FOOTNOTES

[1] Montana Historical Society Contributions, iii, pp. 206, 207.

[2] Smithsonian Institution Report, 1885, part ii, p. 378.

[3] Consult James's Long's Expedition, in our volume xiv, p. 75, note 41.—Ed.

[4] We reprint the account of Long's expedition in our volumes xiv-xvii.—Ed.

[5] For Edwin (not Edward) James and S. H. Long see preface to our volume xiv, pp. 10-13, 25, 26; for Thomas Say, ibid., p. 40, note 1; for Washington Irving as an authority on Western history, Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies, our volume xix, p. 161, note 2.

Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1793-1864) was a well-known traveller, ethnologist, and historian. Born in New York, he studied at both Middlebury and Union colleges. His first tour to the West was in 1817-18, when he made a collection of minerals in Missouri and Arkansas. In 1820 he accompanied Cass's western expedition, and the following year acted as secretary of the Indian Commissioners at Chicago. In 1822 he was made Indian agent at Mackinac, where he resided for seventeen years, having married a descendant of a Chippewa chief. In 1837 he was promoted to superintendency of the Northern department, whence he resigned (1841) to devote himself to literary work. In 1847 Congress authorized the publication of a work upon Indian tribes, to which Schoolcraft devoted the latter portion of his life. It appeared as Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1851-57). Schoolcraft belonged to many learned and historical societies, received a medal from the French Institute, and was in his day the chief authority on American Indians. Besides the work already cited, he published much, chief of which is Personal Memoirs (Philadelphia, 1851); Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Source of the Mississippi River in 1820, resumed and completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832 (Philadelphia, 1855).

Thomas Lorraine McKenney (1785-1859) was superintendent of trade with the Indian tribes, 1816-24. In the latter year he was made head of the bureau of Indian affairs in the war department, also serving frequently as treaty commissioner. The work to which reference is here made, is Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes (Baltimore, 1827).

Lewis Cass (1782-1866) had unusual opportunities for contact with the tribesmen. After taking a prominent part in the War of 1812-15, he was for eighteen years governor of Michigan Territory. His contributions to Indian bibliography were a series of articles published in the North American Review, xxvi-xxx (1828-30).

Peter Stephen Duponceau (1760-1844) was a Frenchman who came to America during the Revolution. Settling at Philadelphia, he became a member of the American Philosophical Society, and contributed to its Transactions several articles on the structure and grammar of Indian languages.—Ed.

[6] Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck (1776-1858), a famous botanist and physician. He first engaged in the practice of medicine, but in 1818 went to Erlangen as professor of botany, the next year being called to Bonn, then being professor at Breslau (1831-52). The number of his published works is considerable.—Ed.

[7] Georg August Goldfuss (1782-1848) was born at Bayreuth, and became privatdocent at Erlangen, then professor of zoölogy and mineralogy at Bonn and director of the zoölogical museum.

Robert Göppert (1800-1884) was a botanist and palæontologist. First studying medicine at Breslau and Berlin, he was professor of botany in the university at the former place (1831-39). In 1852 he was chosen director of the botanical gardens at Breslau, where he remained until his death.—Ed.

[8] Achille Valenciennes (1794-1864) was a French zoölogist, a friend and fellow-worker with Cuvier, and director of the Paris zoölogical museum.

Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann (1802-41) was for a time professor of zoölogy at Berlin. He founded (1835) Archivs fur Naturgeschichte.—Ed.

[9] Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865) was early devoted to the study of natural history, making scientific journeys to Scotland in 1806 and to Iceland in 1809. Later (1814), Hooker prosecuted a nine months' botanical tour on the continent of Europe. The following year he married and settled on his estate where he commenced an herbarium; from 1820 to 1841 he was regius professor of botany at Glasgow, being in 1836 knighted for eminent service to science. From 1841 till his death he was director of Kew Gardens, London. Hooker's interest in American scientific development was marked, and he dispatched many pupils on botanical tours to unknown parts of the new continent.—Ed.

[10] Reprinted in our volume xxiv.—Ed.

[11] George Catlin was born in Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, in 1796, of a New England family; his mother was a woman of artistic tastes, and had lived on the Indian border. Early in his career, Catlin heard much of the traditions of the aborigines, and thus was unconsciously prepared for his later life work. In 1817 he was sent to study law at Litchfield; returning to Pennsylvania two years later, he practiced in the rural districts until 1823, when he abandoned the law, and going to Philadelphia became an artist. For several years he was employed in painting miniatures and other portraits, going as far as Washington and Albany to execute orders. Having met at the former city a deputation of American Indians, Catlin was imbued with a desire to paint the portraits of these vanishing tribesmen, and in 1832 went west with this purpose in view. Eight years were spent in native lodges and fur-trade camps; then, with a wealth of material widely known as Catlin's Collection, he opened a museum—first in the United States (1837-39), then in London (1840-44). In 1845 he took his collection to Paris, where he remained until expelled by the Revolution of 1848. He thereupon re-opened his London museum, with additional material; but in 1852 became involved in debt, and his collection was shipped to the United States, where it remained neglected until 1879, when it was presented to the National Museum at Washington. Meanwhile Catlin visited South and Central America (1852-57), and resided thereafter in Europe, returning to the United States in 1871 only to die the following year at Jersey City. The work here referred to was Letters and Notes on the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians (New York and London, 1841), more commonly cited by the title of later editions, Notes of Eight Years' Travels. In an appendix are several vocabularies of the Mandan, Blackfeet, Arikara, Sioux, and Tuscarora Indians.—Ed.

[12] This was the American Fur Company's steamer "St. Peter's," which carried the annual outfit and supplies to the Missouri River forts. Larpenteur, in charge at Fort Union, says that the vessel arrived June 24, 1837. See Elliott Coues, Forty Years a Fur-Trader on the Upper Missouri (New York, 1898), pp. 131-135.—Ed.

[13] For the Mandan see Bradbury's Travels, in our volume v, pp. 113, 114, note 76. This should be Fort Clark, not Fort Leavenworth—an evident lapsus calami. Fort Clark, named for General William Clark, was an American fur-trade post built among the Mandan in 1831. See post, chapter xiii, for a detailed description.—Ed.

[14] For Fort Union see post, chapter xv.—Ed.

[15] Authorities differ as to the numbers perishing by the scourge of 1837. H. M. Chittenden, History of American Fur-Trade of the Far West (New York, 1902), p. 627, thinks fifteen thousand a large estimate.—Ed.

[16] Hannibal Evans Lloyd (1771-1847), a well-known linguist and translator, especially interested in works of travel and science. His father had been in the Seven Years' War, of which he wrote a history. Early in life the son studied German, and published a grammar and dictionary of that language, as well as an Englisches Lesebuch (Hamburg, 1832) for the use of German students. Lloyd lived for several years in Hamburg, and was present during the French invasion in 1813, of which he afterwards wrote an account. Among his other original works were lives of George IV of England, and Alexander I of Russia. His translations were from Swedish, German, and Italian, having Englished Katzebue's Voyages, Orlich's Travels in India, and Maximilian's Brazilian travels. Under the signature "H. E. L.," Lloyd was a frequent contributor to the London Literary Gazette (1817-39). His translation of Maximilian's Travels is clear, simple, and straightforward; the German original sustains small loss either of style or meaning, although the translator saw fit in many cases to abbreviate the prince's prolix descriptions, and to eliminate not only the exceedingly valuable linguistic material, but much other scientific matter.—Ed.

[17] Charles Lucien Bonaparte, prince of Canino and Musignano (1803-1857), a noted ornithologist, was the eldest son of Lucien, brother of the great Napoleon. In 1822 he married Joseph Bonaparte's daughter, came to the United States, and until 1828 resided with his father-in-law, near Philadelphia, making a careful study of the birds of that locality. Returning to Italy, he headed the republican forces at Rome in the Revolution of 1848, and from 1854 until his death, three years later, was director of the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris. In the United States, Bonaparte published a supplement to Wilson's Ornithology, entitled American Ornithology, or History of the Birds of the United States (4 volumes, Philadelphia, 1825-33), containing more than a hundred species which he had discovered. He wrote numerous articles for scientific journals both in this country and Europe.—Ed.

[18] See Plate 1, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[19] According to the census of 1830, Boston had 61,392 souls, and with Charlestown, Roxbury, and Cambridge, about 80,000.—Maximilian.

[20] Vide Mrs. Trollope's "Domestic Manners of the Americans," page 106, where the authoress is probably right in many points.—Maximilian.

Comment by Ed. See Wyeth's Oregon, in our volume xxi, p. 44, note 24.

[21] Captain Benjamin Morrell was born on Long Island (1795), entered the service of a privateer during the War of 1812-15, was captured by the British and held in prison until the declaration of peace. After his release he was made captain of a whaling vessel, and in 1832 published a book of travels entitled, A Narrative of Four Voyages to the South Sea, North and South Pacific Ocean, Chinese Sea, Ethiopic and Southern Atlantic Ocean, Indian and Arctic Oceans, Comprising Critical Surveys of Coasts and Islands with Sailing Directions (New York). A critical analysis of the book is given in American Quarterly Review, xiii, pp. 314 ff.—Ed.

[22] The cattle in this part of the country are, in general, large and handsome: there are oxen with immense horns, almost as in the Campagna di Roma, in Italy; and they are also large and fat. Their colour is generally brown, as in Germany, but for the most part, a very shining yellowish, or reddish brown, often spotted with white. The horns of many are turned rather forwards, and round balls are just on their tips, that they may not gore with them.—Maximilian.

[23] See preface to Nuttall's Journal, in our volume xiii.—Ed.

[24] E. A. Greenwood having (1825) purchased the Columbian Museum, founded in Boston in 1795 by Daniel Bowen, erected a building on Court Street between Brattle and Cornhill, and started the New England Museum. The latter was purchased by Moses Kimball (1839), who seven years later constructed the Boston Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts building on Tremont Street, near Court, at a cost of a quarter of a million dollars. The stock-company theatre operated in connection with this institution was long regarded as the best in Boston.—Ed.

[25] For the work of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, see Wyeth's Oregon, in our volume xxi, p. 71, note 47.—Ed.

[26] The first recorded death by cholera, in North America, occurred on June 8, 1832, at Quebec. The epidemic began raging in northwest India in 1827-28. It reached the shores of the Caspian Sea (1829), spread throughout Russia (1829-30), reached England (1831), and spread to the United States by way of Detroit the following year. Rapidly extending throughout the union, it counted its victims in nearly every state and territory.—Ed.

[27] For a brief sketch of Astor, see Franchère's Narrative, in our volume vi, p. 186, note 8.—Ed.

[28] The Americans report of this pine that, if it is cut down, oaks and other trees immediately grow up in its place; and if these are cut down, the pines grow up again, and so continually alternating in the same manner!—Maximilian.

[29] Richard Harlan (1796-1843) graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania (1818), practiced medicine in Philadelphia, and later occupied the chair of comparative anatomy in the Philadelphia Museum. He was a member of the Cholera Commission of 1832, and of many learned societies both in this country and abroad. His chief publications were: Observations on the Genus Salamandra (Philadelphia, 1824), Fauna Americana (1825), American Herpitology (1827), Medical and Physical Researches (1835), and a translation of Gaunal, History Of Embalming, with additions (1840).—Ed.

[30] Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844) held many positions of trust under his brother Napoleon. He negotiated the treaty of peace between this country and France in 1800, and the treaty of Amiens in 1802. He was made king of Naples (1806), and king of Spain two years later. In an interview with his brother after the battle of Waterloo, arrangements were made for a meeting in New York. In the summer of 1815 Joseph Bonaparte, under the assumed title of Comte de Survilliers, came to the United States and purchased a mansion in Philadelphia, a country seat of about a thousand acres, near Bordentown, New Jersey, six miles below Trenton, and later a summer home on the edge of the Adirondack Mountains. His favorite residence was "Point Breeze," near Bordentown, where in 1820 he built what was accounted the finest mansion in the state. In 1850, Henry Beckett, the British consul at Philadelphia, purchased "Point Breeze," and demolished its mansion. Joseph Bonaparte was in Europe from 1832 to 1837; the next two years in this country; and in 1841 went to Florence, Italy, where he died. His benevolence and hospitality won for him much admiration in the United States. See our volumes xi, p. 159, and xii, p. 79.—Ed.

[31] On February 4, 1830, the state legislature of New Jersey granted a charter for the Camden and Amboy Railroad.—Ed.

[32] We were told that the Virginian deer were formerly very numerous here, but that it had been found necessary to shoot them, because, in the rutting season, they roamed about and did great damage to the crops.—Maximilian.

[33] For Major Long's Expedition, see our volumes xiv-xvii. Short notes on the Peale family, Seymour, and Say may be found in our volume xiv, pp. 39-41, note 2.—Ed.

[34] Bethlehem is today a post borough and summer resort in Southampton County, Pennsylvania, fifty-six miles north of Philadelphia. At times during the Revolutionary War, it was the general hospital headquarters for the Continental army and about five hundred soldiers were buried there. In 1740, under the leadership of Whitefield, a small body of Moravians who had recently migrated to Georgia settled on the Forks of the Delaware. Within a few weeks, however, doctrinal differences influenced Whitefield to expel the Moravians from his estate. Through the labors of Bishop Nitschmann, the latter purchased from William Allen five hundred acres on the banks of the Lehigh River. Count Zinzendorf, visiting the hamlet at Christmas in the same year, named it Bethlehem. It has since remained the centre of the northern division of the Moravian church in the United States.—Ed.

[35] Lewis David von Schweinitz was born at Bethlehem (1780), and died there in 1834. Educated in Germany, he returned to the United States and won a large reputation as a botanist being made a member of various scientific societies in this country and Europe. He added fourteen hundred new species to the catalogue of American flora, wrote numerous books on botany, and at his death bequeathed to the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia his herbarium, at that time the largest in North America.

Before coming to Pennsylvania, John D. Anders (1771-1847) had charge of the Moravian church at Berlin, where his great ability attracted much attention among the students of the university. In 1827 he was appointed to preside over the northern district of the American Moravian church. This position he held until 1836, when he was elected to the supreme executive board of the Unitas Fratrum.—Ed.

[36] See Plate 34, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[37] Born and educated in Prussia, John Gottlieb Herman came to the United States in 1817, and taught and preached in Pennsylvania until 1844, when he was elected to the supreme executive board of the Moravian church. During a part of his stay in America, he was principal of Brown's boarding school for boys. After a brief mission to the West Indies, he was elected president of the synod of the entire Moravian church, held in Herrnhut, Saxony. Returning to the United States in 1849, he died (1854) in the wilds of southwest Missouri while returning from a mission to the Cherokee Indians.—Ed.

[38] The Lehigh Navigation Company, chartered August 10, 1818, was consolidated in 1820 with the Lehigh Coal Company, and since 1821 has been known as the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. Temporary navigation of the Lehigh River being opened by 1820, coal was floated down to the Delaware and thence to Philadelphia, where the scows were broken up. In 1827 the company began the construction of a canal which by 1829 was completed between Mauch Chunk and Easton. A line to White Haven was opened (1835), and to Stoddartsville (1838). In 1827 there was opened the Mauch Chunk (gravity) Railroad, the second of its kind in the United States, being in 1828 extended to Room Run and the Beaver Meadow region; in 1840 the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad was completed by the same company. In July, 1825, the Morris Canal and Banking Company, under a charter of the preceding year, commenced work on a twenty-mile canal between the Delaware and Newark, New Jersey, and completed it in 1831. Later the canal was extended to Jersey City, a distance of eleven miles.—Ed.

[39] When found by Europeans, the Delaware Indians were living in detached bands along the Delaware River. A tribe of the Algonquian family, they comprised three powerful clans—the Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf—see Post's Journals in our volume i, p. 220, note 57. By 1753 a portion of the tribe had migrated to the Ohio, and by 1786 all had settled west of the Allegheny Mountains. They had aided Pontiac in his attack upon Fort Pitt, and allied themselves with the English during the Revolutionary War. Defeated, they established themselves along the banks of the Huron River in Ohio and in Canada. Neutral during the War of 1812-15, they sold their lands to the United States and occupied a reservation along White River, in Indiana. By subsequent treaties the Delaware were removed to Missouri, Kansas, and Texas; and in 1867 they were incorporated among the Cherokee, and stationed with the latter in Indian Territory.—Ed.

[40] Copious springs issuing from the white sand.—Maximilian.

[41] The names of all these rivers, streams, and many places, are, for the most part, harmonious with many vowels, and are derived from the ancient Delaware or Lenni-lappe language. Tobihanna means alder brook. See Duponceau, in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. iv. part iii. page 351, on the names from the Delaware languages still current in Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia.—Maximilian.

[42] See Plate 4, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[43] The wood of this shrub is extremely solid and hard.—Maximilian.

[44] See p. 107, for illustration of bear-trap.—Ed.

[45] Wilkes-Barre, seat of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, and eighteen miles southwest of Scranton, was laid out in 1769 and named jointly for John Wilkes and Colonel Barre, members of the British parliament. The town is near the famous "mammoth vein," of anthracite coal, nineteen million tons of which were mined in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre in 1900. The census report for that year exhibited a population of 51,721.—Ed.

[46] The Susquehanna and Tide Water Canal Company was a consolidation of the Susquehanna Canal Company of Pennsylvania, and the Tide Water Canal Company of Maryland. It was encouraged by both states, Maryland lending it credit to the amount of a million dollars. It was opened in 1840. See Henry V. Poor, History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States (New York, 1860), p. 552.

In 1840 the total mileage of canals in Pennsylvania was twelve hundred and eighty; of which four hundred and thirty-two were owned by private companies; the total mileage of railroads in the same year was seven hundred and ninety-five. See Henry F. Walling and O. W. Gray, New Topographical Atlas of the State of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1872), p. 30.—Ed.

[47] The executive council of Philadelphia presented General William Ross with a costly sword for his "gallant services of July 4, 1788," in rescuing Colonel Pickering from kidnappers. Ross was later made general of the militia, and in 1812 elected to the state senate from the district of Northumberland and Luzerne; he died (1842) at the age of eighty-two.—Ed.

[48] Tomaqua lies in the coal district at the end of the little Schuylkill Valley, near Tuscarora. In this country the discovery of the coal has caused agriculture to be neglected, and thousands of people are said to have been ruined by unsuccessful speculations.—Maximilian.

[49] See Plate 5, in accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[50] Josiah White, early interested in mechanics, purchased an estate on the Schuylkill, five miles above Philadelphia, constructed a dam across the river, and erected there a wire mill. Later, he sought a contract for furnishing Philadelphia with water by means of power generated at this dam. After long negotiations the city purchased the plant, belonging to White and Gillingham, his partner, and constructed the Fairmount water works. White, together with Erskine Hazard, then directed his activities to the Lehigh coal fields, and became the active promoter of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. White resided at Mauch Chunk from 1818 to 1831, and then moved to Philadelphia where he died (1850) at the age of seventy. His name is inseparably connected with the canal system of Pennsylvania; see History of the Counties of Lehigh and Carbon (Philadelphia, 1884), p. 670.—Ed.

[51] Lehighton—a corruption of the Delaware, Lechauwekink, "where there are forks"—is a post borough in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, on the west bank of the Lehigh, twenty-five miles above Allentown. It was laid out in 1794 on the lands of Jacob Weiss and William Henry, and the population in 1900 is reported as 4,269.—Ed.

[52] Loskiel, in his history of the Indian Missions (pp. 415 and 416), gives the following account of this affair. "On the 24th of November, 1755, the house of the Indian Missionaries in Gnadenhütten, on the Mahony, was attacked in the evening by hostile Indians, and burnt. Eleven persons perished: viz., nine in the flames, one of the brethren was shot, and another cruelly butchered, and then scalped. Three brethren, and one sister (the wife of one of them), and a boy, escaped by flight; the woman and the boy, by a fortunate leap from the burning roof. One of those who escaped, the Missionary Sensemann, who, at the beginning of the attack, had gone out of the back door to see what might be the cause of the violent barking of the dogs, and who of course was not able to return to those whom he had left in the house, had the affliction to see his wife perish in the flames."—Maximilian.

Comment by Ed. Gnadenhütten was a mission established (1746) by the Moravians for their converts among the Delaware Indians; it was placed under the charge of Martin Mack.

[53] Weissport is today a village of more than six hundred inhabitants, four miles southeast of Mauch Chunk. It was laid out by Colonel Jacob Weiss and his brother Francis.—Ed.

[54] Allentown, the seat of Lehigh County, sixteen miles southwest of Easton, was laid out (1752) by William Allen, chief justice of Pennsylvania. In 1811 it was incorporated with the borough of Northampton, but in 1838 reverted to its old name. Allentown is today one of the chief seats of furniture-making in the United States, and second only to Paterson in production of American silk. Its population in 1900 was 35,416.—Ed.

[55] This plant, called by the Americans the poke plant, is used, in many parts, as a vegetable for the table. When the plant is young, and not above six inches high, of a whitish, and not dark green colour, the leaves are tender, and very delicate. It is thought that it might be very advisable to cultivate it in the kitchen gardens.—Maximilian.

[56] Huntingdon, seat of the county of the same name, was settled about 1760 on the site of a famous Indian council ground, and named for Selena, Countess of Huntingdon. It was incorporated in 1760, and had a population at the last federal census of 6,053.—Ed.

[57] New Alexandria is a small village in Westmoreland County, on Loyalhanna Creek, thirty-three miles east of Pittsburg.

New Salem (or Salem), in the same county, twenty-five miles east of Pittsburg, was laid out in 1833.

Many early western travellers give descriptions and historical accounts of Pittsburg. See particularly Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, pp. 242-255.—Ed.

[58] James R. Lambdin was born in Pittsburg (1807), studied under Thomas Sully, of Philadelphia (1823-25), and began painting in his native town. Later he made professional visits to the chief towns between Pittsburg and Mobile, and started a museum of art and antiquities at Louisville, Kentucky, where he lived several years. From 1837 until his death in 1889 he resided principally in Philadelphia, but painted much at Washington, executing portraits of all the presidents from John Q. Adams to James A. Garfield. Lambdin was appointed by President Buchanan (May 15, 1859) as one of the three members of the Art Commission provided for by acts of Congress on June 12, 1858, and March 3, 1859, for the purpose of a survey of the public buildings at Washington and submitting a report on the system of decorations hitherto used, and recommending plans to secure a harmonious effect in the future. For this report, dated February 22, 1860, see Executive Documents, 36 Cong., 1 sess., No. 43.—Ed.

[59] See Plate 6 in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[60] Maximilian is here referring to Duke Bernard, Travels through North America during the Years 1825-26 (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1828). For a short statement of George Rapp and his enterprises, see Hulme's Journal, in our volume x, pp. 50 and 54, notes 22 and 25 respectively.

Economy, an Ohio River town, in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, seventeen miles northwest of Pittsburg, was settled by the Harmonites in 1825. The property of the community is now quite valuable, but in 1902 the membership was only eight. Celibacy has been encouraged and new members have not been solicited, and the property is now in the hands of a single trustee.—Ed.

[61] For the early history of Wheeling, see A. Michaux's Travels, in our volume iii, p. 33, note 15.—Ed.

[62] For notes on Canonsburg, Washington, and Alexandria, see Harris's Journal, in our volume iii, pp. 347, 348, notes 31, 32, 33 respectively. The Associate Presbyterian Theological Seminary was organized at Canonsburg in 1794, with Rev. John Anderson as the first instructor.—Ed.

[63] For Elizabeth Town, New Town, and Sistersville, see, respectively, Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 34, note 7; A. Michaux's Travels, in our volume iii, p. 49, note 66; and Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 223, note 25.

Henry S. Tanner (1786-1858), a resident of Philadelphia, engraved and published atlases and separate maps. Worthy of mention are the New American Atlas (Philadelphia, 1817-23), The World (1825), Map of the United States of Mexico (1825), Map of the United States of America (1829). Tanner was a member of the geographical societies of London and Paris, made numerous contributions to periodicals, and published the American Traveller (Philadelphia, 1836), Central Traveller (New York, 1840), New Picture of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1840), Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States (New York, 1840), and View of the Valley of the Mississippi (Philadelphia, 1832).—Ed.

[64] Maximilian is probably here referring to the hamlet Newport, in Washington County, instead of to Newark. Newport was not laid out as a village until 1839. For an account of Marietta see A. Michaux's Travels, in our volume iii, p. 34, note 16.—Ed.

[65] Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815) studied in Philadelphia, Edinburgh, London, and Göttingen, practiced medicine in Philadelphia, and for a number of years taught in the college of that city and its successor, the University of Pennsylvania. He made numerous contributions to scientific journals, and published Observations on Some Parts of Natural History (London, 1787), New Views on the Origin of the Tribes of America (1797), etc.

Caleb Atwater (1778-1867) went to Ohio in 1811, served several years in the legislature of that state, and was appointed Indian commissioner under Jackson. He published A Tour to Prairie du Chien (1831), Western Antiquities (1833), Writings of Caleb Atwater (1833), and History of Ohio (1838).

Christian Schultz, Travels on an Inland Voyage through the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and through the territories of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi and New Orleans: performed in the years 1807-1808 (New York, 1810).

David Baillie Warden (1778-1845) was for many years United States consul at Paris. He was much interested in antiquities and published Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique Septentrionale (Paris, 1827); also earlier A Statistical, Political, and Historical Account of the United States of North America (Edinburgh, 1819).—Ed.

[66] Audubon (see "Ornithological Biography," vol. i. p. 156) mentions an instance of a cow that swam in to the window of a house which was seven feet above the ground, and sixty feet above low-watermark.—Maximilian.

[67] For Parkersburg, see Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 224, note 27. The other settlement should be Belpré, for which see our volume iv, p. 127, note 87.—Ed.

[68] For points of historic interest connected with the Little Hockhocking (Hocking) River, see Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 131, note 99.

Shade Creek rises in Atkins County, flows southeast through Meigs County, and enters the Ohio about twenty-one miles below Blennerhassett's Island.—Ed.

[69] For Point Pleasant and Gallipolis, see respectively Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 132, note 101, and F. A. Michaux's Travels, volume iii, p. 185, note 34.—Ed.

[70] Racoon Creek, ninety miles in length, drains Vinton County, Ohio, flows through Gallia County, and joins the Ohio River seven miles below Gallipolis.

For Guyandotte River, see Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 229, note 33.—Ed.

[71] Symmes Creek, which enters the Ohio five miles above Burlington, probably derived its name, like the village Symmes, from John Cleves Symmes, appointed judge in the Northwest Territory in 1787. In 1788 Judge Symmes received a federal grant of a million acres of public land, upon which was founded Cincinnati and North Bend.

Burlington, in the southwestern extremity of Ohio, was once the seat of Lawrence County.

Catlettsburg, here incorrectly written Cadetsburg, is the seat of Boyd County, Kentucky. See Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 155, note 103.

The Sandy, or the Big Sandy, River (not creek), formed by the junction of Tug and Levisa forks, flows north to the Ohio River, separating the states of Kentucky and West Virginia. It drains an area of four thousand square miles, and is navigable for small steamboats to a distance of a hundred miles.

Hanging Rock, named for a high sandstone escarpment, is on the right bank of the river, three miles below Ironton.

For Greenupsburg and Governor Greenup, see Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 229, note 34.

Concerning the historic importance of the Scioto River, see Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 134, note 102; and for the Ohio Canal, see Flint's Letters in our volume ix, p. 96, note 44.

Rockville, Adams County, Ohio, was laid out in 1830.—Ed.

[72] Adamsville, Muskingum County, Ohio, was laid out in 1832 by M. Adams.

For the early history of Manchester, Ohio, and its founder, General Nathaniel Massie, see Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 160, note 107.

Aberdeen, Brown County, Ohio, was laid out by Nathan Ellis in 1816.

For Ripley, see Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 233, note 41; for Vanceburg, see Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 165, note 111; for Maysville, see A. Michaux's Travels, in our volume iii, p. 35, note 23; and for Augusta, see Flint's Letters, in our volume ix, p. 148, note 69.

Neville, in Clermont County, Ohio, was settled by John Gregg in 1795.

The "Helen Mar" steamboat (88 tons) was built at Cincinnati in 1832; it was reported as being out of commission in 1837.

Moscow, Clermont County, Ohio, was laid out by Owen Davis (1816); and Point Pleasant, five miles farther down the river, in the same county, was platted in the same year by Joseph Jackson for its proprietor, Henry Ludlow.

For New Richmond, see Flint's Letters, in our volume ix, p. 148, note 70.—Ed.

[73] For the founding of Cincinnati, see Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 256, note 166.—Ed.

[74] For Big Bone Lick and the remains of the mammoth found there, see Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 135, note 104.—Ed.

[75] In Ferussac's "Bulletin des Sciences," 1831, there is a notice of a colossal animal, sixty feet long, lately discovered there, and the whole story was invented, merely to attract visitors. In Silliman's American Journal (Vol. xx. No. 2, July, 1831, page 370), there is a correct description of these bones, in refutation of the preceding statement.—Maximilian.

[76] On the early history of Louisville and the Falls of the Ohio, see Croghan's Journals in our volume i, p. 136, note 106.—Ed.

[77] Portland was laid out in 1814 for the proprietor, William Lytle; it was incorporated in 1834, and annexed to Louisville in 1837.

The "Water Witch" (120 tons) was built at Nashville in 1831, being sunk near Plaquemine, Louisiana, two years later.—Ed.

[78] For New Albany, see Hulme's Journal, in our volume x, p. 44, note 15.—Ed.

[79] Brandenburg is the seat of Meade County, Kentucky, forty miles below Louisville. It was incorporated in 1825, and named after Colonel Solomon Brandenburg, the proprietor.

Leavenworth, named for Messrs. S. M. and J. Leavenworth, is the seat of justice in Crawford County, Indiana. It was located in 1818.

Rome, Perry County, Indiana, was laid out (May, 1818) by one Cummings, and named Washington; in the fall of the same year the name was changed to Franklin; when it was made the county seat in 1819, it was given its present name. See History of Warrick, Spencer, and Perry Counties, Indiana (Chicago, 1885).

Stevensport was incorporated in 1825. Cloverport, originally Jossville, was established in 1828.—Ed.

[80] For Rockport, see Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 251, note 58.

Owensboro (incorrectly written Owenburg) is the seat of justice for Daviess County, Kentucky. Originally called Rossborough, the name was later changed to that now used, being given in honor of Colonel Abraham Owen, killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. The town was incorporated February 3, 1817.—Ed.

[81] An account of the founding of Evansville is given in Hulme's Journal, in our volume x, p. 45, note 16.

For Henderson, see Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 267, note 175.—Ed.

[82] For Mount Vernon, see Flint's Letters, in our volume ix, p. 306, note 154. A short account of New Harmony is given in Hulme's Journal, in our volume x, p. 50, note 22.—Ed.

[83] Robert Owen (1771-1858) was a prominent English socialist and propagandist. Rising from the ranks of workingmen, by shrewd business capacity he acquired a fortune, which he devoted to the improvement of the conditions of working people, and to the spread of principles of co-operation and education. His factory and schools at New Lanark, Scotland, became famous, and were visited by eminent reformers. He was also instrumental in securing the first Factory Act, protecting the rights of children. In 1825 he purchased New Harmony, Indiana, for the purpose of establishing a co-operative community. Owen's connection with this experiment was dissolved about 1828, although his sons remained on the property many years. The latter years of his life were entirely devoted to theoretical discussion, erratic journalism, and socialistic experimentation. He is considered the founder of the co-operative movement in England.

William Maclure (1763-1840), a wealthy merchant, geologist, and philanthropist, made an unsuccessful attempt (1819) to found an agricultural school at Alicaut, Spain, for the benefit of the poorer classes. In 1824 he went with Robert Owen to New Harmony and took charge of the educational department. The following year, however, together with a hundred and fifty followers, he withdrew to found Macluria. Later, they purchased the New Harmony establishment, and for a short time conducted a school of industry destined to early failure. In 1827, because of failing health, he went to Mexico, where he died (1840).—Ed.

[84] Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759-1800), an eminent French painter, engraver, and naturalist, published A Natural History of Apes, Lemurs, and Galeopitheci, with numerous plates (1800), and A History of Humming Birds, Fly Catchers, Jacamars and Promerap (1 vol., 1802). Audebert at his death left unfinished several works on birds, subsequently edited by Vieillot and Destray.—Ed.

[85] See Plate 8, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[86] See Plate 25, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[87] Cervus major, or Canadensis. I have retained the American name of elk for this animal, but it must not be confounded with the elendthier (Cervus alces), which is sometimes called elk, in Prussia. The name wapiti, given to it by the English, which is derived from one of the Indian languages, ought never to be used, because it is scarcely known to anybody, even in America.—Maximilian.

[88] Edward Pöppig (1798-1868) was educated as a naturalist at Leipzig. He travelled in Cuba and the United States (1822-24), and subsequently went to South America, returning to Germany in 1832. In 1845 he was elected professor of zoölogy at the University of Leipzig and died in 1868. He wrote Reise in Chila, Peru und auf dem Amazonenstromer (Leipzig, 1835-36), and Landschaftliche Ansichten und erläuterude Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der Erdbunde (Leipzig, 1838).

For Mrs. Trollope, see Wyeth's Oregon, in our volume xxi, p. 44, note 24; for Doctor Drake, see Flint's Letters, in our volume ix, p. 121, note 61.—Ed.

[89] For a brief sketch of Lesueur, see our volume xvi, p. 138, note 60.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) was a distinguished professor in the University of Göttingen. As a recognition of his ability, he was in 1812 elected secretary of the Royal Society of Sciences.—Ed.

[90] Mr. Lesueur sketched these from memory, having parted with the originals.—Maximilian.

Comment by Ed. See opposite page for illustration of Indian pipes.

[91] See the "Disseminator" for 1831. Say writes—"Some arrow-heads and knives made of flint were found in the same tumulus, which are perfectly like those often found on the surface. These arrow-heads are generally known, but the instrument which probably served as a knife, deserves more particular consideration. It is from an inch and a half to two inches and a quarter long, from three-tenths to seven-tenths broad, and has two edges; in shape it resembles the obsidian knives of the ancient Aztecks, or, perhaps, of the Tultecks, of which we found a great many near the Mexican city of Chalco, and of which there are engravings in one of the last numbers of 'Silliman's Journal.' We have compared several specimens of flint and obsidian knives, and found them as perfectly alike as if they had been made by the same artist, and as the difference of the material allows. If we cannot decide how far this fact may serve to confirm the hieroglyphic accounts of the emigration of the Aztecks and Tultecks from north to south, it seems, however, to strengthen the conjecture that the remote ancestors of the present Mexicans erected the tumuli and walls which are spread in such numbers over this country, and of the origin of which the present race of red men have no tradition." These obsidian knives are likewise represented in one of the early volumes of the French Academy, but Warden does not mention them in his "Antiquités Mexicaines." He puts the question, whether the people of the Ohio Valley may not have been a colony of the ancient inhabitants of Palenque? The old tumuli of Harmony appear, at least, to belong to a kindred race. On this obscure but highly interesting subject, see Alex. V. Humboldt, "Voy. au Nouv. Cont." t. iii. p. 155, &c.—Maximilian.

[92] This must have been a wandering band either of Sauk and Foxes (the latter of whom often were entitled "Musquake") or of Mascoutin. The Indian title to this region had been extinguished in 1804; see note 92, post. Possibly they were Potawatomi, several of whose chiefs bore names resembling these.

An account of the battle of Tippecanoe is given in Evans's Tour, in our volume viii, p. 286, note 131.—Ed.

[93] Some of the southern tribes of the North American Indians still use such wooden pipes. I have seen such belonging to the Cherokees, which were in the shape of a bear. The opening for the tobacco was on the back, and the tube fixed near the tail.—Maximilian.

[94] For the Kickapoo and Mascoutin (Masquiton) Indians, see Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 139, note 111; for the Potawatomi (Potanons), ibid., p. 115, note 84. The Piankeshaw and Miami are respectively noted in our volume i, p. 142, note 115; p. 27, note 24. The Wyandot (Viandots) were the Huron; see our volume i, p. 29, note 26.

Two treaties—the first with the Delawares, signed August 18, 1804; the second with the Piankeshaw, August 27, 1804—were concluded by William Henry Harrison at Vincennes. By these treaties all the southwestern portion of Indiana below the Vincennes tract already ceded, became the property of the United States. See W. H. Smith, History of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1897), pp. 230-233.—Ed.

[95] Bloomington, the seat of Monroe County, Indiana, was laid out by Benjamin Park, July 12, 1818.

By the two acts of March 26, 1804, and April 16, 1816, Congress granted two townships of land, subsequently located in Gibson and Monroe counties "for the use of a seminary of learning." The territorial legislature on November 9, 1806, established in the borough of Vincennes "an university to be known by the name and style of the Vincennes University." The attempt proved a failure, and the land was transferred to the Indiana Seminary created on January 20, 1820. The latter was, on January 24, 1828, raised to the dignity of Indiana College, and on February 15, 1838, to Indiana University.—Ed.

[96] The other taxes were at this time the following:—1. Poll-tax, thirty-seven and a half cents per head, per annum. 2. Land-tax, according to the quality of the land; in Illinois, one and a half cents per acre on land of the best quality. 3. Watch-tax, twenty-five cents on a silver watch, and half a dollar on a gold watch. 4. Horse-tax, thirty-five cents on every horse above three years old. Twenty-five cents on every pair of draught oxen. This was the case in Indiana; in Illinois, a tax of half a dollar, on the value of 100 dollars for every head of cattle above three years old. All grocers who sell sugar, coffee, and spirituous liquors, pay a tax in Indiana, as well as publicans. The landlord of the inn at which we lodged, paid a tax of ten dollars per annum. All these taxes are levied by the Government of the State, and are liable to be changed.—Maximilian.

[97] See p. 175, for illustration of neck-yoke and plow.—Ed.

[98] In the splendid work, "Genus Pinus," by my lamented friend, A. B. Lambert, Esq., Vice-President of the Linnean Society, lately deceased, there is a plate and an interesting account of this tree. Mr. Lambert states that "it was introduced into England by Lord Bagot, from seeds received from the celebrated naturalist, Mr. Correa de Serra, then ambassador of Portugal to the United States. Lord Bagot has two fine trees in his conservatory, and was so good as to give me plants of it, which are now growing in my conservatory at Boyton."—H. Evans Lloyd.

[99] Fox River, a bayou of the Big Wabash River, in the eastern portion of Philip Township, White County, Illinois, cuts off about six miles of territory, known as Fox Island.—Ed.

[100] See Bodmer's view of this junction, Plate 38, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[101] See Evans's Pedestrious Tour, in our volume viii, p. 192, note 45.—Ed.

[102] This Nymphæa had, in January, thrown out short pedunculi, near to its tuberculous root, at some depth below the water, from which thick, round, yellow flower-buds had sprouted. The arrow-shaped leaves were green, but, at this time, at a great depth under water.—Maximilian.

[103] The parroquet (or parrakeet), a diminution of the Spanish perico, meaning parrot, is the term applied to many small varieties of parrots, especially to the long-tailed East Indian and Australian species of the genus Palæorius. At the opening of the nineteenth century they were quite numerous in the southern portion of the United States; but they have now disappeared, save in the wilder portions of Indian Territory and Florida. See Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 161, note 108.—Ed.

[104] See Plate 38, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv.—Ed.

[105] The "Napoleon" (100 tons) was built at Pittsburg in 1831, and the "Conveyance" (90 tons) at Cincinnati in the same year.—Ed.

[106] For the Shawnee Indians and Shawneetown, see Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 138, note 108.

The reference is to Dr. Jedidiah Morse (1761-1826), Report to Secretary of War on Indian Affairs (New Haven, 1822), the result of a tour among the Western tribes in 1820.—Ed.

[107] Saline Creek (or River), formed by the union of the North and South Forks in Gallatin County, Illinois, flows southeast and enters the Ohio River about ten miles below Shawneetown. For a short statement on salt deposits, see James's Long's Expedition, in our volume xiv, p. 58, note 11.—Ed.

[108] The "Paragon" (90 tons) was constructed at Cincinnati in 1829.—Ed.

[109] Battery Rock is twelve miles below Shawneetown.—Ed.

[110] See Plate 7, in the accompanying atlas, our volume xxv. See also Cuming's Tour, in our volume iv, p. 273, note 180.—Ed.

[111] For Golconda consult Woods's English Prairie, in our volume x, p. 327, note 77. Sister's Island, a narrow strip a mile in length, lies twenty miles below Elizabethtown, Illinois. Smithland is the county seat of Livingston County, Kentucky, immediately below the mouth of the Cumberland.—Ed.

[112] Paducah, the seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, and forty-eight miles above Cairo, was laid out in 1827 and named from a well-known Indian chief. It is a large shipping place and in 1900 had a population of 12,797. It is the seat of Paducah University.

The book here referred to is Samuel Cumings' Western Pilot, containing Charts of the Ohio River and of the Mississippi from the Mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico, accompanied with Directions for navigating the same, and a Gazetteer or Description of Towns on their Banks, Tributary Streams, etc., also a variety of Matter interesting to Travelers and all concerned in the Navigation of these Rivers (Cincinnati, 1828, 1829, 1834).

For a brief sketch of Fort Massac, see A. Michaux's Travels, in our volume iii, p. 73, note 139.—Ed.

[113] Several fruitless attempts were made to establish a city at the confluence of the two rivers. Trinity, long time a rival of Cairo, was first settled in 1817 at Cache River. Shortly afterwards Shadrach Bond, John Comyges, and others entered a land claim for eighteen hundred acres between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and incorporated it as the City and Bank of Cairo. At Comyges's death, however, the claim was allowed to lapse. In the same year William Bird occupied three hundred and sixty acres at the extreme point of the peninsula, and named his proposed city Bird's Point. A few houses were built; but during the War of Secession were removed to the Missouri side. In 1828 John and Thompson Bird built the first houses on the present site of Cairo. Here boats were long accustomed to stop for supplies. In 1835, Sidney Breeze, Baker Gilbert, and others re-entered the forfeited land of the City and Bank of Cairo, and two years later obtained its incorporation as Cairo City and Canal Company. Speculation followed; the company purchased at a high price ten thousand acres, comprising all the territory between the Ohio, Mississippi, and Cache rivers, including Bird's Point. Plans for extensive improvements were made. D. B. Holbrook, one of the leading promoters, sold in Europe two million dollars in bonds. Sharp reverses followed and Cairo was not incorporated as a city until 1858.—Ed.