[++][++] Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately green-tipped; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate.

29. A. polyphýllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5° high), with virgate branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5´ long; heads paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4´´ long.—N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger and flowering earlier than the next.

30. A. ericoìdes, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1–3° high); the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3´´ high or less; involucral scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped green tips.—Dry open places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Var. villòsus, Torr. & Gray, is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States.—Var. pusíllus, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of Lancaster, Penn. (Porter), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small few-flowered heads.—Var. Prínglei, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain.

[+][+] Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base; heads numerous, small, racemose.

31. A. amethýstinus, Nutt. Tall (2–5° high), upright, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3´´ high, the tips of the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.—Moist grounds, E. Mass. to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.

32. A. multiflòrus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2–3´´ long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10–20.—Dry sandy soil; common.

[+][+][+] Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter), not coriaceous, with short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (2–3´´ high) and numerous.

[++] Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets.

33. A. dumòsus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1–3° high; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear spatulate, obtuse, in 4–6 rows.—Thickets; common.—A variable species, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.

[++][++] Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.

35. A. diffùsus, Ait. More or less pubescent, much branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.)—Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2–5´); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple.—Var. thyrsoídeus, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. N. Y. to Ill.—Var. hirsuticaùlis, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.—Var. bífrons, Gray, a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely disposed on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill.

[+][+][+][+] Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely paniculate on erect or ascending branches.

[++] Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly so.

[=] Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green tips not dilated.

36. A. Tradescánti, L. Stem much branched (2–4° high); the numerous heads (2–3´´ high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2–6´ long), the lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)—Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms approach n. 32–34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray.

37. A. paniculàtus, Lam. Stem (2–8° high) much branched; the branches and scattered heads (about 4´´ high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex, previous ed.)—Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3–4´´ long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.

38. A. salicifòlius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.)—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant westward.—Var. subásper, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.

39. A. júnceus, Ait. Slender, 1–3° high, simple with few heads or loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3–5´ long, entire or the lower sparsely denticulate; heads small (3´´ high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4–5´´ long. (A. æstivus, previous ed., mainly.)—Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.

40. A. longifòlius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1–3° high, more or less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (3–7´ long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads 4–5´´ high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3–4´´ long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish.—Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn.—Var. villicaùlis, Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (Miss Furbish).

[=][=][=] Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spreading or squarrose.

41. A. Nòvi-Bélgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat auriculate; heads 4–5´´ long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.)—N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.—Var. lævigàtus, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.—Var. litòreus, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and shores, Can. to Ga.—Var. elòdes, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.

[++][++] Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping; involucre lax.

42. A. pátulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1–4° high; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads loosely panicled, about 4´´ high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light purple or white.—N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.

43. A. tardiflòrus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), 1–2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, corymbose, 4–5´´ high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet.—Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.

45. A. puníceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3–7° high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed; heads 4–6´´ high, subsessile; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).—Low thickets and swamps, very common.—Var. lævicaùlis, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1–3° high; leaves serrate.—Var. lucídulus, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.

§ 4. DŒLLINGÈRIA. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny.

46. A. umbellàtus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2–7° high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3–6´ long); heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, obtusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. & Gray.)—Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.—Var. pùbens, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich. to Minn.—Var. latifòlius, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.

47. A. infírmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1–3° high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy beneath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, Darl.)—Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.

§ 5. IÁNTHE. Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless.

48. A. linariifòlius, L. Stems 3–20´ high, several from a woody root; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1´ long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linariifolius, Hook.)—Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.

§ 6. ORTHÓMERIS. Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding.

50. A. acuminàtus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin (3–5´´ long); heads few or several; rays 12–18, white, or slightly purple.—Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.—There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleæ.

51. A. nemoràlis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1–2° high); leaves small (1–1½´ long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated.—Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept.

52. A. tenuifòlius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6´–2° high; heads rather large, terminal; leaves few, long-linear, tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, Nutt.)—Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept.

§ 7. OXYTRIPÒLIUM. Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves.

53. A. subulàtus, Michx. Stem 6–24´ high; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, of previous ed.)—Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.–Oct.

§ 8. CONYZÓPSIS. Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, very soft; rays very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous rather small heads.

54. A. angústus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6–20´ high, nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style.—Minn. to Sask. and westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.)

26. ERÍGERON, L. Fleabane.

§ 1. CÆNÒTUS. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus; pappus simple; annuals.

1. E. Canadénsis, L. (Horse-weed. Butter-weed.) Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like (1–5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-lobed; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled.—Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July–Oct.—Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

2. E. divaricàtus, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3´–1° high); leaves linear or awl-shaped, entire; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple; otherwise like n. 1.—Ind. to Minn., and southward.

§ 2. TRIMORPHÆ̀A. Like § 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes perennial.

3. E. àcris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10–20´ high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4–5´´ long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus.—Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and northward. The var. Drœbachénsis, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)

§ 3. ERIGERON proper. Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows.

[*] Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray.

4. E. ánnuus, Pers. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.) Stem stout (3–5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre.—Fields and waste places; a very common weed. June–Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

5. E. strigòsus, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre.—Fields, etc., common. June–Aug.—Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England.

[*][*] Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6).

7. E. hyssopifòlius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6–12´ high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20–30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, Pursh.)—Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.

8. E. bellidifòlius, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1–9) large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple.—Copses and moist banks; common. May.

9. E. Philadélphicus, L. (Common Fleabane.) Hairy; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color.—Moist ground; common. June–Aug.

[*][*][*] Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus simple.

10. E. nudicaùlis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1–2° high), bearing 5–12 small corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, Torr. & Gray).—Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May.

27. BÁCCHARIS, L. Groundsel-Tree.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, diœcious, i.e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.—Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)

1. B. halimifòlia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.—Sea beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.—Shrub 6–12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomeruliflòra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse.—Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward.

28. PLÙCHEA, Cass. Marsh-Fleabane.

1. P. bífrons, DC. Perennial, 2–3° high; leaves closely sessile or half-clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2–3´ long); heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.—Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward.

2. P. camphoràta, DC. (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Annual, pale (2–5° high); leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. fœtida, DC.)—Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-banks westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?)

29. ÈVAX, Gaertn.

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus none.—Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)

1. E. prolífera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.—Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex.

30. FILÀGO, Tourn. Cotton-Rose.

Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.—Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from filum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

F. Germánica, L. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on;—hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.—Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. ANTENNÀRIA, Gaertn. Everlasting.

Heads many-flowered, diœcious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit.—Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennæ of certain insects.)

32. ANÁPHALIS, DC. Everlasting.

Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)

1. A. margaritàcea, Benth. & Hook. (Pearly Everlasting.) Stem erect (1–2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; involucral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.)—Dry hills and woods, common northward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.)

33. GNAPHÀLIUM, L. Cudweed.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles.—Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from γνάφαλον, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down.)

§ 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. Bristles of the pappus distinct.

1. G. polycéphalum, Michx. (Common Everlasting.) Erect, woolly annual (1–3° high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not decurrent, smoothish above; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few.—Old fields and woods; common.

2. G. decúrrens, Ives. (Everlasting.) Stout, erect (2° high), annual or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish.—Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward.

3. G. uliginòsum, L. (Low Cudweed.) Diffusely branched, appressed-woolly annual (3–6´ high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.—Low grounds; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

4. G. supìnum, Villars. (Mountain Cudweed.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2´ high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.—Alpine summit of Mount Washington; very rare. (Eu.)

5. G. purpùreum, L. (Purplish Cudweed.) Annual, simple or branched from the base, ascending (6–20´ high), silvery-canescent with dense white wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple.—Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward.

34. ADENOCAÙLON, Hook.

Heads 5–10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none.—Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from ἀδήν, a gland, and καυλός, a stem).

1. A. bícolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angular-toothed margins; petioles margined.—Moist woods, shore of Lake Superior, and westward. Stem 1–3° high.

35. ÍNULA, L. Elecampane.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4–5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles.—Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

I. Helènium, L. (Elecampane.) Stout perennial (3–5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.—Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug.—Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

36. POLÝMNIA, L. Leaf-Cup.

Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none.—Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. Clammy-hairy, 2–5° high; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3–5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, often minute or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate, not striate.—Moist shaded ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and southward.—Var. radiàta, Gray; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3–6´´ long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward.

37. SÍLPHIUM, L. Rosin-weed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk sterile and stalk-like.—Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads. (Σίλφιον, the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnæus to this American genus.)

[*] Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick).

1. S. laciniàtum, L. (Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.) Rough-bristly throughout, stem stout (3–12° high), leafy; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (1–2´ broad), sessile or short-peduncled along the naked summit; scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6´´ long.—Prairies, Mich. to Dak., and southward. July.—Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12–30´ long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present their edges north and south; hence called Compass-Plant.

2. S. terebinthinàceum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender (4–10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large heads, leafless except toward the base; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1–2° long, on slender petioles); scales roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenes narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.—Var. pinnatífidum, Gray, has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form.—Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Mich. to Minn., and southward. July–Sept.

[*][*] Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not large), some opposite.

3. S. trifoliàtum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4–7° high), branched above; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.—Dry plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.

5. S. integrifòlium, Michx. Stem smooth or rough, rather stout (2–4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3–5´ long); heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

[*][*][*] Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6–15´ long).

6. S. perfoliàtum, L. (Cup-Plant.) Stem stout, often branched above (4–8° high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.—Rich soil along streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.

38. BERLANDIÈRA, DC.

With the characters of Silphium, but the 5–12 fertile ray-flowers in a single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff.—Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)

1. B. Texàna, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2–3° high, very leafy; leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, ½´ broad.—S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.

39. CHRYSÓGONUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2–3-toothed, and wanting on the inner side.—A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of χρυσός, golden, and γόνυ, knee.)

1. C. Virginiànum, L. Usually low (2–15´ high); leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate base; rays ½´ long.—Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. May–Aug.—Var. dentàtum, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; involucral scales more acute.—High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.

Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8–10. Involucre of about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and coriaceous at base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, concave inner ones with short abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes flat, obovate, wingless, tardily deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; pappus a firm scarious hispid crown, more or less lobed.—A coarse hispid perennial, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the eminent botanist, Dr. George Engelmann.)

1. E. pinnatífida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1–2° high; heads ½´ broad, and rays ½´ long.—Central Kan. to La., and westward.

41. PARTHÈNIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales.—Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from παρθένος, virgin.)

1. P. integrifòlium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1–3° high); leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3–6´ long) cut-lobed below the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.—Dry soil, Md. to Ill., Minn., and southward. June–Aug.

42. ÌVA, L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub.

Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1–5) and marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, pappus none.—Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)

§ 1. Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts; fertile flowers with evident corolla.

1. I. frutéscens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3–8° high); leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.—Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.

2. I. ciliàta, Willd. Annual (2–6° high), rough and hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers 3–5.—Moist ground, from Ill. southward.

3. I. xanthiifòlia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all opposite, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded, in axillary and terminal panicles.—N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., and westward.

43. AMBRÒSIA, Tourn. Ragweed.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the fertile 1–3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7–12 scales united into a cup, containing 5–20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene (usually with 4–8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none.—Coarse homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn; ours annuals, except the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled.

1. A. bidentàta, Michx. Hairy (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves alternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak.—Prairies of Ill., Mo., and southward.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.

[*] Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trífida, L. (Great Ragweed.) Stem stout (3–12° high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval lanceolate and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5–6-ribbed and tubercled.—Var. integrifòlia, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or oval.—Moist river-banks; common.

[*][*] Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid.

3. A. artemisiæfòlia, L. (Roman Wormwood. Hog-weed. Bitter-weed.) Much branched (1–3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; fruit obovoid or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines.—Waste places everywhere.—Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, on the flowering branches often undivided; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads.

4. A. psilostàchya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2–5° high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; fruit obovoid, without tubercles or with very small ones, pubescent.—Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward. Perennial, with slender running rootstocks.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute of pappus.—Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the hair yellow; from ξανθός, yellow.)

[*] Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base.

X. spinòsum, L. (Spiny Clotbur.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, often 2–3-lobed or cut; fruit ({1/3}´ long) pointed with a single short beak.—Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked.

X. strumàrium, L. Low (1–2° high); fruit 6–8´´ long, glabrous or puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.—A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadénse, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1´ long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.—River-banks and waste places, common.—Var. echinàtum, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHÈCA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6–9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.—Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of τετράγωνος, four-angled, and θήκη, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoìdes, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1–2° high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1´ long.—Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLÍPTA, L.

1. E. álba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or ascending and 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens, Michx.)—Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIÓPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.—Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of ἥλιος, the sun, and ὄψις, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. læ̀vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2–4 obscure teeth.—Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scàbra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. lævis, var. scabra, Torr. & Gray.)—Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINÀCEA, Moench. Purple Cone-flower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.—Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3–5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ἐχῖνος, the hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpùrea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled; the others ovate-lanceolate; involucre imbricated in 3–5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.—Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.—Rays 15–20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1–2´ long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson.—Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustifòlia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12–15 (2´ long), rose-color or red.—Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June–Aug.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.—Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnæus at Upsal.)

[*] Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniàta, L. Stem smooth, branching (2–7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5–7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly 3–5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1–2´ long), drooping.—Low thickets; common. July–Sept.—Var. hùmilis, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (½´ high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

[*][*] Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown.

[+] Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted.

2. R. tríloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2–5° high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.—Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.—Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentòsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3–4° high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.—Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed.

4. R. hírta, L. Biennial, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1–2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish.—Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June–Aug.

5. R. fúlgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt.—Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.—Variable, 1–3° high; the rays orange-yellow.

7. R. speciòsa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1–2° high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3–5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1–1½´) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.—Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LÉPACHYS, Raf.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.—Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from λεπίς, a scale, and παχύς, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnàta, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender (4° high), branching; leaflets 3–7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2´ long).—Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.—The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnàris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1–2° high; leaflets 5–9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2–3-cleft; disk columnar, often 1´ long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. pulchérrima, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.—Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRÍCHIA, Adans. Sea Ox-eye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3–4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.—Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutéscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6´–3° high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.—Va. and southward.

52. HELIÁNTHUS, L. Sunflower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.—Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from ἥλιος, the sun, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. H. ánnuus, L. (Common Sunflower.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1´ broad or more.—Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolàris, Nutt. More slender, 1–3° high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1–3´ long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk ½´ broad or more.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.

§ 2. Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite.

[*] Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (½´ long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved.

3. H. orgyàlis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.—Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustifòlius, L. Stem slender (2–6° high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.—Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved.

[+] Disk dark.

5. H. atròrubens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2–4° high), smooth and naked and forking above; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest heart-shaped (3–6´ long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10–16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.—Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.

6. H. rígidus, Desf. Stem stout (2–6° high or more), simple or sparingly branched, rough; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20–25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.—Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

[+][+] Disk yellow.

7. H. lætiflòrus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.—Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.—Rays showy, 1–2´ long.

8. H. occidentàlis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem slender, simple, naked above (1–3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1–5 small heads on long peduncles; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

[+] Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft.

9. H. móllis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2–3° high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.

[+][+] Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute.

10. H. tomentòsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4–8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5–12´ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1´ broad; rays 12–16, about 1´ long.—Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.

[+][+][+] Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate.

11. H. grósse-serràtus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6–10° high; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.—Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.—Probably runs into the next.

12. H. gigantèus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3–10° high), branched above; leaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.—Var. ambíguus, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.—Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15–20; roots often becoming tuber-like.