[*] Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper lip of the corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3; leaves acutely more or less serrate; perennials.

[+] Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.

1. M. dídyma, L. (Oswego Tea. Bee-Balm.) Somewhat hairy (2° high), acutely 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2´ long), bright red, showy.—Moist woods by streams, N. Eng. to Mich., south to Ga. in the mountains. July–Aug.

2. M. clinopòdia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate; bracts whitish; calyx moderately hirsute in the throat; corolla slightly pubescent (1´ long), dull white or flesh-colored.—Shady places, ravines, etc., Ont. to Ill., and along the mountains to Ga.

3. M. fistulòsa, L. (Wild Bergamot.) Smoothish or downy, 2–5° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla (1´ long or more) purple or purplish dotted, smooth or hairy.—Dry soil, Vt. and E. Mass, to Fla., and far westward. Very variable; the following are the more marked forms.—Var. rùbra, Gray. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red; habit of n. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading. In moist ground, Alleghany Mts.—Var. mèdia, Gray. Corolla deep purple. Alleghany Mts.—Var. móllis, Benth. Corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip; leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath; throat of calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with sometimes an outer row of bristles. Extends to Minn. and westward.

[+][+] Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.

4. M. Bradburiàna, Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple.—Thickets, Ind. to Tenn. and Kan.

[*][*] Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short corolla; heads axillary or interrupted spicate; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate, tapering into the petiole.

6. M. citriodòra, Cerv. Annual, 1–3° high; bracts narrowly oblong, their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth slender, at length usually spreading; corolla white or pinkish, not spotted.—Neb. to Tex.

20. BLEPHÍLIA, Raf.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the upper pair minute or none); anthers, etc., as in Monarda.—Perennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose whorls; in summer. (Name from βλεφαρίς, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.)

1. B. ciliàta, Raf. Somewhat downy (1–2° high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy.—Dry open places, Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan.

2. B. hirsùta, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots.—Moist shady places, Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex.

21. LOPHÁNTHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed, the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted; the upper pair declined, the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel.—Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from λόφος, a crest, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. L. nepetoìdes, Benth. Stem stout, 2½–6° high, sharply 4-angled, smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2–4´ long); spikes 2–6´ long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts; calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla.—Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. L. scrophulariæfòlius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubescent; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4–15´ long); otherwise like the last.—Same range.

3. L. anisàtus, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute.—Plains, Wisc. to Minn., Neb., and westward.—Foliage with the scent of anise.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter; anther-cells parallel.—Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. (Name a diminutive of cedrus, the cedar-tree, from the aromatic leaves of C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C. cordàta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (1½´ long); stamens shorter than the upper lip.—Moist shady banks, W. Penn. to Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn.

23. NÉPETA, L. Cat-Mint.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate in pairs, the cells divergent.—Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes; upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

N. Catària, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted with purple.—Near dwellings; a very common weed. July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. GLECHÒMA. Leaves all alike; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.

N. Glechòma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground.) Creeping and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue.—Damp or shady places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

24. DRACOCÉPHALUM, Tourn. Dragon-Head.

Calyx tubular, 13–15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip slightly arched and notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent.—Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from δράκων, a dragon, and κεφαλή, head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.)

1. D. parviflòrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8–20´ high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small slender corolla.—Rocky or gravelly soil, northern N. Y. to Iowa and Minn., and westward.

25. SCUTELLÀRIA, L. Skullcap.

§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase.

[*] Flowers small (3´´ long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided racemes.

1. S. lateriflòra, L. (Mad-dog Skullcap.) Smooth; stem upright, much branched (1–2° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2–3´´ long), the lower floral ones similar; flowers blue, rarely white.—Wet shaded places, common.

[*][*] Flowers larger (6–12´´ long) in terminal single or panicled racemes, the floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts.

[+] Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-petioled; lateral lobes of the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip.

2. S. versícolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, etc., partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (1–3° high); leaves ovate or round-ovate, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; racemes mostly simple; corolla bright blue with lower side and lip whitish.—Banks of streams, Penn. to Wisc., Minn., and southward.—Var. mìnor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved; floral leaves small.—Mountains of Va., etc.

3. S. saxátilis, Riddell. Glabrous or slightly hairy; stem weak, ascending (6–18´ long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong (1–2´ long), thin, obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, entire; raceme simple, loose.—Moist shaded banks, Del. to Ohio, south in the mountains to Va. and Tenn.

[+][+] Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in n. 7), only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled; lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip.

4. S. serràta, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple (1–3° high), with single loosely flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy; corolla 1´ long, narrow, its lips equal in length.—Woods, Penn. to Ill. and N. C.

5. S. canéscens, Nutt. Stem branched above (2–4° high), with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; corolla 8–9´´ long.—River-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains of N. C. and N. Ala., west to Kan. and Ark.

Var. hirsùta, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3° high), more hirsute, with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2–3´ long).—Richer soil, Ky.

Var. ovalifòlia, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower less veiny leaves.—N. J. to Va.

7. S. integrifòlia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness; stem commonly simple (1–2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled; corolla 1´ long, much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length.—Dry ground, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*][*] Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which resemble the lower ones but are occasionally reduced.

8. S. Wrìghtii, Gray. Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous nor tuberiferous, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-puberulent, very leafy; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile (½´ long), the upper floral shorter than the flowers; corolla pubescent (½´ long), usually violet.—Kan. to Tex.

9. S. párvula, Michx. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons moniliform-tuberiferous; minutely downy, dwarf (3–6´ high), branched and spreading; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped (6–8´´ long); corolla 2–4´´ long.—Sandy banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.—Var. móllis, Gray, is more spreading, softly pubescent throughout, with larger less firm leaves.—Sandy banks, S. Ill. to Kan.

10. S. galericulàta, L. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons not tuberiferous; smooth or a little downy, erect (1–2° high), simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base (1–2´ long); corolla violet-blue, 8–9´´ long, with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect.—Wet shady places; common especially northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base.

11. S. nervòsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10–20´ high; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped (1´ long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like veins prominent beneath; corolla bluish, 4´´ long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one.—Moist thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south to Va. and Mo.

26. BRUNÉLLA, Tourn. Self-heal.

1. B. vulgàris, L. (Common Self-heal or Heal-all.) Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or flesh-color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx.—Woods and fields, Newf. to Fla., westward across the continent. June–Sept. (Eu.)

27. PHYSOSTÈGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, nearly entire; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate; the cells parallel.—Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from φῦσα, a bladder, and στέγη, a covering.)

1. P. Virginiàna, Benth. Stem 1–4° high, terminated by a simple virgate or several panicled spikes; leaves thickish; calyx tubular-campanulate, its teeth half the length of the tube; corolla 1´ long.—Wet grounds, from N. Vt. west and southward. Varies greatly.—Var. denticulàta, Gray. Slender and commonly low, with crenulate-denticulate or obscurely serrate leaves, and slender or loosely-flowered spikes.—Middle Atlantic States.

2. P. intermèdia, Gray. Slender, 1–3° high, remotely leaved; leaves linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate; spikes filiform, rather remotely flowered; calyx short and broadly campanulate, its teeth about as long as the tube; corolla 5–6´´ long, much dilated upward.—Barrens, W. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.

28. SYNÁNDRA, Nutt.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat; the upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending; filaments hairy; anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together (whence the name; from σύν, together, and ἀνήρ, for anther).

1. S. grandiflòra, Nutt. Hairy biennial, 1° high; lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower; corolla 1½´ long, yellowish-white.—Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. In spring.

29. MARRÙBIUM, Tourn. Horehound.

M. vulgàre, L. (Common Horehound.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white.—Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

30. BALLÒTA, L. Fetid Horehound.

Calyx nearly funnel-form; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading regular border, with 5–10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.)

B. nìgra, L. (Black Horehound.) More or less hairy, but green, erect; the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; whorls many-flowered, dense; calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla.—Waste places N. Eng., Penn., etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. PHLÒMIS, Tourn. Jerusalem Sage.

Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper pair longer than the others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base; anther-cells divergent and confluent.—Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flowered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)

P. tuberòsa, L. Tall perennial (3–5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside.—S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

32. LEONÙRUS, L. Motherwort.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled.—Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils; in summer. (Name from λέων, a lion, and οὐρά, tail, i.e. Lion's-tail.)

L. Cardìaca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial; leaves long-petioled, the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded.—Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. Marrubiástrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth, the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect.—Roadsides, N. J. to Del., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. Sibíricus, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions 2–5-cleft, or deeply 3–7-cleft and incised; corolla (purplish) twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading.—Waste grounds, Penn.; also far west. (Adv. from Eu. and Asia.)

33. LÀMIUM, L. Dead-nettle.

[*] Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads.

L. amplexicaùle, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; lateral lobes truncate.—Rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. purpùreum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, all petioled.—N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

(Addendum) L. intermèdium, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).—Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague). (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, taller; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls.

L. álbum, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled; calyx-teeth very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, obliquely contracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside; lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender tooth.—E. New Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. maculàtum, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with a white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique.—Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)

34. GALEÓPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anther-cells transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked.—Annuals, with spreading branches, and several–many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of γαλέη, a weasel, and ὄψις, resemblance, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

G. Tetràhit, L. (Common Hemp-nettle.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. grandiflòra, 3–4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip.—Waste places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Ládanum, L. (Red H.) Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.—E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

35. STÀCHYS, Tourn. Hedge-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5–10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.—Whorls 2–many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from στάχυς, a spike). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer.

[*] Root annual; stems decumbent, low.

S. arvénsis, L. (Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate; whorls 4–6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the unarmed calyx.—Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

[+] Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled.

1. S. hyssopifòlia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or the nodes hirsute; stems slender (1° high); leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed toward the apex; whorls 4–6-flowered, rather distant; corolla glabrous, twice or thrice the length of the triangular-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth.—Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo.—Var. ambígua, Gray, is stouter (1–2° high), sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3–6´´) serrulate leaves.—Ill. and Ky. to Ga.

2. S. palústris, L. Stem 4-angled (2–3° high), leafy, hirsute with spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles; leaves sessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded at base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2–4´ long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6–10-flowered, the upper crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; upper lip of corolla pubescent.—Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the continent.

3. S. áspera, Michx. Taller; stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the last, but nearly all distinctly petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often slender and more interrupted; calyx mostly glabrous, the tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; corolla glabrous throughout. (S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray.)—Wet ground, common.

Var. glàbra, Gray. More slender, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, all more conspicuously petioled. (S. palustris, var. glabra, Gray.)—Western N. Y. to Ill., and southward.

[+][+] Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate.

4. S. cordàta, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2–3° high; leaves all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2–5´ long), the floral mostly minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx only 2´´ long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5´´ long. (S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray.)—Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, south to Va., Tenn., and Mo.

Order 83. PLANTAGINÀCEÆ. (Plantain Family.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes;—chiefly represented by the two following genera.

1. PLANTÀGO, Tourn. Plantain. Ribwort.

§ 1. Stamens 4; flowers all perfect; corolla not closed over the fruit.

[*] Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla, the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed on the face (except in P. lanceolata).

[+] Corolla glabrous; leaves strongly ribbed; perennial.

[++] Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib.

1. P. cordàta, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate (3–8´ long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy; capsule 2–4-seeded.—Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.

[++][++] Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base.

2. P. màjor, L. (Common Plantain.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely roughish; leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense, obtuse; sepals round-ovate or obovate; capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8–18-seeded; seeds angled, reticulated.—Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubtless introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward.

3. P. Rugélii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex; sepals oblong, acutely carinate; capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4–9-seeded; seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated. (P. Kamtschatica, Gray, Man., not Cham.)—Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

4. P. eriòpoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base; leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with short stout petioles; spike dense or loose; sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over 4-seeded.—Moist and saline soil; Red River valley, Minn., and westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence.

P. lanceolàta, L. (Ribgrass. Ripplegrass. English Plantain.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9´–2° high); spike dense, at first capitate, in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; seeds 2, hollowed on the face.—Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; seeds 2–4; maritime, often woolly at base.

5. P. decípiens, Barneoud. Annual, or sometimes biennial with a stout rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent; leaves flat or flattish and channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape (5–12´), acuminate; spike slender, rather loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, Gray, Man.)—Salt marshes, Atlantic coast, from Labrador to N. J. The characters distinguishing biennial specimens of this from the next are obscure.

[*][*] Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently spreading; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-pubescent or woolly; annual.

7. P. Patagónica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioìdes, Gray. White with silky wool; leaves 1–3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (¼–4´ long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre.—Prairies and dry plains, Minn. to Ind., Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very variable.—Var. nùda, Gray; with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts.—Var. spinulòsa, Gray; a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts.—Var. aristàta, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2–3 times the length of the flowers. (Nat. on Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.)

§ 2. Flowers subdiœcious or polygamo-cleistogamous; the corolla in the fertile (or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with spreading corolla and long-exserted filaments; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennial.

[*] Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile; stamens 4.

8. P. Virgínica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2–9´ high); leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3–5 nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1–2´ long); seeds usually 2.—Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ariz.

[*][*] Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike slender.

9. P. pusílla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1–4´ high); leaves entire; capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract.—Sandy soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.–Aug.

10. P. heterophýlla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of them below 2–4-lobed or toothed; capsule oblong-conoidal, 10–28-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.—Low sandy ground, Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.–June.

2. LITTORÉLLA, L.

Flowers monœcious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3–4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from litus or littus, shore, from the place of growth.)

1. L. lacústris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete, linear-subulate, 1–2´ long.—In water or on gravelly shores, Nova Scotia and N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (Pringle) and Ont.

Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether.

Order 84. NYCTAGINÀCEÆ. (Four-o'clock Family.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender, and hypogynous; the embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons (in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion).—Represented in our gardens by the Four-o'clock, or Marvel of Peru (Mirábilis Jalápa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx.

1. Oxybaphus. Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx bell shaped.

2. Abronia. Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-winged. Calyx salver-form.

1. OXÝBAPHUS, Vahl.

Flowers 3–5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens mostly 3 (3–5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours).—Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name ὀξυβάφον, a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel; from the shape of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagíneus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem becoming repeatedly forked, 1–3° high; leaves all petioled (except the uppermost reduced ones), from broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate or cuneate at base; inflorescence loose and but slightly pubescent, the peduncles slender (at first solitary in the axils); fruit oblong-obovate, 2´´ long, rather acutely angled.—Minn. and Wisc. to Tex. and La.; rare escape from gardens in E. Mass. and R. I.

2. O. hirsùtus, Sweet. More or less glandular-hirsute, especially about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short petiole; stamens often 5; fruit with thickened obtuse angles.—Plains of the Sask. to Wisc., Iowa., Neb., and Tex.

3. O. angustifòlius, Sweet. Often tall, glabrous except the more or less hirsute peduncles and involucres; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, often elongated (2–6´ long); fruit as in the last.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.

2. ABRÒNIA, Juss.

1. A. fràgrans, Nutt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial root; leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base; involucre conspicuous, of broad ovate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, fragrant, 4–10´´ long; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow undulate coarsely reticulated wings.—From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex.

Order 85. ILLECEBRÀCEÆ. (Knotwort Family.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules (except in Scleranthus), a 4–5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent calyx, no petals, stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen.—Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes.

1. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any.

2. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals hooded at the summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.

3. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. Styles 2. Stipules none.

1. ANÝCHIA, Michx. Forked Chickweed.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Stamens 2–3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downward.—Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (Same derivation as the next genus.)

1. A. dichótoma, Michx. More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and spreading; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate; flowers nearly sessile and somewhat clustered.—Mostly in open places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. A. capillàcea, DC. Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect; leaves thinner, broader and longer (5–15´´ long); flowers more stalked and diffuse. (A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, Torr.)—Dry woodlands, same range as the last, but more abundant northward.

2. PARONÝCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or staminodia) bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending.—Tufted herbs (ours perennial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whitlow, and for a plant thought to cure it.)

2. P. dichótoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6–12´ high) ascending from a rather woody base; leaves (½–1½´ long) and bracts narrowly awl-shaped; cymes open, many-times forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals.—Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July–Sept.

3. P. Jamèsii, Torr. & Gray. Subcespitose, much branched from the somewhat woody base, minutely puberulent; leaves filiform-subulate, obtuse or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; calyx narrow-campanulate with turbinate base.—Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex.

3. SCLERÁNTHUS, L. Knawel.

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct.—Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from σκληρός, hard, and ἄνθος, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

S. ánnuus, L. Much branched, spreading (3–5´ high); flowers sessile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined.—Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 86. AMARANTÀCEÆ. (Amaranth Family)

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these often colored, commonly 3 in number; the 1-celled ovary in our genera 1-ovuled. (The greater part of the order tropical.)

[*] Anthers 2-celled; flowers unisexual; leaves alternate.

1. Amarantus. Flowers monœcious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.

2. Acnida. Flowers diœcious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.

[*][*] Anthers 1-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite.

3. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate.

4. Frœlichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.

(Addendum) 5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.

1. AMARÁNTUS, Tourn. Amaranth.

Flowers monœcious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2–3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen.—Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters; in late summer and autumn. (Ἀμάραντος, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranthus.)

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; flowers polygamous.

[*] Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes; stem erect (1–6° high); leaves long-petioled; stamens and sepals 5.

[+] Red Amaranths. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple.

A. paniculàtus, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; spikes numerous and slender, panicled, erect or spreading; bracts awn-pointed; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson; fruit 2–3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx.—Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[+][+] Green Amaranths, Pigweed. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish.

A. retrofléxus, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate; the thick spikes crowded in a stiff or glomerate panicle; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals.—Cultivated grounds, common; indigenous southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

A. chloróstachys, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green, with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently acute or acuminate. (A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, Gray.)—Cultivated grounds; apparently also indigenous southwestward.—Var. hýbridus, Watson, is similar, but smooth and still more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, Gray.) (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters; stems low, spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.

1. A. álbus, L. (Tumble Weed.) Smooth, pale green; stems whitish, erect or ascending, diffusely branched; leaves small, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals acuminate, half the length of the rugose fruit, much shorter than the subulate rigid pungently pointed bracts; seed small, {2/3}´´ broad.—Waste grounds, common.

2. A. blitoìdes, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent; spikelets usually contracted; bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate; sepals obtuse or acute; fruit not rugose; seed about 1´´ broad.—From Minn. to Mo. and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as western N. Y.

A. Blìtum, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum.—Near N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile; flowers monœcious.

A. spinòsus, L. (Thorny Amaranth.) Smooth, bushy-branched; stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their axils; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small.—Waste grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

§ 3. EÙXOLUS. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregularly; no spines; bracts inconspicuous.

3. A. pùmilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate, emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary; stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit.—Sandy beaches, R. I. to Va.

A. críspus, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small, light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and undulate; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and sepals scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse; utricle about as long, roughened, not nerved nor angled. (A. viridis, Man.)—Streets of Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubtless introduced, but the native habitat unknown.

Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely diœcious and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1–3, unequal. Staminate calyx of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts; stamens 5, the anther-cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2–5, often long and plumose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membranous utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3–5-angled. (Name from α- privative, and κνίδη, a nettle.)

§ 1. ACNIDA proper. Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp.

1. A. cannábina, L. Usually stout, 2–6° high or more, glabrous; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled; sepals of sterile flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish; bracts usually thin and lax, much shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit about 1´´ long, obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely angled; seed somewhat turgid, not angled, usually less than 1´´ long, shining.—Salt or brackish marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla.

2. A. rusocárpa, Michx. Very similar; fruit larger, 1½–2´´ long, the pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, usually thickest on the cotyledonar side.—N. Y. (?) and Penn. to S. Car.; apparently much less common than the last, though it is often difficult to positively distinguish the species from the immature fruit.

§ 2. MONTÈLIA. Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually roughened; not salt-marsh plants.

3. A. tuberculàta, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decumbent; leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse; sepals of sterile flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate); bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit; utricle about ½´´ long; seed shining, ½-{1/3}´´ in diameter. (Montelia tamariscina, Gray, in part.)—Ohio to Dak., Mo., Ala., and La.

Var. subnùda, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose heads; bracts thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M. tamariscína, var. concatenata, Gray, in part.)—W. Vt. (Oakes); Ont. to Minn., and southward. Often appearing quite distinct from the type, but intermediate forms are not rare.

3. IRESÌNE, P. Browne.

Flowers mostly polygamous or diœcious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens mostly 5; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base; anthers 1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening.—Herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence the name, from εἰρεσιώνη, a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).

4. FRŒLÍCHIA, Moench.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2–5-crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages.—Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A. Froelich, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridàna, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1–3° high); leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregularly toothed.—Dry sandy places, S. Minn, to Ill., Col., Tex., and Fla.

2. F. grácilis, Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes—Col. to Tex., and is reported from Kansas.

(Addendum) 5. CLADÓTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.—Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from κλάδος, a branch, and θρίξ, hair, for the branching tomentum.)

1. C. lanuginòsa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3–10´´ long.—Central Kan. (Meehan) and southwestward.

Order 87. CHENOPODIÀCEÆ. (Goosefoot Family.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduplicate, or spiral.—Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3–5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants; several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)

[*] Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny. Stem not jointed.

[+] Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled; calyx obvious, persistent. Seed-coat crustaceous.

1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membranaceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.

2. Kochia. Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.

3. Chenopodium. Calyx 3–5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.

4. Roubieva. Calyx 3–5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid.

[+][+] Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked; the pistillate without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts.

5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.

[+][+][+] Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves.

6. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear.

[*][*] Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed; leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.

7. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.

[*][*][*] Embryo coiled into a spiral; albumen mostly none. Leaves fleshy, alternate.

8. Suæda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.

9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent.

Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen.—An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open panicles. (Name composed of κύκλος, a circle, and λώμα, a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx.)

1. C. platyphýllum, Moquin.—Diffuse (6–15´ high), more or less arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep purple.—Sandy soil, Minn, to W. Ill., S. Ind., Ark., and westward across the plains.

2. KÒCHIA, Roth.

Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and the albumen wanting.—Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or more usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for W. D. J. Koch, a German botanist.)

K. scopària, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear; flowers in small axillary clusters, sessile, each sepal developing a thick wing.—Sparingly introduced; Vt., Ont., and Ill. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. CHENOPÒDIUM, Tourn. Goosefoot. Pigweed.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, unchanged in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular; the coat crustaceous; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen.—Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from χήν, a goose, and ποῦς, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.)—Our species are mostly annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places.

§ 1. Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic; fruiting calyx dry; seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring.

[*] Pericarp very easily separated from the seed; leaves entire or rarely sinuate-dentate.

1. C. Bosciànum, Moq. Erect, slender (2° high), loosely branched, often nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate (1–2´ long), attenuate into a slender petiole, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all entire; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; calyx not strongly carinate. (C. album, var. Boscianum, Gray, Manual.)—N. Y. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. C. leptophỳllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or rarely nearly glabrous (½–1½° high), simple or branched, often strict; leaves linear (½–1´ long), entire, rather shortly petioled; flowers closely clustered, in dense or interrupted spikelets; calyx-lobes strongly carinate.—Sea-coast, Conn. to N. J., north shore of L. Erie, and from Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward.

C. polyspérmum, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute of mealiness; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles; flowers very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged.—Sparingly naturalized in the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. álbum, L. (Lamb's-quarters. Pigweed.) Erect (1–4° high), more or less mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed; clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (¾´´ wide in fruit) with strongly carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed.—Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)—Var. víride, Moq., more common eastward, is less mealy and with less dense inflorescence.