Frontispiece-2 vol. II

COMPOUND MARINE ENGINE.

Modern
Machine-Shop Practice

BY

JOSHUA ROSE, M.E.

ILLUSTRATED WITH MORE THAN 3000 ENGRAVINGS

VOLUME II.

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
1888

Copyright, 1887, 1888 by
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS

Press of J. J. Little & Co.
Astor Place, New York.

Table of
contents
for
Volume I.

CONTENTS.

Volume II.

        PAGE
CHAPTER XXII.
MILLING MACHINERY AND MILLING TOOLS.
 
The Milling Machine; Advantages possessed by 1
  The hand milling machine 1
  Power milling machine 2
  Universal milling machines 2, 3
  The Brown and Sharpe Universal Milling Machine, general view of 4
  The construction of the bearings and of the head 5
  Sectional view of head 6
  The dividing mechanism 6
  The index plate 7
  Table of index holes for gear cutting 7
  The automatic feed motion 8, 9
  Special index plate for gear cutting 9
  The Brainard Milling Machine 9
  The various attachments of 10
  The rotary vise 10
  Universal head and back centre 10
  Universal head for gear cutting 11
  The head for cutting spirals 12
  The cam cutting attachment 12
  The Lipe Universal Milling Machine 12
  Sectional view of the Lipe machine 13
  The feed motions of the Lipe machine 13
  The index head of the Lipe machine 14
  The adjustable centre rest 14
  The Universal Milling Machine for heavy work 15
  Construction of the driving gear and feed motion 15
  Pratt and Whitney’s double spindle milling machine 16
Milling Cutters or Mills 16 to 24
  Cutters with spiral teeth 17
  Table of sizes of Brown and Sharpe standard cutters 17
  Table of standard sizes of Brainard cutters 17
  Face cutters 17
  Twin cutters and right and left hand cutters 18
  Advantages and disadvantages of face cutters 18
  Angular cutters 19
  Right and left angular cutters 19
  The Brown and Sharpe patent cutters 19
  Shank cutters 19
  The direction of the feed for shank cutters 20
  Applications of shank cutters 21
  Sizes of shank cutters 21
  Fly cutters 21
  Different methods of making fly cutters, and the advantages and defects of each method 21
  Circular cutters, and holders for fly cutters 22
  Matched cutters; methods of matching cutters 23
  Gang or composite cutters; cutters with inserted teeth 24
Cutter Arbors 25
Milling 25 to 30
  Comparison of the advantages of end milling, face milling, and twin milling 25
  The length of feed in face milling 26
  Cutting grooves in cylindrical work 27
  Angular cutters for groove cutting 27
  The crowding of grooving cutters and how to avoid it 27
  The direction of the feed in cutting spiral grooves 27
  Setting angular grooving cutters 28
  Cutting right and left hand grooves and determining the direction of the feed for the same 29
  Fluting twist drills 29
  Finding the angle of the cutter in cutting spiral grooves 29
  Producing different shaped grooves with the same cutter 29, 30
  Holding work on the milling machine; milling taper work 30
Chucks for Milling Machines 31
Vertical Milling Machine 31
Profiling Machine 31, 32
Grinding Machine, for milling cutters 32 to 37
  Fixture for grinding parallel cutters 32
  Errors in grinding milling cutters 32
  Grinding thin cutters 33
  Grinding taper cutters 33
  Fixture for grinding taper work 33
  Fixture for taper cutters and for face cutters 34
  The position of the emery wheel and clearance on the cutter 35
  Grinding the teeth of spiral cutters 36
  Positions of emery wheels in cutter grinding as affecting the strength of the cutting edges 36, 37
 
CHAPTER XXIII.
EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINERY.
 
Grinding Operations; Classification of 38
  The qualifications of emery wheels 38
  Cements used in the manufacture of emery wheels 38
  Grades of coarseness and fineness of emery wheels 38
  Grades of wheels and the work they are suitable for 39
  Speeds of emery wheels 39
  Balancing emery wheels 39
Emery Grinding Machines 40
  The Sellers drill grinding machine 41
  The construction of the drill holding chuck 41
  Varying the drill position to suit the diameter of the drill, and thus maintain equal conditions for all diameters of drills 41
  Errors of construction in ordinary drill grinding machines 41
  The construction whereby the Sellers machine maintains an equal degree of clearance from end to end of the cutting edge upon all sizes of drills 41, 42,
43, 44
  The Sellers attachment for thinning the points of large twist drills 44
  The front rake of twist drills 44
  Emery grinder for true surfaces 45
  For engine guide bars 45
  For car axle boxes 45
  Emery grinder with traversing emery wheel 46
  For rough work 46
  For planing machine knives or cutters 46
  Emery wheel swing frame for dressing large castings, &c. 46
  Emery belt grinding machine 47
  Presenting emery wheels to the work, or the work to the wheels 47
  Annular emery wheels 48
  Recessed emery wheel 48
  The wear of emery wheels 48
Polishing Wheels 49 to 51
  The construction of 49
  Lapping the leather on 49
  Method of keeping them true 50
  Charging with emery 50
  The speed of 50
  Polishing materials for 50
  Brush wheels for polishing 50
  Speed of brush wheels 50
  Polishing materials for brush wheels for brass work 50
  Solid leather wheels 51
  Rag polishing wheels 51
  Polishing materials for rag wheels 51
  Polishing device for engravers’ steel plates 51
Grindstones and Tool Grinding 51
  The various kinds of 51
  Suitable for wood working tools 52
  Suitable for saws or iron plates 52
  The speeds of 52
  The changes of pulley diameter necessary as the diameter of the stone decreases in order to maintain a nearly uniform circumferential speed of grindstone 52
  Arrangement of, for saw plates 52
  Hacking 53
  Device for truing 53
  Automatic traversing device for 53
  Considerations that determine the position in which the work should be applied to 53
Oil-stones, the various kinds of 54
  Truing oil-stones 54
  Removing the feather edge left by 54
  Oil-stoning edge tools 54
 
CHAPTER XXIV.
GEAR CUTTING MACHINES.
 
Gear Cutters—The Brainard Automatic 55
  Plan view of the mechanism 55
  Method of operating the cutter slide 55
  The arrangement of the positive feed shipping motion 55
  Arrangement and construction of the dividing mechanism 55
  The Brainard half automatic gear cutting machine 56
  Gear cutting engine with vertical cutter spindle 56
  Gear planing machine 56
  Piat’s French gear cutting machine 56 to 61
 
CHAPTER XXV.
VISE WORK.
 
Definition of Vise Work 62
The Vise 62
  The height of vise jaws 62
  The wood-worker’s vise 62
  The Stephens vise 62
  Swivelling vises 62
  The Prentiss vise 62
  Leg vise with parallel motion 63
  Various forms of vise clamps 64
Hammers 64
  The effects of the speed of a hammer blow 65
  Experiments by Robert Sabine on the duration of a blow 65
  Machinists’ hand hammers 66
  Shapes of hammer eyes 66
  The proper method of putting handles in 67
  Paning of pening hammers 68
  The plate straightener’s and saw maker’s hammers 69
  The principles involved in straightening plates 69
  The dog-head hammer 69
  The effects of hammer blows upon plates 69
  Saw straightening and saw hammering 70, 71
  Machinist’s sledge hammer 71
  The file cutter’s hammers 71
  Riveter’s hammer 71
  The cooper’s hammer 71
  The mallet 72
  Pening or paning 72
  Applications of pening to straighten work or refit it 72
  Riveting crank pins 73
Chisels 73
  Forms of bar steel for chisels 73
  The widths and thicknesses of the cutting ends of 74
  Angles of the cutting edges of 74
  Shapes of the cutting edges of 74
  Chisel holders 74
  Cape or cross-cut 74
  Round nosed 75
  The cow-mouthed 75
  Curved or oil groove 76
  The diamond point chisel 76
  Applications of machinists’ chisels 76
  The carpenter’s chisel 77
  The angle of presentation of chisels 77
Plane Blades 77
  The form of, necessary to produce a given shape of moulding 77
  Finding the shape of knives, plane blades, or cutters necessary to produce given shapes upon the work 78 to 83
  Scale for marking out the necessary shapes of moulding knives 83
  Instruments for 84
Files 85
  Shapes of file teeth 85
  The cut of files 85
  Sizes and kinds of flat files 86
  Groubet files 87
  Rasps, the kinds and cut of 88
  The names of files 88, 89
  Round, half-round, and three-square files 90
  Knife files, cross files, reaper files, tumbler files 91
  The selection of files 91
  Putting handles on files 92
  Instruction on holding files 92
  Slim files 92
  The warping of files 93
  Using bent files 93
  Cross filing 93
  Draw filing 94
  Cleaning files 94
  Filing out round corners 95
  Using round files 95
  Files for soft metals 95
  Resharpening files 95
  The Sand Blast process 96
Red Marking for vise work 96
Hack Saw 97
Screw Drivers and their proper shape 97
Scrapers for true surfaces 97
  Angles for the facets of scrapers 97
  Various forms of scrapers 97
Reamers 98
  The spacing of reamer teeth 98
  Odd and even numbers of reamer teeth 98
  Adjustable reamers 98
  Taper reamers 99
  Reamers for framing 99
  Half-round reamers 99
  Square reamers 99
 
CHAPTER XXVI.
VISE WORK (Continued).
 
Examples in Vise Work 100 to 113
  The use of chisels 100
  File cutting 100
  Cutting key seats 101
  Sinking feathers in shafts 101
  Methods of securing feathers 102
  Filing up a double eye or knuckle joint 103
  Filing pins 103
  Blocks for filing pins 104
  Hand vise 104
  Filing bolt heads and nuts 104, 105
  Making outside calipers 105, 106
  Fitting keys 107
  Cutting keyways by hand 108
  Cutting out keyways by drifts 109
  Forms of drifts 109
  Methods of using drifts 109
  Templates 110
  Making male and female templates 110 to 112
 
CHAPTER XXVII.
VISE WORK (Continued).
 
Examples in Vise Work 113 to 127
  The various form of connecting rods 113
  Solid ended connecting rods 113
  Clip ended connecting rod 114
  Strap ended connecting rod 115
  Double gibbed connecting rod 115
  Locomotive connecting rod 115
  Bolted connecting rod straps 115
  Marine engine connecting rod 116
  Tapered connecting rod ends and their advantages 117
  Stepped connecting rod straps and their advantages 117
  Fitting up connecting rods 117, 119
  Welding up stub ends of connecting rods 118
  Aligning welded connecting rods 118
  Fitting on connecting rod straps 119
  Filing out connecting rod keyways 119
  Fitting the keys and gibs 119
  Fitting connecting rod brasses to their straps 120, 122
  The joint faces of connecting rod straps 121
  Disadvantages of joints left open to take up the wear 121
  Obviating this disadvantage 121
  Marking the lengths of connecting rods 122
  Fitting up a fork end connecting rod 122
  Aligning fork end connecting rods 123
  Repairing connecting rods 124
  Setting connecting rod brasses together 125
  Lining up connecting rod brasses 126
  Adjusting the lengths of connecting rods 126
  Setting up the keys of connecting rods 126
  Shapes of the crowns of brasses 127
  Fitting up a link motion 127
  Templates for filing the link slot 127
Case-hardening 128 to 133
  Sheehan’s case-hardening process 128
  Preparing work for 129
  Setting work after 129
  Fitting brasses to pillow blocks or axle-boxes 130
  Bedding brasses 132
  The proper shape for the patterns of brasses 132
Originating a True Plane 133
  Finding which of three surfaces is the nearest to a true plane 133
  Methods of testing the surfaces 134
  A new process of originating surface plates 134
  The deflection of surface plates 134
The Friction of Plane Surfaces 135
Oiling True Surfaces 135
 
CHAPTER XXVIII.
ERECTING.
 
Spirit-level 136
Plumb-level 136
Joints 136 to 141
  Filing or making joints 137
  Ground joints 137
  Scraped joints 137
  Cylinder covered joints 137
  Making a scraped joint with the studs in their places 138
  Joints for rough surfaces 138
  Gauze wire joints 138
  Water joints 138
  Joints to withstand great heat 138
  Rubber joints 139
  Boiler fitting joints 139
  Easily removable joints 140
  Rust or caulked joints; caulking tools 141
  Thimble joints 141
  Expansion joint 141
Pipes, Cocks and Plugs 141 to 145
  Pipe cutters 141
  Pipe vises 141
  Pipe tongs 143
  Erecting pipe work 144
  Refitting leaky cocks and plugs 144
  Grinding cocks and-plugs 145
Boxes and Brasses 145 to 149
  Fitting brasses to their journals 145
  Various forms of bearings and brasses or boxes 147
  Locomotive axle boxes 148
  Lead lined brasses 148
  Open brasses 149
Lubrication 149 to 154
  Examples of oil cavities and oil grooves for brasses 150
  Qualities of lubricants 151
  Testing lubricants 151
  Best method of using thin oils 152
  The influence of the atmosphere on oils 153
  Longevity of lubricants 153
  Testing oils for salts and acids 153
  Swiss watchmakers’ oil tests 153
  The blotting paper oil test 154
Friction and Wear 154
  Morin’s experiments on 154
  Order of the value of metals to resist wear 154
  White metal or babbitt metal lined boxes 155
  Methods of babbitting boxes 156
  The pressure on journals 156
Cranks 156
  Placing at right angles 156, 157
Engine Cylinders 158 to 161
  Fitting 158
  Setting 159
  Reboring cylinders in their places 160
  Scraping out cylinder ends 161
 
CHAPTER XXIX.
ERECTING ENGINES AND MACHINERY.
 
Engine Guide Bars 162
  Setting 162
  The spring of 162
  Testing 163
  Setting by stretched lines 163
Heating and Knocking of Engines 164
  The ordinary causes of 164, 166
Aligning New Engines 166 to 171
  Classification of the errors in engine alignment 166
  Testing the alignment of the crank 167
  Showing separately the causes of beating and pounding 168
  Methods of discovery and determining the errors of alignment 169
  Errors of alignment in crank pins 170
  Methods of discovering errors of crank pin alignment 170
  Remedying errors of crank pin alignment 171, 172
Slide Valves 173 to 175
  Finding the dead centre of the crank 173
  Taking up the lost motion when setting the valve 174
  Measuring the valve lead 174
  Finding the dead centre with a spirit level 174
Setting Eccentrics on crank shafts 175
  Setting double eccentrics by lines 175
Erecting the Framework of machinery 176, 177
Repairing and Patching broken frames 178
Erecting an Iron Planer 179
  Foundations for an iron planer 180
  Fitting up and erecting a lathe 181
Testing Lathes 181
  Instruments for testing lathes 182
  Testing lathe carriages 183
Erecting Line Shafting 184 to 186
 
CHAPTER XXX.
LINE SHAFTING.
 
Line Shafting 187 to 190
  Sizes of 187
  Cold rolled shafting 187
  Distance between bearings of line shafting 187
  Tests of hot rolled and cold rolled shafting 188
  Collars for shafting 189
  Diameters of line shafting 189
  The strength of line shafting 190
  Speeds for shafting 190
Counter Shafts 191
Friction Clutches 192
Shafting Hangers 193
  Various forms of 193
  Open-sided 193
  Wall hangers 194
Pillow Blocks for shafting 194
Couplings 194 to 199
  For line shafts 194
  With split sleeves 195
  Errors in 196
  Self-adjusting 196
  Plate 196
  Clamp 197, 198
  For light shafting 199
  Universal 199
 
CHAPTER XXXI.
PULLEYS.
 
Classification 200, 201
  Wood pulleys 200
  Solid and split pulleys 200
  Expansion pulleys 200
  Self-oiling pulleys 200
  Crowned pulleys 201
Fastening pulleys to their shafts 201
Balancing pulleys 202
The Transmitting Power of pulleys 204
  Size of pulleys for countershafts 205
Calculating the Speeds of pulleys 206
 
CHAPTER XXXII.
LEATHER BELTING.
 
Hides 207, 208
  The parts of a hide used for belting 207
  The thickness and stretch of the parts of a hide 207
  Experiments on the strength of the parts of a hide 208
Single and double belts 208
Grain Side of Leather 208
  Weakness of the 208
  Why the grain side should go next to a pulley 208
Belts 209 to 217
  The length of 209
  Belt clamp 210
  The sag of belts 210
  Belt connection at an angle 211
  Guide pulleys for belts 211
  The tension and creep of belts 212
  Methods of joining the ends of belts 213
  Forms of belt lacings 214
  Covers for belt lacings 215
  Lap joints for belts 215
  Joining thin belts 215
  Bevelled joints for belts 215
  Pegged belts 215
  Belt hooks and belt screws 216
  Angular or V-belts 217
  The line of motion of belts 217
  Changing or shipping belts 217
  Automatic belt replacer 218
  Pull of a belt 218
  The Sellers experiments on transmission of power 218 to 225
  Belt 51⁄2′′ wide by 7⁄32′′ thick 219
  Belt 21⁄4′′ wide by 5⁄16′′ thick 219
  Rawhide belt 4′′ by 9⁄32′′ 220
  Double oak tanned belt 4′′ by 5⁄16′′ 220, 221
  Oak tanned belt 2′′ by 3⁄16′′ 222
  Coefficient of friction and velocity of slip 222
  Torsional moment 223
  Increase of tensions 224
 
CHAPTER XXXIII.
FORGING.
 
Testing Iron by bending it 226
  Testing machines 227, 228
Tools for Blacksmiths 228 to 232
  Forges 228, 229
  Chisels, &c. 230
  Anvils 230
  Swages 230, 231
  Spring swages 231
  Swage blocks 232
Swaging 232, 233
Examples in Welding 233, 235
  Iron 233, 234
  Steel to iron 234
  Best method of 234, 237
Examples in Forging 238 to 252
  Device for bolt forging 238
  Forging turn buckles 239
  Methods of bending iron 240
  Device for bending iron 240, 241
  Forging steel forks 241
  Forging under the hammer 242, 243
  Forging rope sockets 243, 244
  Forging wrought iron wheels for locomotives 244, 245
  Forging rudder frames 245, 246
  Welding scrap iron for large shafts 247
  Construction of furnace for heating scrap 247
  Forging crank shafts 248, 249
  Forging large crank shafts 249, 252
  Forging machines 252 to 263
  Foot-power hammer or Oliver 252, 253
  Standish’s foot-power hammer 252, 253
  Power hammers and steam hammers 252, 253
  Bradley’s cushioned hammer 252, 253
  Corr’s power hammer 254, 255
  Kingsley’s trip hammer 255
  The drop hammer 255, 256
  Steam hammers 257, 258
  Double frame steam hammer 258
  Double frame steam drop hammer 258
  Double frame steam drop hammer for locomotive and car axles and truck bars 259
  The Edgemore Iron Works’ hydraulic forging press 260
  Dies for forging eye bars 260
  Nail forging machine 260
  Rolls for forming knife blades 261
  Machine for forging threads on rods 261, 262
  Finishing machine for horseshoes 262, 263
  Circular saw for cutting hot iron 263
 
CHAPTER XXXIV.
WOOD WORKING.
 
Pattern Making 264, 267
  Choice and preservation of wood for 264
Bending Timber 265, 266
  The bending block 265, 266
  Steaming wood for bending 266, 267
Wood Working Tools 267 to 274
  Planes for pattern making 267
  Compass planes 268
  Stanley’s iron frame block plane 269
  Stanley’s bull-nose rabbet plane 269
  Bailey’s patent adjustable planes 269
  The combination plane 269, 270
  The beading bit 270, 271
  Tool for cutting material into parallel slips 271
  The chisel and chisel handles 271
  Firmer and paring chisels and gouges 272
  Rip saws 272, 273
  Cross cut saw 273
  Common gauges for marking off work 274
  Mortise gauge 274
  Cutting gauge 274
Wood Joints 274, 275
  Mortise joint 274
  Tenon joint 274
  Dovetail joint 275
  Mitre joint 275
  Half check joint 275
Examples of Pattern Making 275 to 285
  Patterns for piston gland 275
  Construction of piston gland pattern 276, 277
  Rapping small cast gears 277
  Casting pillow block 277
  Pattern for pillow block 277
  Pulley pattern 278, 279
  Building up segments for patterns 278, 279
  Getting out arms for pulleys 280
  Making pipe patterns 280, 281
  Globe valve pattern 281, 282
  Angle valve pattern 283, 284
  Branch pipes 284 to 286
 
CHAPTER XXXV.
WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.
 
Classification 287
Circular Saws 287 to 305
  Gauges for circular saws 287
  Table of diameters 287
  Thickness 287
  Size of mandrel hole 287
  Shingle saw 287, 288
  Concave saw 287, 288
  Stretching of circular saws by heat 288
  The tension of circular saws 288
  Causes of alteration of tension and method of discovering the same 288
  Truth of circular saws 288
  Various effects of circular saws heating 288
  Truing circular saws 288
  Sharpening the teeth of circular saws 289, 290
  The gumming, gulleting or chamfering machine 290
  Inserted teeth of saws 290
  Chisel teeth saws 290, 291
  Inserting teeth in circular saws 290, 291
  Swing frame saws 290, 292
  Fence for swing frame saws 293
  Examples of work done on swing frame machine 293
  Swing machine with fixed table 294
  Double saw machine 294, 295
  Gauges for sawing machine 294
  Method of employing the mitre gauge 294
  Cropping and gauging gauge 296
  Bevel or mitre sawing machines 296, 298
  Roll feed circular saw machine 298, 300
  Segmental circular saws 300
  Fastening saw segments to their disks 301
  Gang edging machines 301
  Rack feed saw bench 301
  Construction of the feed motion 301 to 304
  Fibrous packing for circular saw 305
Tubular Saw Machine 305
Cross Cutting or Gaining Machine 305, 306
Scroll Sawing Machine 306
  Construction of various scroll sawing machines 306, 307
Band Sawing Machine 308 to 312
  Various kinds of teeth for band saws 308, 309
  Pitch of teeth for band saws 309
  The adjustment of the saws of band saw machines 309, 310
  Filing the teeth of band saw machines 309
  Re-sawing band saw machine 309, 310
  To regulate the tension of band saws 310, 311
  Construction of band saw guides 311
  Various band saw machines 311, 312
Reciprocating Cross Cutting Saw 312
  Construction of 312
Horizontal Saw Frame Machine 312 to 315
  Construction of the saw driving mechanism 314
  Construction of the feed motion 315
  Construction of the saw 315
Planing Machines 315 to 341
  Buzz planer 315
  Construction of the work table 316
  Construction of the cutter head 316
  Skew knives 316
  Roll feed wood planing machine 317
  The construction of the feed rolls 317
  Adjustment of the feed rolls 317
  Construction of the pressure bars 317
  Adjustment of the roll pressure 318
  Adjustment of the work table 318
  The roll driving mechanism 319
  The cutter head 320
  Three feed roll wood planing machine 322, 323
  Pony planer 323
  Construction of the feed mechanism 324
  Balancing cutter heads and knives 324, 326
  Farrar planing machine 326, 327
  Planing and matching machine 328
  Construction of the feed rolls 329
  Construction of the upper cylinder 329
  Construction of the lower cylinder 329
  Construction of a matcher hanger 329
  The timber planer 330, 331
  Construction of parts of the timber planer 331
  How the timber planer operates 331, 332
  Panel planing and trying up machine 332, 334
  Moulding machine 334
  Double head panel raiser and double sticker 335, 336
  Moulding cutters 336, 337
  Cutter heads and circular cutters 337
  The Shimer head 337
  Head for producing match board grooves 337, 338
  Jointing machine 338
  Knives of jointing machine 338
  Speed of cutter head or disc 338
  Stroke jointers 338, 339
  Machine for cutting mitre joints 339
  Moulding or friezing machines 339
  Important points of friezing machines 339
  Construction of moulding and friezing machines 340, 341
  Shape of cutters for moulding and friezing machine 341
  Rotary cutters for all kinds of work, and for edge moulding and friezing machine 341 to 343
Boring Machines 342
  Fences for 342
  Augers or bits for 342
  Boring machines for heavy work 343
Mortising Machines 344
  Tools used in mortising machines 344
  Motion of chisel bar and auger 344
  Construction of bed 344
  Adjustment of carriage 344
Tenoning Machines 344, 345
  Construction of revolving heads 344, 345
  Tenoning machine for heavy work 346
Sand-papering Machines 346, 349
  Construction of sand-papering machines 347, 348
  Movements of sand-papering machine 347
  Cylinder sand-papering machines 348
  Self-feeding sand-papering machine 348
  Sizes of machines 348
  Construction of feed rolls 348
  Finishing and roughing cylinders 348
  Brush attachment 348
  Double wheel sanding machines 348, 349
 
CHAPTER XXXVI.
STEAM BOILERS.
 
Strength of Boiler Shells 350
Strength of Boiler Plate 351
  Explanation of pressure in steam boilers 351
Boiler Joints or Seams 351 to 357
  Forms of rivet joints 351
  Single riveted lap joint 351
  Double riveted lap joint 352
  Single riveted butt joint with straps 352
  Double riveted butt joint with straps zigzag riveted 352
  Triple riveted lap joint zigzag riveted 352
  Lap joint with covering plate 352
  Double riveted lap joint chain riveted 353
  Double riveted butt joints with double straps 353
  Treble riveted butt joint with double straps 353, 354
  Rules for spacing the rivets in boiler seams 353
  Rule for finding diagonal pitch of riveted joints 353
  High percentage joint 353
  Rivets unevenly pitched 354
  Rule for calculating the percentage strength of joint with unevenly pitched rivets 354
  Strength of circumferential seams of stationary engine boilers 354, 355
  Table of additions to be made to the factor of safety for various constructions of riveted joints 355
  Table of diameter of rivets for single riveted lap joints 356
  Rule for making rivet and plate area equal 336
  Table of rivet diameter and pitch for single riveted lap joints 356
  Rule for finding the pitch for double, diagonal riveted lap joints 356
  Example in the use of rule for diagonal pitch of rivets 356
  Rule for finding distance V where the diagonal pitch has been found 357
  Comparing chain with zigzag riveted joints 357
Interior of Boilers 358 to 364
  The internally fired flue boiler 358, 359
  Boiler with Field tubes 350
  Vertical water tube boiler 360
  Construction of field tubes 360
  Arrangement of field tubes 360
  Vertical boilers with external uptakes 361
  Horizontal return tubular boiler 361, 362
  Construction of horizontal return tubular boiler 362, 363
  Various arrangements of tubes in boilers 364
Setting Boilers 364, 366
  Ground plan of brickwork 365
  Setting full arch front boilers 365
  Table of measurements for setting tubular stationary boilers with full arch front 366
  Table of measurements for setting stationary boilers with half arch front 366
The Evaporative Efficiencies of Boilers 366 to 368
  Table of the pressure, temperature and volume of steam 367
  Calculating the evaporation of a boiler 368
Care and Management of Boilers 368 to 371
  Examining safety valves 368
  Water gauge glass 368
  Gauge cocks 368
  Lighting boiler fires 368
  The thickness of the fire for boilers 368
  Managing the fire 368
  Shaking grate bars 369
  The slice bar 369
  The hoe 369
  The poker 369
  The clinker hook 369
  The rake 369
  The quantity of water in a boiler 369
  Leaving the fire for the night 369
  Leaving the safety valve for the night 369
  Regulating the boiler feed 369
  Dirty feed water 370
  Defective feed pumps 370
  Scale in boilers 370
  Preventing the formation of scale 370
  Feed water heaters 370
  Low water in boilers 370
  Priming or foaming 370
  The known causes of priming 370
  Wastefulness of priming 370
  The detection of priming 370
  To prevent or stop priming 370
  Surface blow off cock or mechanical boiler cleaner 370
  Blowing off a boiler 370
  Blowing down a boiler 370
  Washing out a boiler 371
  Cleaning a boiler 371
  Scaling a boiler 371
  Examining a boiler 371
 
CHAPTER XXXVII.
STEAM ENGINES.
 
Engine Cylinders 372 to 374
  The bores of 372
  Sizes of 372
  Wear of 372
  Counterbore of 372
  Clearance in 372
  Lubrication of 373
  The cocks of 373
  Relief valves of 373
  The steam ports of 373
  Lagging 374
  Jacketed cylinders 374
Engine Pistons 374
  The speeds of 374
  With releasing gears 374
  With positive valve gears 374
  The rings of 374
  The follower 374
  Testing the rings of 374
Engine Piston Rods 375
  Methods of securing 375
  Packing 375
  Glands for 375
Engine Cross Heads 375
Engine Guide Bars 375
Engine Connecting Rods 375
  Connecting rod keys 375
  Angularity of 375
  The lengths of 375
Valves 376 to 378
  The D-valve 376
  The point of cut off 376
  Period of expansion of the steam 376
  Point of release of the steam 376
  Point of compression of the steam 376
  Lead of 376
  Point of admission of the steam 376
  The lip 376
  Exhaust lap 376
  Steam lap 376
  Tracing the action of 376
  Double ported valves 377
  The Allen valve 377
  Webb’s patent valve 377
  Balanced valves 377
  Circular valves 377
  Piston valves 378
  Separate cut off valves 378
  Meyer’s cut off valves 378
  Gonzenback’s cut off valve 378
Eccentrics 378
  Shifting eccentrics 378
  The action of 378
  The angular advance of 378
Designing Slide Valves 380
Valve Motions 381
  Diagram for designing 381
Link Motion 383
  In full gear forward 383
  In full gear backward 383
  The action of 383
  Setting the valves 383
Governors 384
  Fly ball or throttling 384
  Isochronal 384
  Dancing 384
  Speed of 384
  Spring adjustment of 384
  Sawyer’s valve for 384
  Speeder for 384
Starting a Slide Valve Engine 384
  Crank position in 384
Examination of an Engine 385, 387
  Adjusting connecting rod brasses 385
  Adjusting main bearing 386
  Taking a lead 386
  Squaring a valve 386
  Heating, to avoid 386
  Setting a valve 386
  Leaky throttle valves 386
  Freezing an engine, prevention of 386, 387
Pumps 387, 388
  Lift and force 387
  Plunger 387
  Rotary 387
  Single-acting 387
  Double-acting 387
  Displacement of 387
  Principles of action of 387, 388
  Speed of 388
  Capacity of 388
  Air chamber of 388
  Belt 388
 
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE LOCOMOTIVE.
 
Modern Freight Locomotive 389, 390
  General construction 389
  Course of steam from boiler to smoke stack 389
  Boiler feed 389
  Position of parts for starting 389
  Steam supply to injectors 389
  Oil supply to slide valve and cylinder 389
  Control of safety valve 389
  Pop valve 389
  Automatic air brake 390
  Draught of fire 390
  Sand valves 390
American Passenger Locomotive 390 to 393
  General construction 390
  Steam reversing gear 390, 391
  Link motion in full gear forward 391
  In mid gear 392
  In full gear backward 392
  Reversing gear 392
  Changing gear of link motion 393
  Running forward 393
  Running backward 393
Special Operations 394
  Setting the slide valves 394
  Getting the length of eccentric rods 394
  Setting the lead 394
  Backward eccentric 394
  Marking sector notches 394
  Setting Allen valves 395
Special Parts 395 to 400
  The injector 395 to 397
  Westinghouse automatic air brake 398 to 400
Locomotive Running 400 to 404
  General discussion 400
  Getting the engine ready 400
  Laying the fire 400
  Banking the fire 401
  Starting up a banked fire 401
  Examining the engine 401
  Oiling the engine 401
  Starting the engine 401
  Saving fuel 402
  Methods of firing 402
  Examples of trips 402
Accidents on the Road 402
  Knocking out cylinder heads 402
  Heating of piston rods 403
  Throwing off a wheel tire 403
  Throwing off a driving wheel 403
  Breaking a spring 403
  Bursted tubes 403
  Slipping eccentrics 403
  Hot axle boxes 403
  Breaking a lifting link 403
  Breaking the saddle pin 403
  Adjusting the wedges of the axle boxes 404
 
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE MECHANICAL POWERS.
 
Power 405
Lever 405
  The principles of 405
  Wheels and pulleys considered as levers 405, 406
  Power transmitted by gear wheels and pulleys combined 407
Horse Power 407
  Calculating the horse power of an engine 407
  Testing the horse power of an engine 408
Safety Valve Calculations 409
Heat 410
  Latent heat 410
Water 410
Steam 410
  Saturated 410
  Superheated 410
  Expansion of 411
  Absolute pressure of 411
  Weight of 411
  Volume and pressure of 411
Heat 411
  Conversion of heat into work 411
  Joule’s equivalent 411
  Mechanical equivalent of heat 411
  Mariotte’s law 411
  Radiation of heat 412
  Conduction of heat 412
  Convection of heat 412
 
CHAPTER XL.
THE INDICATOR.
 
Computations from Indicator Diagrams 413
Indicators 413
  Description of 413
  Thompson indicator 413
  Tabor indicator 413
  Diagrams 414
  Admission of steam to indicator 414
  Expansion line or curve 414
  Exhaust line 414
  Back pressure line 414
  Atmospheric line 414
  Theoretical diagram 414
  Compression line or curve 415
  Condensing engine diagram 415
  Vacuum line of indicator diagram 415
  (Barometer, construction of) 415
  (Barometer, graduation of) 416
  Indicator springs 416
  Tables of springs for indicators 416
  Attachment of indicators to an engine 416, 417
  Pantagraph motions 417
  Expansion curve, testing of 417, 418
  Theoretical expansion curve 417, 418
  Calculations from diagrams 418 to 421
  Horse power 418, 419
  Area 419
  Rule for calculating horse power 419
  Mean effective pressure 420
  Steam used in engines 420
  Water consumption 420, 421
  Defective diagrams of engines 421
  Excessive lead of engines 421
  Theoretical compression curve of engines 422
 
CHAPTER XLI.
AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINES.
 
Definition 423
Corliss Automatic Cut-off Engine 423, 424
  Valve gear of 424, 425
  Governor of 425, 426
  Admission of steam into 426
  Lap of valve of 426, 427
High Speed Automatic Engines 427, 428
  Speed of 427
  Wheel governors for 427, 428
Straight Line Automatic Engine 428, 429
  Important details of 429, 430
Steam Fire Engine 430, 431
  Boilers of 430, 433
  Pumps 431, 432
  Heaters for 432, 433
 
CHAPTER XLII.
MARINE ENGINES.
 
Various Kinds of Marine Engines 434 to 451
  High pressure engines 434
  Compound condensing engines 434, 435
  Triple expansion engines 436
  Donkey engines 442
  Trunk engines 446
  Oscillating engines 446
  Geared engine 446
  Compound engine of the steamship Poplar 447, 450, 451
Arrangement of Marine Engine Pumps 436
Boilers of Marine Engines, Arrangement of 436, 437
Various Parts of Marine Engines, etc. 438 to 449
  Valve for intermediate cylinder of triple expansion engines 438
  Link motions for triple expansion engines 438
  Auxiliary or by-pass valve 438, 439
  Oiling apparatus 439, 440
  Surface condensers 440
  Circulating pumps 440
  The snifting valve 440
  The blow-through valve 440
  Air pumps 441
  The air chamber 441
  Feed escape or feed relief valve 441
  Bilge injections for marine engines 441, 442
  Surface condensing, advantages of 442
  Valves of the surface condensing engine 442
  Case hardening 442
  Link motion for marine engines 443
  The separate expansion valve 443
  Friction of slide valves 443
  Double beat valves 443
  The siphon 443
  Steam lubricators 444
  Marine engine valves that are worked by hand 444
  Vacuum gauge 444
  Condenser, to find the total pressure in the 444
  Paddle wheels 444, 445
  Screw propeller 445
  The thrust bearing 445
  Marine engine, the principal parts of 445
  Lagging marine engines 446
  Propeller cylinders 446
  Fuel required 446
  Freezing of pipes 446
  Failure of engine to start, causes of 446, 447
  Defective vacuum, causes of 447
  Heating, causes of 447
  Construction of a triple expansion engine 447 to 449
 
CHAPTER XLIII.
MARINE BOILERS.
 
Plates for Marine Boilers 452
  Iron 452
  Steel 452
  Strength of 452
Boiler Stays 452
  Methods of securing 452
Boiler Tubes 452
  Methods of securing 452
  Causes of leaks 452
  Repairing leaks 452
The Up-take 453
The Receiver 453
The Fittings and their Uses 453, 454
  Valves 453, 454
  Gauges 453, 454
  Cocks 454
Important Features and Facts 454, 455
  Boiler scale 454
  The salinometer 454
  Priming, the prevention of 454
  Supplemental parts 454, 455
  The superheater 454
  The draught 455
  Wasting of plates 455
  Fuel, the quantity of 455
To Relieve the Boiler in Case of Accident 455
Steel Marine Boiler 456
The “Martin” Boiler 456
Testing and Examining Boilers 456 to 459
  Hydraulic tests 456
  Related to stays 456, 457
  On new and old boilers 456, 457
  Internal examinations 458
  Preparation for 458
  Safety valves 458
  Bottom of the boiler 458
  Bottom and sides of the furnace 458
  Boxes and stays 458
  Use of chipping hammer 458
  Pit holes in the bottom of a furnace 458
  Drilling through the plates 458
  Flanges of furnaces 458
  Deposits on the necks of stays 458
  Man-hole door 458
  Superheater 459
  Proportions for grate surface 459
  Outside examination 458
  Cement beds for boilers 458
  Proportions for circular tubular boilers 459
 
CHAPTER XLIV.
HARDENING AND TEMPERING.
 
Purposes 460
  To resist wear 460
  To increase elasticity 460
  To provide a cutting edge 460
Manufacturer’s Temper 460
Blacksmith’s Temper 460
Color Tempering 460
Practical Processes 461 to 464
  The muffle 461
  Warping 461
  Rapidity of reduction of temper 461
  Brown and Sharpe’s practice 461
  Waltham Watch Co.’s practice 461
  Pratt and Whitney Co.’s practice 461
  Morse Twist Drill Co.’s practice 461
  Outside hardening 462
  Heating in fluxes 462
  Monitor Sewing Machine Co.’s practice 462
  Hardening saws 462
  Drawing the temper 462
  1. Lying in an open furnace 462
  2. Stretched in a frame 462
  3. Between dies 462
  Stiffening saws 463
  Tomlinson Carriage Spring Co.’s practice 463
  Columbia Car Spring Co.’s practice 463
  New Haven Clock Co.’s practice 464
 
APPENDIX.
 
Part I.—Test Questions for Engineers 467
Part II.—Dictionary of Workshop Terms 473