11. CASSÌOPE, Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4–5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4–5-celled, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentæ many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.—Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoìdes, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1–4´ high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical.—Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.

12. CALLÙNA, Salisb. Heather. Ling.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.—Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from καλλύνω, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgàris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. Probably only introduced.

Two European heaths, Erìca cinèrea and E. Tétralix, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island.

13. BRYÁNTHUS, Steller.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.—Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to § Phyllódoce. (Βρύον, moss, and ἄνθος flower, because growing among mosses.)

1. B. taxifòlius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.)—Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.—Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnæus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so.

1. K. latifòlia, L. (Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon-wood.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.—Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4–8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10–30° high). May, June.

2. K. angustifòlia, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.) Shrub 1–3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit.—Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glaùca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers ½´ broad, lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.—Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.—Straggling, about 1° high.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirsùta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4´´ long), becoming glabrous.—Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May–Sept.—Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIÈSIA, Smith.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.—A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

2. M. globulàris, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2–5° high; leaves obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above; filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.)—In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga.

16. RHODODÉNDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azalea, etc.

Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.—Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. (Ῥοδοδενδρον, rose-tree; the ancient name.)

§ 1. AZÀLEA. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) and style more or less exserted and declined.

[*] Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted; 3–10° high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.

[+] Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. R. arboréscens, Torr. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.)—Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.

2. R. viscòsum, Torr. (Clammy A. White Swamp-Honeysuckle.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea viscosa, L.)—Swamps, mostly near the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.—Var. glaùcum, Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.—Var. nítidum, Gray. Dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.

[+][+] Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. R. nudiflòrum, Torr. (Purple A. Pinxter-flower.) Leaves downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular. (Azalea nudiflora, L.)—Swamps, Canada to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.

[*][*] Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style.

5. R. Rhodòra, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1–2° high); leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1´ long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.)—Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.

§ 2. RHODODÉNDRON proper. Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading.

6. R. máximum, L. (Great Laurel.) Leaves 4–10´ long, very thick, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped, 1´ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.—Damp deep woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.—Shrub or tree 6–35° high.

7. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3–5´ long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.—High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3–6° (rarely 20°) high.

8. R. Lappónicum, Wahl. Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts (6´ high); leaves (½´ long) elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5–10.—Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)

17. LÈDUM, L. Labrador Tea.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5–10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentæ borne on the summit of the columella.—Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Λῆδον, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifòlium, Ait. Erect, 1–3° high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong (1–2´ long), mostly ½´ wide, very obtuse; stamens 5–7; capsule oblong, acutish.—N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods.

L. palústre, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 2–3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.—A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of λεῖος, smooth, and φύλλον, leaf.)

1. L. buxifòlium, Ell. Shrub 6–10´ high; leaves oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3–6´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.

19. LOISELEÙRIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening lengthwise. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2–3-celled, many-seeded, 2–3-valved; valves 2-cleft from the apex; placentæ borne on the middle of the columella.—A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2–5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.)

1. L. procúmbens, Desv.—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)

20. CLÈTHRA, Gronov. White Alder.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.—Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (Κλήθρα, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. C. alnifòlia, L. (Sweet Pepperbush.) Shrub 3–10° high; leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides, racemes upright, panicled; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth.—Wet copses, Maine to Va., near the coast, and southward. Covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms.

2. C. acuminàta, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (3–7´ long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers; filaments and pods hairy.—Woods in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

21. CHIMÁPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

1. C. umbellàta, Nutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.) Leafy, 4–10´ high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4–7-flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet.—Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)

2. C. maculàta, Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white; peduncles 1–5-flowered.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Miss. June, July.—Plant 3–6´ high.

22. MONÈSES, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed of μόνος, single, and ἧσις, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.)

1. M. grandiflòra, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves (6–9´´ long) clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterranean shoots; the 1–2-bracted scape (2–4´ high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6´´ wide. (M. uniflora, Gray.)—Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. June. (Eu.)

23. PÝROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat.—Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage.)

[*] Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the openings.

2. P. secúnda, L. Subcaulescent, 3–6´ high; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; style long, exserted.—Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.)

Var. pùmila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6´´ or little more in diameter, and 3–8-flowered scape.—High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. July, Aug.

[*][*] Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire.

[+] Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous.

3. P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8–12´´ long), shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7–8´ high) several-flowered; flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted; style straightish, scarcely exserted.—Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous.

[+][+] Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.

4. P. chlorántha, Swartz. Leaves small (1´ long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered, naked (5–8´ high); calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck; style little exserted.—Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July.

5. P. ellíptica, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-white) petals; anther-cells blunt.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.

6. P. rotundifòlia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6–12´ high), raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells nearly blunt.—Damp or sandy woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as, Var. incarnàta, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward.—Var. asarifòlia, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely white). With same range.—Var. uliginòsa, Gray, with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or purple flowers. Same range. (Eu.)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed.—A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1–2° high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from πτερόν, a wing, and σπορά, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedèa, Nutt.—Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; rare.

25. SCHWEINÍTZIA, Ell. Sweet Pine-sap.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.—A low and smooth brownish plant, 3–4´ high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odoràta, Ell.—Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near Baltimore) to N. C. April.

26. MONÓTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap.

Calyx of 2–5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl-shaped; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4–5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8–10-grooved, 4–5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentæ covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat.—Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1–several-flowered; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of μόνος, one, and τρόπος, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx of 2–4 irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; style short and thick.

1. M. uniflòra, L. (Indian Pipe. Corpse-plant.) Smooth, waxy-white (turning blackish in drying, 3–8´ high); stigma naked.—Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June–Aug. (Asia.)

2. M. Hypópitys, L. (Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.) Somewhat pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4–12´ high); pod globular or oval; stigma ciliate.—Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to Oregon. June–Aug. (Eu.)

Order 59. DIAPENSIÀCEÆ.

Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3-celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous (those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodia); pollen simple; loculicidal capsule and seeds of Ericaceæ.—Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Ericaceæ chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla.

Tribe I. DIAPENSIEÆ. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded coriaceous leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.

1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening transversely.

2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely dehiscent.

Tribe II. GALACINEÆ. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1–several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.

3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1 celled.

1. PYXIDANTHÈRA, Michx.

Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.—Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from πυξίς, a small box, and ἀνθήρα, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulàta, Michx. (Flowering Moss. Pyxie.) Leaves 3´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May.

2. DIAPÉNSIA, L.

1. D. Lappónica, L. Leaves 3–5´´ long; peduncle at length 1–2´ long.—Alpine summits of N Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.)

3. GÀLAX, L.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1-celled anthers, which open across the top. Style short, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end.—Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2´ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1–2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from γάλα, milk,—of no conceivable application to this plant.)

1. G. aphýlla, L.—Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.

Order 60. PLUMBAGINÀCEÆ. (Leadwort Family.)

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell.—Only the Statíceæ or Marsh-Rosemary Tribe is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armèria vulgàris), on the coast by a single species of

1. STÁTICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2–3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen.—Sea-side perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (Στατική, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency.)

1. S. Limònium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1–2° high); spikelets 1–3-flowered; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniàna, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.—Salt marshes along the coast, from Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept.

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.—Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Tribe I.

Tribe I. HOTTONIEÆ. Ovary wholly free; ovules anatropous. Aquatic; immersed leaves pectinate.

1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.

Tribe II. PRIMULEÆ. Ovary wholly free.

[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cluster from the root; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.

2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.

3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.

4. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

[*][*] Stems leafy; corolla rotate (none in Glaux); leaves entire.

[+] Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.

5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.

6. Steironema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens.

7. Lysimachia. Corolla 5–6-parted or 5–6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.

8. Glaux. Corolla none; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.

[+][+] Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; flowers axillary.

9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.

10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

Tribe III. SAMOLEÆ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.

11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.

1. HOTTÒNIA, L. Featherfoil. Water Violet.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous.—Aquatic perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Leyden.)

1. H. inflàta, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's finger); pedicels short.—Pools and ditches, Mass. to S. Ind., and south to the Gulf. June–Aug.

2. DODECÀTHEON, L. American Cowslip.

1. D. Meàdia, L. (Shooting-Star.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to Wisc., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.—Very handsome in cultivation.

3. PRÍMULA, L. Primrose. Cowslip.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth.—Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farinòsa, L. (Bird's-eye Primrose.) Scape 3–10´ high; leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3–20-flowered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.—Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)

2. P. Mistassínica, Michx. Scape 2–6´ high; leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy; involucre 1–8-flowered; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.—Wet banks and shores, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.)

4. ANDRÓSACE, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved.—Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)

1. A. occidentàlis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2–4´ high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.—Bare hills, from Minn. to Ill. and Ark., and west to the mountains.

5. TRIENTÀLIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded.—Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.)

1. T. Americàna, Pursh. (Star-flower.) Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed.—Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and the mountains of Va. May.—Rootstocks often 1–2° long (Hitchings).

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers linear. Capsule 10–20-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From στεῖρος, sterile, and νῆμα, thread, referring to the staminodia.)

1. S. ciliàtum, Raf. Stem erect (2–4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (2–6´ long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.)—Low grounds and thickets, common. July.

2. S. radìcans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on slender petioles; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, Hook.)—Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La.—Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last.

3. S. lanceolàtum, Gray. Stem erect (10´–2° high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt.)—Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymorphous; the extremes are var. hýbridum, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong to broadly linear, common north and west,—and var. angustifòlium, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1–2´´ broad; mainly southward.

4. S. longifòlium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1–3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (8–9´´ broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysimachia longifolia, Pursh.)—Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa. July–Sept.

7. LYSIMÁCHIA, Tourn. Loosestrife.

Calyx 5–6 parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from λύσις, a release from, and μάχη, strife.)

§ 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.

[*] Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks.

L. vulgáris, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near the middle.—Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass.

1. L. quadrifòlia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1–2° high); leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong.—Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June.

2. L. strícta, Ait. Stems 1–2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5–12´), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.—Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June–Aug.

[*][*][*] Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous.

L. nummulària, L. (Moneywort.) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens.—Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. NAUMBÚRGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6–7-) parted into linear divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus; filaments distinct, equal; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like.

3. L. thyrsiflòra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Smooth; stem simple (1–2° high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light yellow flowers.—Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill., Iowa, and northwestward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. GLAÙX, Tourn. Sea-Milkwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded.—A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from γλαυκός, sea-green.)

1. G. marítima, L.—Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. Also in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.)

9. ANAGÁLLIS, Tourn. Pimpernel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded.—Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from ἀνά, again, and ἀγάλλω, to delight in.)

A. arvénsis, L. (Common Pimpernel.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands.—Waste sandy fields. June–Aug.—Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)

Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; filaments beardless.—Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. mínimus, L. Stems ascending (2–6´ long); leaves ovate, obovate or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours.—Low grounds, from Ill. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.)

11. SÁMOLUS, Tourn. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded.—Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.")

1. S. Valerándi, L. Stem erect (6–12´ high), leafy; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending, bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)—Var. Americànus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffuse; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading.—Wet places, through the U. S. June–Sept.

Order 62. SAPOTÀCEÆ. (Sapodilla Family.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4–12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large.—Albumen mostly none; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed.—A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits.

1. BUMÈLIA, Swartz.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base.—Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioìdes, Pers. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10–25° high); leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2–4´ long); clusters densely many-flowered, glabrous, fruit ovoid.—Moist ground, Va. to S. Ill., Fla., and Tex. May, June.

Order 63. EBENÀCEÆ. (Ebony Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which have a calyx free from the 3–12-celled ovary; the stamens 2–4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly separate.—Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice.—A small family, chiefly tropical.

1. DIOSPỲROS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon.

Calyx 4–6-lobed. Corolla 4–6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4–8-celled, 4–8-seeded.—Flowers diœciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Διός, of Jove, and πυρός, grain.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. (Common Persimmon.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6–8´´ long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled.—Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south to Fla. and La. June.—Tree 20–70° high, with very hard blackish wood; plum-like fruit 1´ in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

Order 64. STYRACÀCEÆ. (Storax Family.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect regular flowers; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2–5-celled ovary; the corolla of 4–8 petals, commonly more or less united at base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1–5-celled, the cells commonly 1-seeded.—Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.—A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes.

Tribe I. STYRACEÆ. Calyx 4–8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2–4 times as many as the petals, in one series; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat.—Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.

1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Tribe II. SYMPLOCINEÆ. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.

3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STỲRAX, Tourn. Storax.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4–8-parted), large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat.—Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifòlia, Ait. Shrub 4–12° high; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomentose beneath (3–6´ long); flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla ({1/3}´ long) convolute-imbricated in bud.—Woods, S. Va. to Fla.

2. S. pulverulénta, Michx. Shrub 1–4° high; leaves oval or obovate (1 or 2´ long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; flowers (½´ long) 1–3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.—Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.

3. S. Americàna, Lam. Shrub 4–8° high; leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1–3´ long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3–4-flowered racemes (½´ long); corolla valvate in the bud.—Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark.

2. HALÈSIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2–4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8–16; filaments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2–4-winged, within bony and 1–4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical.—Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetráptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1½´ long.—Banks of streams, W. Va. to Ill., south to Fla.

3. SÝMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-Leaf.

1. S. tinctòria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3–5´ long); flowers 6–14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.—Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. April.—Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle.

Order 65. OLEÀCEÆ. (Olive Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3 or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell.—Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen.—The Olive is the type of the true Oleaceæ, to which belongs the Lilac (Syringa), etc.; and the Jessamine (Jasminum) represents another division of the order.

Tribe I. FRAXINEÆ. Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.

1. Fraxinus. Flowers diœcious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.

Tribe II. OLEINEÆ. Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.

2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, diœcious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2–4.

3. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, the latter with long and linear divisions.

4. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.

1. FRÁXINUS, Tourn. Ash.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) diœcious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1–2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1–2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical; radicle slender.—Light timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves of 3–15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin name.)

[*] Leaflets petiolulate; anthers linear-oblong; calyx small, persistent.

[+] Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete body.

1. F. Americàna, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7–9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; fruit (about 1½´ long) marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing 2 or 3 times as long as the terete cylindraceous body.—Rich or moist woods, common from the Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April, May.—A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets and rusty-colored buds. Monœcious flowers rarely occur.

2. F. pubéscens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent; leaflets 7–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath; fruit 1½–2´ long, the edges gradually dilated into the linear or spatulate wing.—Low grounds, throughout our range; rare west of Ohio.—Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.

3. F. víridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 5–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green both sides; fruit much as in n. 2.—Along streams; common.—Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. A small or middle-sized tree.

[+][+] Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.

4. F. platycárpa, Michx. (Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 5–7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9´´ wide), with a tapering base.—Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. March. Tree of middle size.

5. F. quadrangulàta, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7–9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at the apex (1½´ long, 3–4´´ wide).—Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn.—Large timber tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color to water.

[*][*] Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong; flowers wholly naked.

6. F. sambucifòlia, Lam. (Black Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7–11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends.—Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Va. and Mo.—Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder.

2. FORESTIÈRA, Poir.

Flowers diœcious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2–4; anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1–3-flowered. (Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. acuminàta, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5–10° high; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed.—Wet river banks, S. W. Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1–3-seeded.—Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from χιών, snow, and ἄνθος, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virgínica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; flowers on slender pedicels; petals 1´ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6–8´´ long).—River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very ornamental in cultivation. June.

4. LIGÙSTRUM, Tourn. Privet.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1–2 seeded.—Shrubs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)

L. vulgàre, L. (Privet, or Prim.) Leaves very smooth; berries black.—Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe.

Order 66. APOCYNÀCEÆ. (Dogbane Family.)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one.—Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).—Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle.