in the republics of, 324.
The morals of the Greeks inferior to those of the Romans, ib.
Schools of the philosophers and rhetoricians, 325.
Law no science among the Greeks, ib.
Courts, of justice, ib.
The martial spirit of the people, how supported, 329.

Greek colonies, how distinguished from Roman colonies, 227, 228.
Rapid progress of these colonies, 232.

Greek language, how introduced as a part of university education, 322.
Philosophy, the three great branches of, ib.

Ground rents, great variations of, according to situation, 354.
Are a more proper subject of taxation, than houses, 355.

Gum senega, review of the regulations imposed on the trade for, 272.

Gunpowder, great revolution effected in the art of war by the invention of, 292, 296.
This invention favourable to the extension of civilization, 296.

Gustavus Vasa, how enabled to establish the Reformation in Sweden, 338.


H

Hanseatic league, causes that rendered it formidable, 164.
Why no vestige remains of the wealth of the Hans towns, 172.

Hamburgh, agio of the bank of, explained, 195.
Sources of the revenue of that city, 343, 344.
The inhabitants of, how taxed to the state, 359.

Hamburgh company, some account of, 308.

Hearth money, why abolished in England, 356, 357.

Henry VIII. of England, prepares the way for the Reformation, by shutting out the authority of the pope, 338.

Herring buss bounty, remarks on, 211.
Fraudulent claims of the bounty, ib.
The boat fishery the most natural and profitable, 212.
Account of the British white herring fishery, ib.
Account of the busses fitted out in Scotland, the amount of their cargoes, and the bounties on them, 287, Append.

Hides, the produce of rude countries commonly carried to a distant market, 97.
Price of, in England three centuries ago, 98.
Salted hides inferior to fresh ones, 98, 99.
The price of, how affected by circumstances in cultivated and in uncultivated countries, ib.

Highlands of Scotland, interesting remarks on the population of, 33.
Military character of the Highlanders, 293.

Hobbes, Mr. remarks on his definition of wealth, 13.

Hogs, circumstances which render their flesh cheap or dear, 95.

Holland, observations on the riches, and trade of the republic of, 38.
Not to follow some business unfashionable there, 40.
Cause of the dearness of corn there, 80.
Enjoys the greatest share in the carrying trade of Europe, 153.
How the Dutch were excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain, 188.
Is a country that prospers under the heaviest taxation, 189.
Account of the bank of Amsterdam, 194, 195.
This republic derives even its subsistence from foreign trade, 202, 203.
Tax paid on houses there, 356.
Account of the tax upon successions, 363.
Stamp duties, 364.
High amount of the taxes in, 370, 384.
Its prosperity depends on the republican form of government, 385.

Honoraries, from pupils to teachers in colleges tendency of, to quicken their diligence, 319.

Hose, in the time of Edward IV., how made, 104.

Hospitality, ancient, the cause and effect of, 169, 385.

House, different acceptations of the term in England, and some other countries, 49.
Houses considered as part of the national stock, 113.
Houses produce no revenue, ib.
The rent of, distinguished into two parts, 354.
Operation of a tax upon house rent, payable by the tenant, ib.
House rent, the best test of the tenant's circumstances, 355.
Proper regulation of a tax  on, ib.
How taxed in Holland, 356.
Hearth money, ib.
Window tax, 357.

Hudson's Bay company, the nature of their establishment and trade, 312.
Their profits not so high as has been reported, ib.

Hunters, war, how supported by a nation of, 289.
Cannot be very numerous, 290.
No established administration of justice needful among them, 297.
Age the sole foundation of rank and precedency among, ib.
No considerable inequality of fortune or subordination to be found among them, 298.
No hereditary honours in such a society, ib.

Husbandmen, war, how supported by a nation of, 290.

Husbandry. See Agriculture.


I, J

Jamaica, the returns of trade from that island, why irregular, 402.

Idleness unfashionable in Holland, 40.

Jewels. See Stones.

Importation, why restraints have been imposed on, with the two kinds of, 182.
How restrained to secure a monopoly of the home market to domestic industry, 183.
The true policy of these restraints doubtful, ib.
The free importation of foreign manufactures more dangerous than that of raw materials, 186.
How far it may be proper to continue the free importation of certain foreign goods, 189.
How far it may be proper to restore the free importation of goods, after it has been interrupted, ib.
Of the materials of manufacture, review of the legal encouragements given to, 266.

Independents, the principles of that sect, explained, 332.

Indies. See East and West.

Indostan, the several classes of people there kept distinct, 283.
The natives of, how prevented from undertaking long sea voyages, ib.

Industry, the different kinds of, seldom dealt impartially with by any nation, 1, 2.
The species of, frequently local, 8.
Naturally suited to the demand, 24.
Is increased by the liberal reward of labour, 34.
How affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, ib., 35.
Is more advantageously exerted in towns than in the country, 53.
The average produce of, always suited to the average consumption, 79.
Is promoted by the circulation of paper money, 119.
Three requisites to putting industry in motion, 120.
How the general character of nations is estimated by, 137.
And idleness, the proportion between, how regulated, ib.
Is employed for subsistence before it extends to conveniencies and luxury, 155.
Whether the general industry of a society is promoted by commercial restraints on importation, 183.
Private interest naturally points to that employment most advantageous to the society, ib.
But without intending or knowing it, 184.
Legal regulations of private industry dangerous assumptions of power, 185.
Domestic industry ought not to be employed on what can be purchased cheaper from abroad, ib.
Of the society, can augment only in proportion as its capital augments, ib.
When it may be necessary to impose some burden upon foreign industry to favour that at home, 187.
The free exercise of industry ought to be allowed to all, 191.
The natural effort of every individual to better his condition, will, if unrestrained, result in the prosperity of the society, 221.

Insurance, from fire and sea risks, the nature and profits of examined, 45.
The trade of insurance may be successfully carried on by a joint-stock company, 317, 318.

Interest, landed, monied, and trading, distinguished, 144.

Interest for the use of money, the foundation of that allowance explained, 22.
Historical view of the alterations of, in England, and other countries, 37.
Remarks on the high rates of, in Bengal, 39.
And in China, 40.
May be raised by defective laws, independent on the influence of wealth or poverty, ib.
The lowest ordinary rate of, must somewhat more than compensate occasional losses, ib.
The common relative proportion between interest and mercantile profits inquired into, ib.
Was not lowered, in consequence of the discovery of the American mines, 145.
How the legal rate of, ought to be fixed, 146.
Consequences of its being fixed too high or too low, ib., 147.
The market rate of, regulates the price of land, ib.
Whether a proper object of taxation, 357.

Ireland, why never likely to furnish cattle to the prejudice of Great Britain, 186.
The proposed absentee tax there considered, 379.
Ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of the public debt of Great Britain, 402.
Expediency of an union with Great Britain, ib.

Isocrates, the handsome income he made by teaching, 56.

Italy, the only great country in Europe which has been cultivated and improved in every part by means of its foreign commerce, 172.
Was originally colonized by the Dorians, 227.

Jurisdictions, territorial, did not originate in the feudal law, 168.

Justice, the administration of, a duty of the sovereign, 297.
In early times a source of revenue to him, 299.
The making justice subservient to the revenue a source of great abuses, ib.
Is never administered gratis, 300.
The whole administration of, but an inconsiderable part of the expense of government, ib.
How the whole expense of justice might be defrayed from the fees of court, ib.
The interference of the jurisdictions of the several English courts of law accounted for, 301.
Law language, how corrupted, 302.
The judicial and executive power, why divided, ib.
By whom the expense of administration of, ought to be borne, 342.


K

Kalm, the Swedish traveller, his account of the husbandry of the British colonies in North America, 94.

Kelp, a rent demanded for the rocks on which it grows, 61.

King, Mr. his account of the average price of wheat, 83.

King, under feudal institutions, no more than the greatest baron in the nation, 168.
Was unable to restrain the violence of his barons, 169.
Treasure-trove an important branch of revenue to, 385, 386.
His situation, how favourable for the accumulating treasure, ib.
In a commercial country, naturally spends his revenue in luxuries, ib.
Is hence driven to call upon his subjects for extraordinary aids, ib.

Kings and their ministers the greatest spendthrifts in a country, 149.


L

Labour, the fund which originally supplies every nation with its annual consumption, 1.
How the proportion between labour and consumption in regulated, ib.
The different kinds of industry seldom dealt impartially with by any nation, 2.
The division of labour considered, ib., 3.
This division increases the quantity of work, 4.
Instances in illustration, 5.
From what principle the division of labour originates, 6.