2. H. Virgínicum, L. Smoothish (1–2° high); leaves pinnately divided; the divisions 5–7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; flowers 3´´ long; anthers oblong-linear.—Rich woods. June–Aug.

3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves (3–5´ broad) palmately 5–7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2–3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the sinuses.—Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to the Mississippi. June–Aug.—Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.

[*][*] Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little exserted.

4. H. appendiculàtum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.—Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.

2. NEMÓPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentæ (bearing each 2–12 ovules), capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.—Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of νέμος, a grove, and φιλέω, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. micròcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2–8´ long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3–5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentæ each 2-ovuled; capsule 1–2-seeded.—Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April–June.

3. ELLÍSIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentæ (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum.—Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnæus.)

4. PHACÈLIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentæ adherent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4–many seeded capsule. (Ovules 2–30 on each placenta.)—Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from φάκελος, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA proper. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatífida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1–2° high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3–5-divided, the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid, racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved.—Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. May, June.—Corolla bright blue, 6´´ broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

§ 2. COSMÁNTHUS. Ovules and seeds as in § 1; corolla almost rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.

2. P. Púrshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8–12´ high); lobes of the stem-leaves 5–9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ½´ in diameter).—Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April–June.

3. P. fimbriàta, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5–8´ long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3–5-divided into roundish leaflets; the upper 5–7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3–10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (3–4´´ broad).—Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

§ 3. COSMANTHOÌDES. Ovules and seeds 2–8 on each placenta; corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.

Var. hirsùta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5–7´´ in diameter; seeds 4–8.—Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covíllei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2–5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3´´ long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.—Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (F. V. Coville.)

§ 4. EÙTOCA. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellæ within.

6. P. Franklínii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6–15´ high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.—Shores of L. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDRÒLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentæ, thin-walled, 2–4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.—Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from ὕδωρ, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affìnis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule.—Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

Order 72. BORRAGINÀCEÆ. (Borage Family.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in Echium), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labiatæ), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets.—Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEÆ. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2–4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1–2-celled.

[*] Corolla and stamens regular.

[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed prickles.

3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.

[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.

4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle.

5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base.

[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.

[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.

6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.

7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests.

8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.

[++][++] Scar large and excavated.

9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.

[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.

11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

Asperùgo procúmbens, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1. HELIOTRÒPIUM, Tourn. Tournsole, Heliotrope.

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2–4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.—Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from ἥλιος, the sun, and τροπή, a turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

§ 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. Style short.

[*] Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.

H. Europæ̀um, L. Erect annual (6–18´ high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy.—Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. H. Curassávicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs.—Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.

[*][*] Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered.

2. H. tenéllum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless.—Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

3. H. convolvulàceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6´´ broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.—Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

§ 3. TIARÍDIUM. Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes.

H. Índicum, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, DC.)—Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.)

2. CYNOGLÓSSUM, Tourn. Hound's-Tongue.

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles.—Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from κύων, a dog, and γλῶσσα, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

C. officinàle, L. (Common Hound's-Tongue.) Biennial; clothed with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined.—Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. Virgínicum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Perennial; roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved (2–3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex.—Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La.

3. ECHINOSPÉRMUM, Lehm. Stickseed.

Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1–3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked.—Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and σπέρμα, seed.)

[*] Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed; biennial, not hispid.

2. E. defléxum, Lehm., var. Americànum, Gray. Diffusely branched, about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; flowers small; nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate.—Iowa, Minn., and northward.

3. E. floribúndum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2° high or more; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla larger (blue, sometimes white), 2–3´´ in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles.—Minn. and Sask., and westward.

[*][*] Racemes leafy-bracteate, stout pedicels not deflexed; calyx becoming foliaceous; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate; hispid annuals.

E. Láppula, Lehm. Erect, 1–2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back.—Waste and cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. E. Redówskii, Lehm., var. occidentàle, Watson. Erect, 1–2° high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes confluent at base.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.

4. KRYNÍTZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from the base upward.—Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.)

1. K. crassisépala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, very rough-hispid; leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate; flowers very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate; lobes of the persistent calyx closed over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, attached from the base to the middle.—Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.

5. MERTÉNSIA, Roth. Lungwort.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle, the scar small.—Smooth or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.)

1. M. Virgínica, DC. (Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1–2° high); leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root (4–6´ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1´ long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and roughish.—Alluvial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament.

[*][*] Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat.

[+] Filaments broad and short; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.

2. M. paniculàta, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1–2° high), loosely branched, leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6´´ long) somewhat funnel-form, 3–4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx, filaments broader and shorter than the anthers.—Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug.

3. M. lanceolàta, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, simple or branched, leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1–2´ long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments generally longer than the anthers.—Dak. to N. Mex. and westward.

[+][+] Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets shining, utricular.

4. M. marítima, Don. (Sea Lungwort.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper surface becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3´´ long), twice the length of the calyx.—Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward; scarce. June–Aug.

6. MYOSÒTIS, Dill. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute.—Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of μύς, mouse, and οὖς, ὠτός, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is Mouse-ear.)

[*] Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.

M. palústris, Withering. (True Forget-me-not.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9–20´ high), loosely branched, smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx-lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a yellow eye.—In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped; corolla small; annual or biennial.

2. M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascending (6–15´ high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; racemes naked at the base and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.—Fields, etc.; not very common. (Eu.)

3. M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4–12´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx.—Dry ground, rather common. May–July.

M. versícolor, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base; racemes loose, mostly naked at base; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale yellow changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft.—Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. LITHOSPÉRMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly flat.—Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of λίθος, stone, and σπέρμα, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

L. arvénse, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or biennial; stems erect (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.—Sandy banks and roadsides. May–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla greenish-white or pale-yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat; perennial.

L. officinàle, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above, erect (1–2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx.—Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. L. latifòlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2–3° high), rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2–4´ long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx.—Open ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark.

[*] Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting.

2. L. hírtum, Lehm. Hispid with bristly hairs (1–2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8–12´´ broad); flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy; fruiting calyx (½´ long) 3–4 times longer than the nutlets.—Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westward. April–June.

3. L. canéscens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6–15´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above; flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx (3´´ long) barely twice the length of the nutlets.—Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May.

[*][*] Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2–4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching; later flowers small, cleistogenous.

4. L. angustifòlium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6–18´ high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-tube 8–18´´ long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, Spreng.; the long-flowered form.)—Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich. to Dak. and Tex., and westward.

8. ONOSMÒDIUM, Michx. False Gromwell.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out.—Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer.—Our species belong to true Onosmodium, with smooth included anthers on very short filaments; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, which name means ass-smell.)

1. O. Virginiànum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed short bristles; stems rather slender (1–2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1–2½´ long), the lower narrowed at base; lobes of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles.—Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La.

Var. mólle, Gray. Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed, 1–2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2´ long), when young softly strigose-canescent beneath. (O. molle, Michx.)—Ill. to Minn., Tex., and westward.

9. SÝMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin.—Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from συμφεῖν, to grow together, probably for its reputed healing virtues.)

S. officinàle, L. (Common Comfrey.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish.—Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. LYCÓPSIS, L. Bugloss.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out base.—Annuals. (Name from λύκος, a wolf, and ὄψις, face.)

L. arvénsis, L. (Small Bugloss.) Very rough-bristly (1° high); leaves lanceolate; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla.—Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. ÉCHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from ἔχις, a viper.)

E. vulgàre, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla reddish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale).—Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 73. CONVOLVULÀCEÆ. (Convolvulus Family.)

Tribe I. DICHONDREÆ. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2 basilar. Creeping herbs.

1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe II. CONVOLVULEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.

2. Ipomœa. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2–3-globose.

3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate.

4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate.

5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining.

Tribe III. CUSCUTEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.

6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. DICHÓNDRA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1–2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.—Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name from δίς, double, and χόνδρος, a grain, from the fruit.)

1. D. rèpens, Forst. Leaves round kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1–1½´´ long).—Wet ground, Va. to Tex., near the coast.

2. IPOMŒ̀A, L. Morning Glory.

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate; the limb entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2–3-globose stigma. Capsule globular, 4–6 (by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2–4-valved. (Name, according to Linnæus, from ἴψ, a Bindweed, and ὅμοιος, like; but ἴψ is a worm.)

§ 1 QUÁMOCLIT. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but narrow tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red. Annual twiners.

I. Quámoclit, L. (Cypress-Vine.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla narrow, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy.)—Sparingly spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.)

I. coccínea, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled, sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1´ long). (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench.)—River banks, etc., Ohio to Ill., Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in N. Mex. and Arizona.)

§ 2. IPOMŒ̀A proper. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted in the bud; stamens and style not exserted.

[*] (Morning Glory.) Lobes of stigma and cells 3; sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below, corolla purple, blue, and white.

I. hederàcea, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1–3-flowered; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1–1½´ long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not Roth.)—Waste and cultivated ground, Penn. to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Stigma 2-lobed or entire; cells 2, each 2-seeded; sepals broader, imbricated.

[+] Leaves cordate, acuminate.

1 I. panduràta, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1–5-flowered; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3´ long), white with purple in the tube.—Dry ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June–Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10–20 pounds.

2 I. lacunòsa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; peduncles short, 1–3-flowered; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, ½–{1/3}´ long) corolla.—River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and Tex.

[+][+] Leaves linear; not twining.

3 I. leptophýlla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2–4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10–100 pounds); leaves 2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide, short-petioled, acute; peduncles short, 1–2-flowered; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3´ long.—Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

3. CONVÓLVULUS, Tourn. Bindweed.

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2–4-valved.—Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

§ 1 CALYSTÈGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy brats.

1 C. spithamæ̀us, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6–12´ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base; corolla white (2´ long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamæa, Pursh.)—Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.

2. C. sèpium, L. (Hedge Bindweed.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1½–2´ long). (Calystegia sepium, R. Br.)—Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic States and westward. (Eu., etc.)

Var. Americànus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)—Common, across the continent.

§ 2. Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.

C. arvénsis, L. (Bindweed.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9´´ long) white or tinged with reddish.—Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)

4. BREWÈRIA, R. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus.—Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistràta, Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1–7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united at base. (Bonamia humistrata, Gray.)—Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquática, Gray. Minutely soft downy and somewhat hoary; peduncles 1–3-flowered; sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth; styles almost distinct; otherwise nearly as n. 1. (Bonamia aquatica, Gray.)—Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeríngii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; leaves very narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile; peduncles 1–3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray.)—Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.

5. EVÓLVULUS, L.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded.—Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argénteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about ½´ long; flowers almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3´´ broad.—Sterile plains and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.

6. CÚSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder.

§ 1. Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.

C. Epílinum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low; flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.—Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.

C. Epíthymum, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.—Occasionally found in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent.

[*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.

[+] Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.

1. C. chlorocárpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white (1–1¼´ long); lobes of calyx and corolla (mostly 4) acute, often longer than the tube; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.—Wet places, from Wisc. and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.

2. C. arvénsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low; flowers smaller (hardly 1´´ long); calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad; those of the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, scales large, deeply fringed.—Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable.

[+][+] Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.

3. C. tenuiflòra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; flowers (1´´ long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed.—On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.

[*][*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes.

[+] Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.

5. C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only 1´´ long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth.—Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark.

[+][+] Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.

6. C. Gronòvii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed; capsule globose, umbonate.—Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters.—Var. latiflòra, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward.

7. C. rostràta, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger (2–3´´ long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; ovary bottle-shaped; capsule long-pointed.—Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.

[*][*][*] Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.

8. C. cuspidàta, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (1½–2¼´´ long) thin, on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted.—Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosæ, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.

9. C. compácta, Juss. Stems coarse; flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters; bracts (3–5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter.—Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.

10. C. glomeràta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several times longer than the ovary.—Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositæ. The rope-like twists (½–¾´ thick), of white flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance.

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3–5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry.—Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentæ in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.)—A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceæ, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.

[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.

1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.

[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.

2. Chamæsaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.

[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.

3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.

4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3–5-celled.

[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.

5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule.

6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.

8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLÀNUM, Tourn. Nightshade.

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4–10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled.—Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary.—A vast genus, chiefly in warmer regions, including the Potato (S. tuberòsum) and the Egg-plant (S. Melongèna); while the Tomato (Lycopérsicum esculéntum) is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.)

[*] Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries small.

[+] Perennial, climbing or twining.

S. Dulcamàra, L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red.—Moist banks and around dwellings. June–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. S. triflòrum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7–9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1–3-flowered; corolla white; berries green, as large as a small cherry.—Central Kan., and westward; chiefly a weed near dwellings.

2. S. nìgrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Low, much branched and often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading; filaments hairy; berries globular, black.—Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July–Sept.

Var. villòsum, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow.—Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. grácile, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2–3° high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire; corolla white or bluish; calyx somewhat appressed to the black berry.—Coast of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)

[*][*] More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.

[+] Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely white.

3. S. Carolinénse, L. (Horse-Nettle.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4–8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty); leaves oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes simple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate; berries about 6´´ broad.—Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex.

4. S. elæagnifòlium, Cav. Silvery-canescent with dense scurf-like pubescence of many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or wanting; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire; calyx-lobes slender; berry seldom 6´´ in diameter.—Prairies and plains. E. Kan. to Tex., and westward.

5. S. Torrèyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of about equally 9–12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout, scanty or nearly wanting; leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5–7-lobed (4–6´ long); calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate; berry 1´ in diameter.—Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest, corolla yellow.

6. S. rostràtum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1–2° high); leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.—Plains of Neb. to Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.

2. CHAMÆSÁRACHA, Gray.

Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), obscurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform; anthers separate, oblong.—Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a tropical American genus dedicated to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine; the prefix χαμαί, on the ground.)

3. PHÝSALIS, L. Ground Cherry.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5–10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening lengthwise.—Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name φυσαλίς, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

[*] Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire border; pubescence simple.

1. P. grandiflòra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1–2´ wide when expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry.—S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence Island, L. Champlain (Perkins).

[*][*] Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3–10´´ broad.

[+] Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet.

2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7–10´´ broad; calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth.—In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.

3. P. angulàta, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed; peduncles filiform; corolla unspotted, very small (3–6´´ broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.—Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.

[+][+] Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or cordate.

4. P. pubéscens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; corolla spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5–6´´ broad when expanded, obscurely 5–10-toothed; anthers violet.—Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.—A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Kan. (B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2´´ broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.

[+][+][+] Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow.

6. P. viscòsa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short stellate or 2–3-forked pubescence; stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye; fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange.—In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.

7. P. lanceolàta, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid; leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate (1–1½´ long); berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man., in part; not L.)—Dry open ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.