H. nìger, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.—Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. DATÙRA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5–10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentæ; projected from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placentæ as if on the middle of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.—Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.)

D. Stramònium, L. (Common Stramonium or Thorn Apple.) Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla white (3´ long), the border with 5 teeth; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter.—Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?)

D. Tátula, L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller; stem purple; corolla pale violet-purple; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.—Waste grounds, in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

8. NICOTIÀNA, Tourn. Tobacco.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2–4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.—Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced Tobacco (N. Tabácum, L.) into Europe.)

N. rústica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded.—Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)

Order 75. SCROPHULARIÀCEÆ. (Figwort Family.)

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentæ; in the axis; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen.—Style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order.—A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.

I. ANTIRRHINIDEÆ. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal.

1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.

Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEÆ. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.

2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base; the palate seldom closing the throat.

3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat.

Tribe III. CHELONEÆ. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Capsule 2–4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.

4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.

5. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.

6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.

7. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.

Tribe IV. GRATIOLEÆ. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves, peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.

[*] Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.

9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.

[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.

12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile pair short or none.

13. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments protruded.

14. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.

II. RHINANTHIDEÆ. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. DIGITALEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled.

15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2–4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.

16. Veronica. Calyx 4-(rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. GERARDIEÆ. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.

[*] Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike.

17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.

[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobe.

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEÆ. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.

[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded.

20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often very small.

[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many–several-seeded.

22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule oblong.

24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back.

25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged.

26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; seeds wingless.

[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1–4-seeded.

27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.

1. VERBÁSCUM, L. Mullein.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.—Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

V. Thápsus, L. (Common Mullein.) Densely woolly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; flowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually beardless.—Fields, a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. Blattària, L. (Moth M.) Green and smoothish, slender; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping, raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool.—Roadsides, throughout our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. Lychnìtis, L. (White M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness; stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with whitish wool.—Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. LINÀRIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.—Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer. (Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

[*] Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme.

1. L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6–30´ high); leaves flat (1–2´´ wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform curved spur of the corolla.—Sandy soil, common.

[*][*] Perennial, erect (1–3° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.

L. vulgàris, Mill. (Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1´ long or more, including the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.—Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.

L. Elatìne, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 3–4´´ long, including the subulate spur.—Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. spùria, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.—Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHÌNUM, Tourn. Snapdragon.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.—Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from ἀντί, like, and ῥίν, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. Oróntium, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.—About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. màjus, L. (Large Snapdragon.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1½–2´ long, purple or white.—Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULÀRIA, Tourn. Figwort.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.—Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nodòsa, L., var. Marilándica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3–5° high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.—Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLÍNSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4–many-seeded.—Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. vérna, Nutt. Slender (6–20´ high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx.—Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

6. CHELÒNE, Tourn. Turtle-head. Snake-head.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.—Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from χελώνη, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glàbra, L. A foot or two (or even 6–7°) high; leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate (4–5´ long, 4–12´´ wide), gradually acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose.—Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. oblìqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1–2° high; leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong (2–5´ long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color.—S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTÈMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.—Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from πέντε, five, and στήμων, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate.

[+] Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9–12´´ long, the lower lip usually bearded within.

1. P. pubéscens, Solander. Stem 1–2° high, viscid-pubescent (at least the inflorescence); leaves oblong to lanceolate (2–4´ long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded.—Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (Miss Furbish) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

Var. Digitàlis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.)—Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. grácilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.—Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western.

4. P. Cobæ̀a, Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply toothed; thyrse short; corolla 2´ long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish.—Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflòrus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2–3° high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; corolla 9´´ long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish.—Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. álbidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6–10´ high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparsely toothed; clusters of the strict thryse few-flowered, approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla 9´´ long, with shorter tube and more dilated throat.—Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like.

7. P. grandiflòrus, Nutt. Stem 2–4° high; leaves thickish, the upper and floral rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate; pedicels short; corolla 2´ long, oblong-campanulate, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.—Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glàber, Pursh. Stems 1–2° high, leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla 1–1½´ long, bright blue to violet-purple, dilated above; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.—Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminàtus, Dougl. Stems 6–20´ high, stout; leaves thick, the lower obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; corolla 9´´ long, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.—Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MÍMULUS, L. Monkey-flower.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.—Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of mimus, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

1. M. ríngens, L. Stem square (1–2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.—Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July–Sept.—Flower 1–1½´ long, rarely white.

2. M. alàtus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.—Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded.

3. M. Jamèsii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.—In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.

M. lùteus, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large.—Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONÒBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous.—Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multífida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx.—Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July–Sept.

10. HERPÈSTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.—Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from ἑρπηστής, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

[*] Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves many-nerved.

1. H. nigréscens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1–2´ long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish.—Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

3. H. amplexicaùlis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; leaves ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.—Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.—Aromatic when bruised.

[*][*] Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal.

4. H. Monnièra, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; corolla pale blue.—River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.

11. LIMOSÉLLA, L. Mudwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing.—Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from limus, mud, and sella, seat.)

1. L. aquática, L., var. tenuifòlia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.—Brackish river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

12. GRATÌOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop.

Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth; corollas 4–6´´ long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx.

[*] Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. G. Virginiàna, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4–6´ high); leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, peduncles almost equalling the leaves (½–1´ long); pod ovoid (2´´ long).—Very common.

2. G. sphærocárpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5–10´ high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1–2´ long), toothed; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3´´) globular pod.—N. J. and Md. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

3. G. viscòsa, Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla whitish, yellow within.—Ky. to N. C. and Ga.

4. G. aùrea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (½´ long).—Sandy swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile filaments tipped with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more simple stems.

5. G. pilòsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (½´ long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3–4´´ long, scarcely exceeding the calyx.—Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

13. ILYSÁNTHES, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded.—Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from ἰλύς, mud, or mire, and ἄνθος, flower.)

1. I. ripària, Raf. (False Pimpernel.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4–8´ high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3´´ long. (I. gratioloides, Benth.)—Wet places; common.

14. MICRÁNTHEMUM, Michx.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the upper lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several–many-seeded.—Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of μικρός, small, and ἄνθεμον, flower.)

1. M. Nuttàllii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1–2´ high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate.—Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.–Oct.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2–4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted; anther-cells not confluent. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the axis.—Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from σύν, together, and θυρίς, a little door; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniàna, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; spike dense (5–12´ long); corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than the calyx, usually 2–3-parted.—Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to Minn., south to Ind., Ill., and Iowa.

16. VERÓNICA, L. Speedwell.

Calyx 4- (rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted); the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire; stigma single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few–many-seeded.—Chiefly herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§ 1. LEPTÁNDRA. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves; racemes terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cleft.

1. V. Virgínica, L. (Culver's-root. Culver's Physic.) Smooth or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2–6° high); leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled; corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.—Rich woods, Vt. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. VERONICA proper. Corolla wheel-shaped; capsule more or less notched, strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs.

[*] Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate leaves; racemes axillary, mostly opposite; corolla pale blue.

[+] Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.

2. V. Anagállis, L. (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at base, then erect; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2–3´ long); pedicels spreading; corolla pale blue with purple stripes; capsule slightly notched.—Brooks and ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to the Rocky Mts. June–Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

3. V. Americàna, Schweinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth, decumbent at base, then erect (8–15´ high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base; the slender pedicels spreading.—Brooks and ditches, common. June–Aug.

4. V. scutellàta, L. (Marsh Speedwell.) Smooth, slender and weak (6–12´ high); leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, very slender and zigzag; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels; capsule very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didymous.—Bogs, common. June–Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

5. V. officinàlis, L. (Common Speedwell.) Pubescent; stem prostrate, rooting at base; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx; capsule obovate-triangular, broadly notched.—Dry hills and open woods, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward. July. (Eu., Asia.)

V. Chamæ̀drys, L. Stem pubescent, at least in two lines, ascending from a creeping base; leaves subsessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate; racemes loosely-flowered; pedicels little longer than calyx; capsule triangular-obcordate.—Sparingly introduced into Canada, N. Y., and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves opposite; flowers in a terminal raceme; the lower bracts leaf-like; capsules flat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alpìna, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2–12´ high); leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; capsule obovate, notched.—Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.)

7. V. serpyllifòlia, L. (Thyme-leaved Speedwell.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth; branches ascending and simple (2–4´ high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts; raceme loose; corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched.—Roadsides and fields, common; introduced and indigenous. May–July (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat reduced), the flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate; corolla shorter than the calyx.

[+] Flowers short-pedicelled; floral leaves reduced; corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrìna, L. (Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.) Glandular-puberulent or nearly smooth, erect (4–9´ high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; capsule orbicular, slightly notched, many-seeded.—Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April–June.

V. arvénsis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched (3–8´ high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire; capsule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded.—Cultivated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds cup-shaped.

V. agréstis, L. (Field Speedwell.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate-toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1–2 seeded.—Sandy fields, N. Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. hederæfòlia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell.) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3–7-toothed or lobed; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small; capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2–4-seeded.—Shaded places, N. J., Penn., etc. April–June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BÚCHNERA, L. Blue-Hearts.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.—Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of I. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

1. B. Americàna, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1–2° high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1´ long).—Moist sandy ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June–Aug.

18. SEYMÈRIA, Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.—Erect branching herbs, with the general aspect and character of Gerardia, leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophýlla, Nutt. (Mullein-foxglove.) Rather pubescent (4–5° high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovate, pointed.—Shady river-banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.

19. GERÁRDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—Erect branching herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)

[*] Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside.

1. G. pediculària, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2–3° high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes.—Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

[*][*] No glandular pubescence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial.

2. G. grandiflòra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (2–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2´ long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.—Oak openings, Wisc. and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.

3. G. flàva, L. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent with a fine close down; stem (3–4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla 1½´ long.—Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.

4. G. quercifòlia, Pursh. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Smooth and glaucous (3–6° high), usually branching; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2´ long.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill.

5. G. lævigàta, Raf. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1–2° high) mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla 1´ long. (G. integrifolia, Gray.)—Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., south in the mountains to Ga.

§ 2. OTOPHÝLLA. Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or sparingly hairy.

6. G. auriculàta, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9–20´ high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers nearly sessile in the axils (1´ long).—Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo.

7. G. densiflòra, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3–7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those subtending the densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla over 1´ long.—Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex.

§ 3. GERARDIA proper. Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline leaves linear or narrower, entire.

[*] Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.

[*][*] Annuals; herbage blackish in drying (except n. 13).

[+] Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.

9. G. áspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1–2° high); leaves long and linear, rough; pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately exceeding the calyx, which has triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as long as the tube; corolla over 1´ long.—Plains and prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. to Dak. and W. Ark.

10. G. purpùrea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) Stem (1–2° high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; flowers large (1´ long), bright purple, often downy; pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, from very short to about half as long as the tube.—Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.—Var. paupércula, Gray. Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only ½´ long, lighter rose-purple.—N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.

11. G. marítima, Raf. (Sea-side G.) Low (4–12´ high), with shorter branches; leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse; pedicels about as long as the calyx; corolla ½´ long.—Salt marshes along the coast.

[+][+] Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base.

12. G. tenuifòlia, Vahl. (Slender G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others; calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx; corolla about ½´ long.—Low or dry ground, common.—Var. macrophýlla, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 1½–2´ long and almost 2´´ wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla little over ½´ long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.—Var. aspérula, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6´´ in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.

13. G. Skinneriàna, Wood. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth; corolla 4–6´´ long. (G. setacea, Gray, Man., not of Walt.)—Sandy low ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

20. CASTILLÈIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; its upper lip (galea) long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.—Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)

2. C. pállida, Kunth, var. septentrionàlis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; leaves mainly entire, the lower linear, upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft; corolla ½–1´ long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip.—Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Superior, west and northward.

3. C. sessiliflòra, Pursh. Perennial, 6–8´ high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent; leaves mostly 3–5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes; the floral similar or broader, not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; corolla 2´ long, the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed lip.—Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex.

21. ORTHOCÁRPUS, Nutt.

Corolla with the upper lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1–3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from ὀρθός, upright, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. O. lùteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect, 1° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; corolla golden-yellow, not 6´´ long, 2–3 times as long as the calyx.—Plains, N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

22. SCHWÁLBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10–12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.—A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb (1–2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americàna, L.—Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. May–July.

23. EUPHRÀSIA, Tourn. Eyebright.

1. E. officinàlis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.—Coast of Maine and Lower Canada; perhaps introduced from Eu.—Var. Tatárica, Benth., a low form with small flowers (2–3´´ long), and mostly rounded leaves.—Alpine region of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward.

24. BÁRTSIA, L.

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.—Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.

B. Odontìtes, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.—Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)

25. RHINÁNTHUS, L. Yellow-Rattle.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.—Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of ῥίν, a snout, and ἄνθος, a flower, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-gálli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6´´ long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name.)—Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

26. PEDICULÀRIS, Tourn. Lousewort.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several seeded.—Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.)

Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5–12´ high); leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule flat, somewhat sword-shaped.—Copses and banks, common. May–July.

3. P. Furbíshiæ, Watson. Tall (2–3° high) pubescent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate; calyx-lobes 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed; upper lip of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed; capsule broadly ovate.—Banks of the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (Miss Kate Furbish), and adjacent N. Brunswick.

27. MELAMPỲRUM, Tourn. Cow-Wheat.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, 1–4-seeded.—Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from μέλας, black, and πυρός, wheat; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americànum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5´´ long).—Open woods; common, from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. June–Sept.

Order 76. OROBANCHÀCEÆ. (Broom-rape Family.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentæ; pod very many-seeded; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo.—Calyx persistent, 4–5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.—Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

2. Conopholis. Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped Stamens exserted.

3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHÈGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentæ on each valve.—Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6–12´ high. (Name from ἐπί, upon, and φηγός, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiàna, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6–8´´ long, curved, 4-toothed.—Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug.–Oct.

2. CONÓPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Cancer-root.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4–5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentæ, a pair on the middle of each valve.—Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from κῶνος, a cone, and φολίς, a scale).

1. C. Americàna, Wallroth.—Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.—A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3–6´ high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

3. APHÝLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape.

Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentæ, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from α- privative and φύλλον, foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.)

[*] Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb.

2. A. fasciculàtum, Gray. Scaly stem erect and rising 3–4´ out of the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; divisions of the calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.—Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May.

[*][*] Caulescent, flowers densely spicate, with 1–2 bractlets at base of calyx; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft.

3. A. Ludoviciànum, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3–12´ high); corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipæa Ludoviciana, Walp.)—Minn. to Ill. and Tex., and westward.