L. autumnàlis, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5–15´ high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.—Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. to Penn. June–Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

88. PÍCRIS, L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. Achenes terete, with 5–10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles.—Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from πικρός, bitter.)

P. hieracioìdes, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.—Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERÀCIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed.

Heads 12–many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.—Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from ἱέραξ, a hawk.)

§ 1. Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus not copious.

H. aurantìacum, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.—Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

H. præáltum, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.—N. New York (Ward). (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus copious, unequal.

H. muròrum, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.—Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1–3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

§ 3. Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

[*] Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate.

2. H. paniculàtum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy only below (1–3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slender and diverging pedicels, 12–20-flowered; achenes short.—Open woods; rather common.

4. H. Mariànum, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2–3° high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny; heads 20–40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid.—Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.—Var. spathulàtum, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scàbrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1–3° high), leafy, rough-hairy, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40–50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.—Dry open woods; common.

[*][*] Achenes tapering upward; heads 15–30-flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle.

6. H. Gronòvii, L. (Hairy H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1–3° high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenes with a very taper summit.—Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.

7. H. longípilum, Torr. (Long-bearded H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2–3° high), very leafy toward the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often 1´ long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; achenes narrowed at the apex.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CRÈPIS, L.

Involucre few–many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from κρηπίς, a sandal.)

C. biénnis, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.—Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. tectòrum, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs scabrous.—In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

91. PRENÁNTHES, Vaill. Rattlesnake-root.

[*] Heads rather broad, 25–35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.

1. P. crepidínea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5–9° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6–12´ long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, DC.)—Rich soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.—Flowers cream-color.

[*][*] Heads narrow, 8–15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence; stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straw-color.

[+] Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, 12–15-flowered.

2. P. racemòsa, Michx. Stem 2–5° high, smooth and glaucous, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC.)—Plains, N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward.—Var. pinnatífida, Gray, the leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.

3. P. áspera, Michx. Stem 2–4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping; heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward.

[+][+] Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8–12-flowered; thyrse looser.

4. P. virgàta, Michx. (Slender Rattlesnake-root.) Slightly glaucous; stem 2–4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (1{½}–2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.)—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.

5. P. Mainénsis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads persistently drooping on slender pedicels.—St. John's River, N. Maine (Pringle). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.

[*][*][*] Heads 5–18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.

[+] Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very short, appressed.

[++] Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish.

6. P. álba, L. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth and glaucous (2–4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3–5-cleft, the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)—Borders of rich woods; common, especially northward.

[++][++] Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable.

Var. nàna, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6–16´ high, smooth and glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.)—Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and northeastward.

8. P. altíssima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3–7° high); the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3–5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5–6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)—Rich moist woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga.

[+][+] Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2–3, linear, loose.

9. P. Boòttii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5–6´ high), pubescent at the summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10–18-flowered, the proper scales 10–15, very obtuse; pappus straw-color.—Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York.

92. LYGODÉSMIA, Don.

Heads and flowers (5–10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit; pappus whitish.—Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of λύγος, a pliant twig, and δέσμη, a bundle, from the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)

1. L. júncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower leaves lance-linear, 1–2´ long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 5-flowered.—St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.

93. TRÓXIMON, Nutt.

Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles.—Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from τρώγω, to chew, of no obvious application.)

1. T. cuspidàtum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex, leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene beakless.—Prairies, Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May.

94. TARÁXACUM, Haller. Dandelion.

Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4–5-ribbed, the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary pappus.—Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from ταράσσω, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.)

T. officinàle, Weber. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.)—Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains. April–Sept.—After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

95. PYRRHOPÁPPUS, DC. False Dandelion.

Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.—Mostly annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of πυῤῥός, flame-colored, and παππός, pappus.)

1. P. Caroliniànus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1–2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping.—Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April–July.

2. P. scapòsus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves all radical, pinnatifid.—Prairies; Kan. to Tex.

96. CHONDRÍLLA, Tourn.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white.—Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.)

C. júncea, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1–3° high); root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6–8´´ long.—Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

97. LACTÙCA, Tourn. Lettuce.

§ 1. SCARÌOLA. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each face, with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping.

L. Scarìola, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6–12-flowered; achenes striate.—Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. L. Canadénsis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Mostly tall (4–9° high), very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6–12´ long, pale beneath, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3–6´´ long, numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; achene oval, rather longer than the beak.—Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets; common.

2. L. integrifòlia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3–4° high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.)—N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

3. L. hirsùta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2–3° high, commonly hirsute at base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gray.)—E. Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Ludoviciàna, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2–5° high; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open panicle; involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.—Minn., Iowa, and southwestward.

§ 2. LACTUCÁSTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short slender beak; perennial; flowers blue.

5. L. pulchélla, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1–2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.)—Upper Mich. to Minn.; common on the plains westward.

§ 3. MULGÈDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue.

6. L. acuminàta, Gray. Tall biennial (3–7° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.)—Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. and Fla.

7. L. Floridàna, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked; otherwise as n. 7.—Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

98. SÓNCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together.—Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient Greek name.)

[*] Annual (1–5° high); flowers pale yellow.

S. oleràceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely.—Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. ásper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved S.) Stem leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.—With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in large heads.

S. arvénsis, L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs.—Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y.; becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 56. LOBELIÀCEÆ. (Lobelia Family.)

Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers.—Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1; stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen.—Nearly passing into the following order.

1. LOBÈLIA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.—Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in summer and early autumn. (Dedicated to Matthias De l'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

[*] Flowers deep red, large; stem simple.

[*][*] Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

[+] Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5–6´´ long), spicate-racemose; stems leafy, 1–3° high; perennial.

[++] Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous.

2. L. syphilítica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2–6´ long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1´ long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispherical.—Low grounds, common.—Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse (1–2´ long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts ovate; sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped.—Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla.—Corolla bright blue, ½´ long.

4. L. amœ̀na, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate; calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous.—S. Atlantic States, in swamps.—Var. glandulífera, Gray; a slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.

[++][++] Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.

5. L. glandulòsa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate.—Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla.

[+][+] Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2–3´´ long).

[++] Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like raceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.

6. L. leptóstachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; calyx-lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube.—Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also Va. to Ga.

7. L. spicàta, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1–4° high) from a biennial (?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged.—Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer.—Var. parviflòra, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3´´ long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (Porter); beginning to flower in June.—Var. hirtélla, Gray; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.

[=] Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated.

8. L. Cánbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1–2° high), minutely angled; pedicels shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens; bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5´´ long), more or less bearded in the throat.—Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.

9. L. Kálmii, L. Stem mostly low (4–18´ high), minutely angled; pedicels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod, corolla light blue, 4–5´´ long.—Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.

10. L. Nuttàllii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1–2° high), terete; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very minute bractlets near the base; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3´´ long.—Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga.

[=][=] Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly inferior.

11. L. inflàta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1–2° high); leaves gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.—Dry open fields.—Corolla only 1½–2´´ long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.

[++][++][++] Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy; fibrous-rooted perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.

12. L. paludòsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1–4° high); leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit.—In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La.

13. L. Dortmánna, L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth; scape thickish (5–12´ high), few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.—Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

Order 57. CAMPANULÀCEÆ. (Campanula Family.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct.—Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2–several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally blue and showy.

Calyx 5- (or 3–4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.—Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common European species.)

1. S. perfoliàta, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3–20´ high); leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2–3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous and expanding corolla; capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below the middle; seeds lenticular.—Sterile open ground; common. May–Aug.

2. S. leptocárpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3; capsule nearly cylindrical (6–9´´ long, 1´´ thick), inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds oblong.—W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6–9´´ wide.

2. CAMPÁNULA, Tourn. Bellflower.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes.—Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

[*] Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle.

[+] Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized; perennial.

C. rapunculoìdes, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped; flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, 1´ long.—Roadsides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.

C. glomeràta, L. (Clustered B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1´ long.—Roadsides, E. Mass.

[+][+] Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles.

1. C. rotundifòlia, L. (Harebell.) Slender, branching (5–12´ high), 1–10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6–9´´ long); capsule nodding.—Rocky shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the mountains.—A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)

Var. árctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla {2/3}–1´ long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, of Man.)—Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

2. C. aparinoìdes, Pursh. (Marsh Bellflower.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8–20´ high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backward on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging, slender; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; capsule erect.—Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.

3. C. divaricàta, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1–3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3´´ long); style exserted.—Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate.

4. C. Americàna, L. (Tall Bellflower.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3–6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2½–6´ long); spike 1–2° long; corolla light blue, 1´ broad.—Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

Order 58. ERICÀCEÆ. (Heath Family.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as many or twice as many as the 4–5-lobed or 4–5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3); style 1; ovary 3–10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.—A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows:—

Suborder I. Vaccinieæ. (Whortleberry Family.) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.—Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4–5-celled (or imperfectly 8–10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

Suborder II. Ericineæ. (Heath Family proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.—Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEÆ. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5–10-seeded.

[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.

5. Epigæa. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.

[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.

[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.

7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta.

8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree.

9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4–5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.

Tribe III. ERICEÆ. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.

12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.

Tribe IV. RHODODENDREÆ. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.

14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5–10. Leaves evergreen.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

Suborder III. Pyroleæ. (Pyrola Family.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREÆ. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.

20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYROLEÆ. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.

21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

Suborder IV. Monotropeæ. (Indian-pipe Family.) Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled.

24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening at the top.

[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1. GAYLUSSÁCIA, HBK. Huckleberry.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.—Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)

[*] Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachýcera, Gray. (Box-Huckleberry.) Very smooth (1° high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.—Wooded hills, Perry Co., Penn., to Del. and Va. May.—Leaves resembling those of the Box.

[*][*] Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. G. dumòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1–5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes elongated; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped, fruit black (insipid).—Var. hirtélla has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy.—Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.

3. G. frondòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Blue Tangle. Dangleberry.) Smooth (3–6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible).—Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June.

4. G. resinòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1–3° high), leaves oval, oblong-ovate or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining resinous globules, racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous, corolla ovoid-conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white).—Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to N. Ga. May, June.—The common Huckleberry of the markets.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4–5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4–5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8–10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta.—Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. BATODÉNDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled; leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled.

1. V. arbòreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (6–25° high), smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen; corolla white; anthers included; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.—Sandy soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., and N. C.

2. V. stamíneum, L. (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Diffusely branched (2–3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers much exserted; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded.—Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

§ 2. CYANOCÓCCUS. (Blueberries.) Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, 5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with or before the leaves.

[*] Corolla cylindraceous when developed.

3. V. virgàtum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla rose-color; berry black.—In swamps, south of our range, but represented by

Var. tenéllum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.—Va. to Ark., and southward.

[*][*] Corolla shorter and broader. (Blueberries or Blue Huckleberries.)

4. V. Pennsylvánicum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Dwarf (6–15´ high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and glaucous.—Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries.—Var. angustifòlium, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower lanceolate leaves.—White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.

5. V. Canadénse, Kalm. Low (1–2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla shorter; otherwise as the last.—Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.

7. V. corymbòsum, L. (Common or Swamp-Blueberry.) Tall (5–10° high); leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3–4´´ long.—Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. glàbrum, Gray, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the following varieties:—

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.—Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pállidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.—Common in the Alleghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges.

Var. atrocóccum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom.—New Eng. to Penn.

§ 3. VACCINIUM proper. (Bilberries.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4–5-toothed; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; berry 4–5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.

[*] Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.

8. V. uliginòsum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading (4´–2° high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2–3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, sweet.—Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

9. V. cæspitòsum, Michx. Dwarf (3–6´ high), tufted, leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn-shaped; berries blue.—Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.—Var. cuneifòlium, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatulate leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute.—Shores of L. Superior and westward.

10. V. myrtilloìdes, Hook. More erect, 1–5° high; branchlets somewhat angled; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; corolla depressed-globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid.—Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June.—Pedicels 3–6´´ long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.

§ 4. VÌTIS-IDÆ̀A. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3; filaments hairy; anthers awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves 3–6´´ long.

12. V. Vìtis-Idæ̀a, L. (Cowberry. Mountain Cranberry. Foxberry.) Low (6–10´ high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)

§ 5. OXYCÓCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.

[*] Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axillary and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light red, turning purple, insipid.

13. V. erythrocárpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1–4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.—Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

[*][*] Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding; corolla 4-parted; berries red, acid.—Cranberries.

14. V. Oxycóccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender (4–9´ long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2–3´´ long); pedicels 1–4, terminal; filaments fully ½ as long as the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.—Berry 3–4´´ broad, often speckled with white when young, seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)

15. V. macrocárpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems elongated (1–4° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute (4–6´´ long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. C. to Minn. and everywhere northward, but scarcely westward. June.—Berry ½–1´ long.

3. CHIÓGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.—A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from χιών, snow, and γένος, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

4. ARCTOSTÁPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5–10 seed-like nutlets.—Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ἄρκτος, a bear, and σταφυλή, a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Ùva-úrsi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red.—Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)

2. A. alpìna, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate; fruit black.—Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine around the world.)

5. EPIGÆ̀A, L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.

Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded.—A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and γῆ, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. rèpens, L.—Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.—Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens and subdiœcious. In New England called Mayflower.

6. GAULTHÈRIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry!—Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec.)

7. ANDRÓMEDA, L.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading.—Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnæus in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

[*] Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.

1. A. polifòlia, L. Glabrous, 6–18´ high; leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts; each anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending awn.—Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

2. A. floribúnda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2–6° high; young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted beneath (2´ long); racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely flowered; each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back.—Moist hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.

[*][*] Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sutures; leaves thinnish and deciduous.

3. A. Mariàna, L. (Stagger-bush.) Mostly glabrous, 2–4° high; leaves oblong or oval (1–3´ long); fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex.—Low grounds, R. I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

4. A. ligustrìna, Muhl. Minutely pubescent, 3–10° high; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong (1–2´ long), serrulate or entire; racemes crowded in naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; capsule globular.—Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.—Var. pubéscens, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence.—Va. to Ga.

8. OXYDÉNDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.

1. O. arbòreum, DC. Tree 15–40° high; leaves in size and shape like those of the peach.—Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.

9. LEUCÓTHOË, Don.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous.—Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)

[*] Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate.

1. L. axillàris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.–April.—Shrub 2–4° high.

2. L. Catesbæ̀i, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3–6´ long); sepals ovate-oblong, often acute.—Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. May.—Shrub 2–4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.