Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two.

Order 107. CONÍFERÆ. (Pine Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monœcious or rarely diœcious flowers in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.)

Suborder I. Pinàceæ. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly monœcious and evergreen.

Tribe I. ABIETINEÆ. (Pine Family proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3–16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped.

[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky.

1. Pinus. Leaves 2–5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales.

[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.

[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.

2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal).

3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat.

[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not prominent.

4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath.

5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous.

Tribe II. TAXODIEÆ. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.

6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSINEÆ. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.

[*] Monœcious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked.

7. Chamæcyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.

8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8–12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.

[*][*] Diœcious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.

9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3–6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like cup.

1. PÌNUS, Tourn. Pine.

Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3–12, linear.—Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; when more than 2 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)

§ 1. Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose, deciduous; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks.

1. P. Stróbus, L. (White Pine.) Tree 75–160° high; leaves very slender, glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4–5´´ long), with 6–8 involucral scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4–6´ long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8–10.—Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin.

§ 2. Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles; sheath close; woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped.

[*] Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves rigid.

[+] Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2).

2. P. Tæ̀da, L. (Loblolly or Old-field Pine.) Leaves long (6–10´), with elongated sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3–5´ long) and tapering; scales tipped with a stout incurved spine.—Wet clay or dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.—A tree 50–150° high; staminate flowers slender, 2´ long, with usually 10–13 involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.

[+][+] Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7).

4. P. púngens, Michx. f. (Table Mountain Pine.) Leaves stout, short (1¼–2½´ long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); cones ovate (3½´ long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine (¼´ long).—Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.—A rather small tree (20–60° high); cones long-persistent.

5. P. ínops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrub Pine.) Leaves short (1½–3´ long); cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2–3´ long), the scales tipped with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle.—Barrens and sterile hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind.—A straggling tree at the east, 15–40° high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

6. P. Banksiàna, Lambert. (Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.) Leaves short (1´ long), oblique, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (1½–2´ long), smooth, the scales pointless.—Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree.

7. P. mìtis, Michx. (Yellow Pine.) Leaves sometimes in threes, from long sheaths, slender (3–5´ long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical (barely 2´ long), the scales with a minute weak prickle.—Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.—A straight tree, 50–100° high, with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones.

[*][*] Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes.

8. P. resinòsa, Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves in twos from long sheaths, elongated (5–6´ long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2´ long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6–9´´ long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.—Dry woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward.—A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.

9. P. palústris, Mill. (Long-leaved, Yellow, or Georgia Pine.) Leaves in threes from long sheaths, very long (10–15´), crowded at the summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 2½–3´ long, rose-purple; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong (6–10´ long), the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis, Michx.)—Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

(Addendum) 10. P. ponderòsa, Dougl., var. scopulòrum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3–6´ long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1´ long; cones subterminal, 2–3´ long, oval, often 3–5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved prickle.—Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.—A large tree with very thick bark.

2. PÌCEA, Link. Spruce.

Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preceding year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)

2. P. álba, Link. (White Spruce.) Branchlets glabrous; leaves more slender, pale or glaucous; cones nodding, cylindrical (about 2´ long), pale, deciduous, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, Michx.)—Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.—A handsomer tree than n. 1, 50–150° high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir.

3. TSÙGA, Carrière. Hemlock.

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)

1. T. Canadénsis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (½´ long); cones oval (6–8´´ long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.)—Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and Minn.—A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.

4. ÀBIES, Link. Fir.

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; cones maturing the first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)

1. A. balsàmea, Miller. (Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir.) Leaves narrowly linear (6–10´´ long); cones cylindrical (2–4´ long, 1´ thick), violet-colored; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales.—Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

5. LÀRIX, Tourn. Larch.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent.—Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)

6. TAXÒDIUM, Richard. Bald Cypress.

Flowers monœcious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2–5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6–9.—Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of τάξος, the yew, and εἶδος, resemblance, the leaves being Yew-like.)

1. T. dístichum, Richard. (American Bald Cypress.) Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.—Swamps, S. Del. to S. Ill. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April.

7. CHAMÆCÝPARIS, Spach. White Cedar. Cypress.

Flowers monœcious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2–4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales decussate in pairs, bearing few (1–4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3.—Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From χαμαί, on the ground, and κυπάρισσος, cypress.)

1. C. sphæroídea, Spach. (White Cedar.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3–5´´ in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thyoides, L.)—Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30–90° high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitæ.

8. THÙYA, Tourn. Arbor Vitæ.

Flowers mostly monœcious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.—Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small, appressed, persistent leaves; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets; one awl-shaped; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. (Θυἶα or Θύα, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

9. JUNÍPERUS, L. Juniper.

Flowers diœcious, or occasionally monœcious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3–6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3–6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1–3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.—Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical name.)

§ 1. OXYCÉDRUS. Aments axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white glaucous above.

1. J. commùnis, L. (Common Juniper.) Shrub or small tree, with spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5–9´´ long); berry dark blue (3´´ or more in diameter).—Dry sterile hills, common.

Var. alpìna, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2–4´´ long) less spreading leaves.—Maine to Minn., and northward.

§ 2. SABÌNA. Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.

2. J. Sabìna, L., var. procúmbens, Pursh. A procumbent, prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub; scale-like leaves acute; berry on short recurved peduncles, 3–5´´ in diameter.—Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng. to N. Minn., and northward.

3. J. Virginiàna, L. (Red Cedar or Savin.) From a shrub to a tree 60–90° high, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; berries on straight peduncles, about 3´´ in diameter.—Dry hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.

10. TÁXUS, Tourn. Yew.

Flowers mostly diœcious, or sometimes monœcious, axillary from scaly buds; the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; anther-cells 3–8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.—Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from τόξον, a bow; the wood anciently used for bows.)

1. T. Canadénsis, Willd. (American Yew. Ground Hemlock.) A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Willd.)—Moist banks and hills, especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate.

Order 108. HYDROCHARIDÀCEÆ. (Frog's-bit Family.)

Aquatic herbs, with diœcious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1–3-celled ovary. Stamens 3–12, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen; embryo straight.

Tribe I. HYDRILLEÆ. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.

1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform.

Tribe II. VALLISNERIEÆ. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate.

2. Vallisneria. Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape.

Tribe III. STRATIOTEÆ. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pedunculate. Ovary 6–9-celled.

3. Limnobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled.

1. ELODÈA, Michx. Water-weed.

1. E. Canadénsis, Michx. Leaves in 3's or 4's, or the lower opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate; stamens 9 in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon.)—Slow streams and ponds, common. July.

2. VALLISNÈRIA, L. Tape-grass. Eel-grass.

Flowers strictly diœcious; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate); also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, berry-like.—Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time; afterwards the thread-form scapes (2–4 feet long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

1. V. spiràlis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1–6° long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined.—Common in slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

3. LIMNÒBIUM, Richard. American Frog's-bit.

Flowers diœcious, (or monœcious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6–12 linear anthers at unequal heights; there are 3–6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6–9-celled, with as many placentæ in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry in fruit; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped.—A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small; the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white? (Name from λιμνόβιος, living in pools.)

1. L. Spóngia, Richard. Leaves 1–2´ long, faintly 5-nerved; peduncle of sterile flower about 3´ long and filiform, of the fertile only 1´ long and stout.—Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla.; also L. Ontario, Ill., and Mo.

Order 109. BURMANNIÀCEÆ. (Burmannia Family.)

1. BURMÁNNIA, L.

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentæ in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. biflòra, L. Stem low and slender (2–4´ high), 2-flowered at the summit, or soon several-flowered; perianth (2–3´´ long) bright blue, 3-winged.—Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla.

Order 110. ORCHIDÀCEÆ. (Orchis Family.)

Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placentæ, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets; the 3 outer (sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direction, etc., from the rest, and is called the lip; only the other two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is really the upper petal, i.e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma; anther 2-celled; each cell containing one or more masses of pollen (pollinia) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). Stigma a broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium.—Perennials, often tuber-bearing or tuberous-rooted; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract,—in all arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertilization.

Tribe I. EPIDENDREÆ. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinia smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all in n. 3 and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 only in n. 7 of our genera.)

[*] Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves.

[+] Column very short; leaf solitary.

1. Microstylis. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform.

[+][+] Column elongated; leaves radical.

[++] Whole plant (except the flowers) green.

2. Liparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire.

3. Calypso. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate.

[++][++] A single green autumnal leaf; otherwise mainly brownish or purplish.

4. Tipularia. Raceme many-flowered; flowers small, greenish; lip 3-lobed.

5. Aplectrum. Raceme loose; flowers rather large; lip 3-ridged, not spurred or saccate.

6. Corallorhiza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and lip with 1–3 ridges; sepals and petals 1–3-nerved.

7. Hexalectris. Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous; sepals and petals several-nerved; lip with 5–6 ridges.

Tribe II. NEOTTIEÆ. Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the summit, or terminal and opercular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or less cohering in 2 or 4 delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the beak of the stigma.

[*] Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. Flowers small, in spikes or racemes.

8. Listera. Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed.

9. Spiranthes. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1–3-ranked in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 callosities at base.

10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column, saccate, without callosities.

[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.

11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; lip dilated above.

[*][*][*] Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; column elongated. Stem scapose or few-leaved; flowers large, solitary or few.

12. Arethusa. Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollinia 4.

13. Calopogon. Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. Column winged at the apex. Pollinia 4.

14. Pogonia. More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. Pollinia 2.

Tribe III. OPHRYDEÆ. Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the top of the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland. Flower (in ours) ringent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem.

15. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.

16. Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated.

Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEÆ. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses.

17. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading; lip an inflated sac.

1. MICRÓSTYLIS, Nutt. Adder's-Mouth.

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland.—Low herbs, from solid bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of μικρός, small, and στυλίς, a column or style.)

1. M. monophýllos, Lindl. Slender (4–6´ high); leaf sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; racemes spiked, long and slender; pedicels not longer than the flowers; lip long-pointed.—Cold wet swamps, N. New Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

2. M. ophioglossoìdes, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very small.—Low moist ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. July.—Pollinia (at least sometimes) only 1 in each cell.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland.—Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from λιπαρός, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. L. liliifòlia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; lip large (1½´ long), wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish.—Moist woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. June.

2. L. Lœsèlii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled; lip obovate or oblong (2´´ long), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals.—Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. Ill., and Minn. (Eu.)

3. CALÝPSO, Salisb.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9´´ long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square gland.—A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short (3–5´ high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Calypso.)

1. C. boreàlis, Salisb.—Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in moss, with a coralloid root beneath; Maine and Vt. to Mich. and Minn., and northward. May.—A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)

4. TIPULÀRIA, Nutt. Crane-fly Orchis.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip prolonged beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of the flower (9–12´´ long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland.—Herb with large solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct pedicel, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath, and in summer a long slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a raceme of many small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipula.)

1. T. díscolor, Nutt. Scape 10–18´ high; lip blunt at the tip.—Sandy woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich.; very scarce.

5. APLÉCTRUM, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.

1. A. hiemàle, Nutt. Stem 1° high or more; perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5–6´´ long.—Woods, in rich mould; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.—Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizontally connected.

6. CORALLORHÌZA, Haller. Coral-root.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at base; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, 1–3-nerved, the upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary; lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free.—Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves and bearing a raceme of rather small dull-colored flowers; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of κοράλλιον, coral, and ῥίζα, root.)

§ 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary; flowers small; lip whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson.

1. C. innàta, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3–9´ high), 5–12-flowered; pedicels very short; perianth 2–2½´´ long; lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, the lamellæ thick and rather short; spur a very small protuberance; capsule oval or elliptical (3–4´´ long).—Swamps and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. May, June. (Eu.)

2. C. odontorhìza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6–16´ high), 6–20-flowered; pedicels rather slender; perianth about 3´´ long; lip entire or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamellæ a pair of short projections; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the ovary; capsule at first very acute at base, at length short-oval (4´´ long).—Rich woods, E. Mass. (Hitchings) and Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich, and Mo. May–July.

3. C. multiflòra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9–18´ high), 10–30-flowered; perianth 2½–4´´ long; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellæ; spur manifest and protuberant; capsule oblong (6–9´´ long), short-pedicelled.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Md., west to Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July–Sept.

4. C. striàta, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6–16´ high), bearing 15–25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth 6–7´´ long; lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1–3 short lamellæ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9´´ long). (C. Macræi, Gray.)—Woods, from L. Erie westward along the Great Lakes and to the Pacific.

7. HEXALÉCTRIS, Raf.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5–6 prominent ridges down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in Corallorhiza. (Name probably from ἕξ, six, and ἀλεκτρυών, a cock, from the crests of the lip.)

1. H. aphýllus, Raf. Stem 1–2° high, beset with purplish scales, the lower sheathing; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6–8´´ long. (Bletia aphylla, Nutt.)—Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and Mex.

8. LÍSTERA, R. Brown. Twayblade.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland.—Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.)

[*] Column very short; sepals ovate, reflexed; plants delicate, 4–8´ high.

1. L. cordàta, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped (½–1´ long); raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than the ovary; lip linear, twice as long as the sepals, 1-toothed each side at base, 2-cleft.—Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

2. L. austràlis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; flowers very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary; lip linear, 3–4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous.—Damp thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and from N. J. to Fla. June.

[*][*] Column longer, arching or straightish.

3. L. convallarioìdes, Nutt. Plant 4–9´ high; leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1–1½´ long); raceme loose, pubescent; pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, {1/3}´ long.—Damp mossy woods, N. New Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to N. C.

9. SPIRÁNTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses.

[*] Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike; leaves at the root and base of the stem present at the flowering season.

1. S. latifòlia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4–9´ (rarely 12´) high, smooth; leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong (1–4´ long, 3–9´´ wide), 3–5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base; spike narrow (1–3´ long); flowers small (2–3´´ long); lip quadrate-oblong, yellowish on the face, not contracted in the middle, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the small callosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their whole length; gland and beak of the stigma short.—Moist banks, Vt. and W. Mass. to Mich. and Minn., south to Del. and Md.

2. S. Romanzoffiàna, Cham. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (5–15´ high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1–4´ long); perianth curved and the summit manifestly ringent, pure white (4´´ long), the sepals and petals all connivent in the upper portion or galea; the lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulate much recurved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma short.—High and cool bogs, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and northward; Norfolk, Conn. (Barbour); central N. Y. July, Aug. (Ireland.)

3. S. cérnua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (6–20´ high); leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4–12´ long, 2–9´´ wide); spike cylindrical, rather dense (2–5´ long) and with the white fragrant flowers either pubescent or nearly smooth; perianth horizontal or recurving (4–5´´ long), the lower sepals not upturned or connivent with the upper; lip oblong and very obtuse when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy; gland of the stigma linear, in a long and very slender beak.—Common in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. Very variable in size and foliage, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering time.—A variety, growing in dry ground but retaining its leaves and blooming somewhat later, has greenish cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers. E. Mass. and Del.

[+] Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly persist during the flowering season.

4. S. præ̀cox, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres; stem 9´–2° high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3–8´ long, 2–4´´ wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts; spike linear, dense (2–5´ long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc., downy-pubescent; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline; perianth 3´´ long; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded slightly recurved apex; anther and beak of the stigma very acute. (S. graminea, var. Walteri, Gray.)—Wet, grassy places, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

[+][+] Scape very slender, merely bracted; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly withering away at or before flowering; flowers small, and whole plant glabrous or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the capsule.

5. S. grácilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened; scape 8–18´ high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike; perianth barely 1½–2´´ long; lip oval when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the base nipple-shaped.—Hilly woods and sandy plains, common. July–Oct.

6. S. símplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber; no leaves at flowering time; scape 5–9´ high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1-sided) spike (1–3´ long) of very short flowers (perianth 1–1½´´ long); lip thin, white, obovate-oblong, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender.—Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J., Del., and Md. Aug., Sept.

10. GOODYÈRA, R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain.

Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. Otherwise as Spiranthes.—Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyear, an early English botanist.)

§ 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip; anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short.

1. G. rèpens, R. Br. Small (5–8´ high) and slender; leaves ovate, more or less white-reticulated (about 1´ long); flowers several, in a loose 1-sided spike; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate.—Woods, under evergreens, common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.)

2. G. pubéscens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; scape 6–12´ high, the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular lip very short; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it.—Rich woods, Newf. to Fla., west to Mich. and Minn.

3. G. Menzièsii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2–3´ long), less white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9–12´ high; flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike; flower-buds less pubescent, elongated-ovate and pointed; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower portion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit.—Woods, Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (J. A. Allen, Goodale); Crawford, N. H. (Miss Minns); western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. July.

11. EPIPÁCTIS, Haller.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at base, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base; pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma.—Stem leafy, with racemed flowers, conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed at maturity. (The ancient Greek name of a plant.)

1. E. Helleborìne, Crantz. Stems 1–2° high; leaves broadly ovate (2–3´ long), pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, 30–50-flowered, 1-sided; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to dark purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3–4´´ long; petals rather smaller; lip ovate, pointed above, with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, All.)—Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.; the only known stations. (Eu.)

12. ARETHÙSA, Gronov.

Flower ringent; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells; pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell.—Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the nymph Arethusa.)

1. A. bulbòsa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1–2´ long), with an entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face.—Bogs, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn.

13. CALOPÒGON, R. Br.

1. C. pulchéllus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2–6-flowered; flowers 1´ broad, pink-purple; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.—Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.

14. POGÒNIA, Juss.

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (Πωγωνίας bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

§ 1. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white.

1. P. ophioglossoìdes, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6–9´ high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the axil; flower 1´ long, sweet-scented; lip spatulate, appressed below to the column, beard-crested and fringed.—Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Minn. June, July. (Japan.)

2. P. péndula, Lindl. Stem (3–8´ high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3–6´´) leaves, the upper 1–4 with drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; perianth ½´ long, narrow; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless.—Damp woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Mo.

§ 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cluster of fibres.

3. P. divaricàta, R. Br. Stem (1–2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary; but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spatulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1–1½´ long.—Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July.

4. P. verticillàta, Nutt. Stem (6–12´ high) naked, except some small scales at the base and a whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves at the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a peduncle longer than the ovary and capsule; sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a mostly erect base (1½–2´ long); lip with a narrow crest down the middle.—Low woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind. and Wisc.; rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect, about 1½´ long, more than half the length of the leaves.

5. P. affìnis, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals but little longer than the petals, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the middle of the lobes.—Low woods, S. W. Conn., S. New York, and N. New Jersey; rare.

Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a spike.—Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from fleshy-fibrous roots. (Ὁρχις, the ancient name.)

1. O. spectábilis, L. (Showy Orchis.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3–6´ long), and a few-flowered 4 angled scape (4–7´ high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white.—Rich woods, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. O. rotundifòlia, Pursh. Stem naked above, 1-leaved at base (5–9´ high), from a slender creeping rootstock; leaf varying from almost orbicular to oblong (1½–3´ long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4–6´´ long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richardson.)—Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward.

16. HABENÀRIA, Willd. Rein-Orchis.

Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to the proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another); otherwise nearly as in true Orchis; the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from habena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.)

§ 1. GYMNADÈNIA. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)

1. H. tridentàta, Hook. Stem slender (6–12´ high), with a single oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above; spike 6–12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small; lip wedge-oblong, truncate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upward, longer than the ovary.—Wet woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and south in the mountains to N. C. June, July.—Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes!

3. H. nívea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1–1½° high, many-leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4–8´ long, the others small and bract-like; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; flowers white, small; petals and entire lip linear-oblong; spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary, which is not twisted.—Pine-barren swamps, S. Del. to Fla. Aug.

§ 2. PERULÀRIA. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each extended at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity, which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. (Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.)

4. H. viréscens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the elongated raceme; petals ovate; flowers dull green; lip furnished with a tooth on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slender club-shaped spur.—Wet places, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. June, July.—Stem 10–20´ high; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers, which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish.

§ 3. PLATANTHÈRA. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.)

[*] Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike; spur not longer than the entire or merely notched narrow lip; anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate; stem leafy.

[+] Spur short and sac-like; the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect; glands small, rather widely separated.

5. H. bracteàta, R. Br. Stem 6–12´ high; lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2–4 times the length of the green flowers; spike 10–30-flowered; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2–3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the length of the white spur. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, Reichenb.)—Damp woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C., and far northward.

[+][+] Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip; lateral sepals spreading.

6. H. hyperbòrea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6´–2° high); leaves lanceolate, erect; spike dense (2–15´ long); lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the (greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; glands orbicular; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak.—Peat bogs and wet cold woods, N. Eng. to N. Y., S. Ill., Iowa, and northward. June, July. (Eu.)

[*][*] Flowers greenish or white, 5–15 in a loose spike, rather large for the size of the plant; scape or stem naked above, 1-leaved at base (5–9´ high); spur not longer than the lip; anther-cells wholly adnate, arcuate and widely separated.

8. H. obtusàta, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong; lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3´´ long), about the length of the tapering and curving spur.—Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. (Mt. Wachusett, Mass.), to Minn. and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved at base; spur longer than the narrow entire lip; anther-cells widely diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forward; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward.

9. H. Hoókeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3–4´ broad); scape mostly naked (½–1° high), bearing 10–20 upright sessile yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the lance-awl-shaped petals; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (nearly 1´ long).—Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa.—Var. oblongifòlia, Paine, has oblong leaves (3–5´ by 1½–2´). N. Y. and Can.

10. H. orbiculàta, Torr. Leaves very large (4–8´ wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath; scape bracted (1–2° high), bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; lip narrowly linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals; spur curved, slender (about 1½´ long), gradually thickened toward the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary; anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly ¼´ apart).—Rich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the mountains to N. C., west to Mich. and Minn.