EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
CYPERUS.—(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate flower more magnified.—(5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet magnified; the lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small internal scales of the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; (7) a flower; (8) an achene, cut in two.—(9) C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with the lower part of one scale, showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale-like wings.
DULICHIUM.—(1) Upper part of a plant of D. spathaceum; (2) part of a spikelet somewhat enlarged; (3) piece of rhachis, and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath; (4) magnified flower.
KYLLINGA.—(1) Plant of K. pumila; (2) one-flowered spikelet on a piece of the rhachis, enlarged; (3) the same, more enlarged and open; (4) achene; and (5) section of same magnified.
[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate I]
HEMICARPHA.—(1) Plant of H. subsquarrosa, natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged, with its bract; (3) magnified scale of the same; (5) a flower, with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; (6) achene, magnified.
LIPOCARPHA.—(1) Upper part of plants of L. maculata, with spikelets; (2) diagram of a flower, representing the ovary between the two internal scales, a single stamen, the scale of the spikelet on one side, and the axis of the spikelet on the other; (3) scale of spikelet detached; (4) a flower with its two inner scales; (5) achene, magnified.
FUIRENA.—(1) Upper portion of plant of F. squarrosa, var. pumila; (2) scale of spike enclosing a flower; (3) open scale of same; (4) flower; (5) one of the scales and one of the bristles of the perianth; (6) achene, and (7) section of same.
[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate II]
ELEOCHARIS.—(1) Small plant of E. olivacea; (2) the spikelet enlarged; (3) detached scale; (4) flower; (5) achene and bristles.—(6) E. quadrangulata, spikelet; (7) a scale; (8) flower; (9) achene and bristles.—(10) E. tuberculosa; the achene with its great tubercle, and bristles.
SCIRPUS.—(1) Summit of plant of small S. debilis; (2) a spikelet; (3) a scale of the same, and (4) flower; (5) achene with its bristles.
ERIOPHORUM.—(1) Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower; (2) spikelet; (3) a scale, and (4) a flower from the same; (5) the spikelet, in fruit, the bristles forming a cottony tuft; (6) achene and its bristles.—(6, under Scirpus) a small portion of the inflorescence of E. cyperinum; (7) a flower; (8) a spikelet in fruit; (9) achene from the same, with the tortuous bristles; (10) section of the achene.
FIMBRISTYLIS.—(1) Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa; (2) a spikelet of the same; (3) a detached scale, and (4) a flower of the same; (5) achene.—F. autumnalis, (6), a spikelet, enlarged; (7) flower; (8) achene, and (9) section of the same.
[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate III]
DICHROMENA.—(1) Head and involucre of D. latifolia; (2) a scale from one of the spikelets, and (3) the same cut across; (4) a flower; (5) achene with its tubercle.
PSILOCARYA.—(1) Part of plant, (2) enlarged spikelet, (3) detached scale, (4) flower, and (5) achene with its beak, of P. scirpoides.
RHYNCHOSPORA.—(1) Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana; (2) a spikelet; (3) detached flower; (4) achene, with short bristles at its base; (5) one of these bristles more magnified.
R. (§ CERATOSCHŒNUS).—(1) Upper part of fruiting plant, (2) detached spikelet, (3) flower, and (4) beaked achene, with its bristles, of R. macrostachya.
[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate IV]
CLADIUM.—(1) Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides; (2) detached spikelet; (3) same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower; (4) the nut-like achene, and (5) the longitudinal section of the same.
SCLERIA.—(6) Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis; (7) three spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate; (8) staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them having lost their anthers; (9) pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower; (10) achene with the 3-lobed double cup underneath.
CAREX.—(11) Plant of C. pauciflora; (12) a staminate flower with its scale; (13) scale, and (14) mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium; (15) cross section of perigynium and of the contained achene; (16) achene on its stalk, style and stigmas.—(17) C. Jamesii, upper part of flowering plant; (18) the spike enlarged; (19) a staminate flower and its scale; (20) pistillate flower in its perigynium; (21) the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the contained achene and style.
[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate V]
CAREX.—(1) C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit; (2) enlarged spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers; (3) a scale, and (4) a ripe perigynium, of the latter; with (5) a section of the perigynium near the base, and of the contained achene.—(6) C. straminea, var. brevior, summit of a fruiting plant; (7) a spike enlarged; (8) scale of a pistillate flower; (9) the winged perigynium and the contained achene cut across; (10) detached achene with persistent style and stigmas.—(11) C. umbellata, whole plant; (12) a perigynium and its scale; (13) cross-section toward the base of perigynium and its contained achene; (14) detached achene with its persistent style and stigmas.—C. bullata; (15) upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate spikes; (16) one of its staminate flowers with the scale; (17) a pistillate scale, and (18) mature perigynium; (19) longitudinal section of the latter, showing the achene and its style, and (20) cross-section of the same.
[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate VI]
LEERSIA.—(1) Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size; (2) a branchlet of the same, with its spikelets, of the natural size; and (3) an open spikelet in flower, enlarged.
ZIZANIA.—(1) A staminate, and (2) a pistillate flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica; (3) a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulæ or hypogynous scales; (4) a grain, and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen.
ALOPECURUS.—(1) Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower; (2) a few spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified; (3) an open spikelet in flower, more magnified, and (4) the single flowering glume detached.
PHLEUM.—A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its glume and palet raised above the empty glumes, magnified.
HELEOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of H. schœnoides; (2) a separate enlarged spikelet; and (3) the same open, in flower.
SPOROBOLUS.—(1) A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified; (2) the same, with the flower open, raised above the empty glumes; and (3) the fruit, more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).—(4) An enlarged spikelet of E. vaginæflora; and (5) the same displayed.
AGROSTIS.—(1) Panicle of A. alba, var. vulgaris, with (2) an enlarged open spikelet of the same; also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no palet.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate VII]
POLYPOGON.—(1) Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis; (2) an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the empty glumes; (3) the same open in flower; and (4) a separate flower without the empty glumes.
CINNA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea; and (2) the same open, displaying the flowering glume and palet, the single stamen, and the pistil.
MUHLENBERGIA.—(1) A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica; (2) the same with the open flower raised out of the empty glumes.—(3) A magnified spikelet of M. diffusa; (4) its minute and unequal empty glumes more magnified; and (5) an open spikelet of the same.
BRACHYELYTRUM.—(1) A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged; (2) the same displayed.
CALAMAGROSTIS.—(1) An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all the parts; (2) the same with the flower raised out of the empty glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind the palet.
ORYZOPSIS.—(1) An open magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia; and (2) the flower of the same removed from the empty glumes. Notice the remarkably long squamulæ or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the glume in length.
STIPA.—Empty glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged.
ARISTIDA.—A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate VIII]
SPARTINA.—(1) Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) the same displaced, the flower raised above the empty glumes.
CTENIUM.—(1) Spike of C. Americanum; (2) a single spikelet magnified; and (3) the same displayed, the empty glumes separated.
BOUTELOUA.—(1) A portion of the compound spike of B. racemosa, of the natural size; and (2) a spikelet displayed and magnified, the flowers raised out of the empty glumes.
GYMNOPOGON.—(1) Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size; and (2) a magnified spikelet with the parts displayed.
CYNODON.—(1) Inflorescence of C. Dactylon, of digitate spikes; (2) a spikelet magnified and displayed, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment.
ELEUSINE.—(1) One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) the same with the flowers more displayed; (4) a flower from the last, showing its parts; (5) the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle; and (6) the wrinkled seed detached.—(1, under Dactyloctenium) Inflorescence of E. Ægyptiaca, of digitate spikes; (2) one of the spikelets magnified; (3) the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.
DIPLACHNE.—(1) Small portion of the inflorescence of D. fascicularis; (2) one of its spikelets displayed and magnified; (3) an open flower of the same.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate IX]
TRIODIA.—(1) Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides; (2) the same displayed and the lowest flower open; (3) back view of the flowering glume spread out.
GRAPHEPHORUM.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed; (2) a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same.
DIARRHENA.—(1) A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged; (2) the grain in its glume and palet.
DACTYLIS.—A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.
KŒLERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the empty glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment; (2) lower half of a flowering glume, partly spread open; it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition.
EATONIA.—A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the empty glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment.
MELICA.—A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the empty glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one.
GLYCERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. nervata; (2) a separate flower with one joint of the rhachis; and (3) the lower half of a flowering glume, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled).
DISTICHLIS—(1) A pistillate spikelet of D. maritima, enlarged; (2) a flower from the same; and (3) a flower from a staminate spikelet.
POA.—(1) Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) a separate flower more magnified; (4) a flowering glume cut across and somewhat outspread.
ERAGROSTIS.—(1) A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged; (2) the same, from which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the palets have fallen away; (3) a magnified flower, open; (4) the flowering glume of the same outspread.
BRIZA.—(1) A spikelet of B. media, enlarged; (2) a separate flower.
FESTUCA.—(1) A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged; (2) a separate flower; (3) lower part of a flowering glume, outspread.
BROMUS.—(1) A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess; and (2) a separate flower, enlarged.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate X]
UNIOLA.—(1) A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size; (2) a flower, enlarged; (3) empty flowering glume of the lowest (sterile) flower.
PHRAGMITES—(1) A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged; (2) one of the perfect flowers, enlarged; and (3) the lowest flower, which has stamens only.
ARUNDINARIA.—(1) A spikelet of A. macrosperma; and (2) a separate flower, magnified.
SCHEDONNARDUS.—(1) Portion of the spike of S. Texanus, enlarged; and (2) a flower, magnified.
LOLIUM.—(1) Portion of the spike of L. temulentum; and (2) a separate flower, magnified.
AGROPYRUM.—(1) Portion of the spike of A. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the natural size; (2) a flower, magnified.
HORDEUM.—(1) The three one flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of H. jubatum, with their awn-like empty glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and neutral, the middle one alone perfect; (2) this perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged.
ELYMUS.—(1) The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the natural size; (2) the empty glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed; and (3) an open flower, more magnified.
GYMNOSTICHUM.—(1) A spikelet of G. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, magnified.
ASPRELLA.—(1) A spikelet of A. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, magnified.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XI]
DESCHAMPSIA.—(1) Panicle of D. flexuosa; (2) a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed; and (3) one of the flowers detached and open.
DANTRONIA.—(1) Panicle of D. spicata; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) a separate flower from the same.
TRISETUM.—(1) A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magnified; and (2) a separate open flower.
AVENA.—(1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a separate flower.
ARRHENATHERUM.—A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified; (1) the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment.
HOLCUS.—(1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and awned.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XII]
HIEROCHLOA.—(1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same displayed, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral ones with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only 2 stamens.
ANTHOXANTHUM—(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned, the terminal flower perfect and diandrous.
PHALARIS.—(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged, (2) the empty glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it.
MILIUM.—(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed spikelet, magnified; and (3) the same displayed.
AMPHICARPUM.—(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified; (2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile) spikelet, enlarged.
PASPALUM.—(1) Inflorescence of P. læve; (2) a closed spikelet, enlarged; (3) the same with the parts displayed.
PANICUM.—(1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its spikelets, magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three lower glumes empty.—(4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the same displayed, the three lower glumes empty.—(6) A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified, (7) the same displayed, the lower flower represented by a glume and palet only.—(8) A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified; (9) the same displayed, the lower flower staminate.
SETARIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of bristles, (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIII]
CENCHRUS.—(1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2) longitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate).
TRIPSACUM.—(1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets; (3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed; (4) a staminate (two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed.
ERIANTHUS.—(1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. saccharoides, enlarged; (2) one of the spikelets displayed.
ANDROPOGON.—(1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet; (2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet, displayed.
CHRYSOPOGON.—(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIV]
BECKMANNIA.—(1) Inflorescence of B. erucæformis, var., reduced in size; (2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the flower.
ERIOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the same opened; (4) the flower opened.
ROTTBŒLLIA.—(1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced, and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the pedicelled sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced; (5) the fertile spikelet opened; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower.
AMMOPHILA.—(1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the base of the palet.
LEPTOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced; (2) portion of rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet; and (4) a flower removed.
BUCHLOË.—(1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B. dactyloides; (3) a staminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers removed; (5) a pistil late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of same; and (7) the outer empty glume removed.
MUNROA.—(1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower, opened.
SCOLOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.
PUCCINELLIA.—(1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XV]
POLYPODIUM.—Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores.
ONOCLEA.—(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) portion of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein.
PELLÆA.—Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of the fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVI]
PTERIS.—A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes, enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the veins.
ADIANTUM.—(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule somewhat enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.
CHEILANTHES.—(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing pinnule, enlarged.
WOODWARDIA.—(1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of W. augustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged; (4) piece of the frond of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVII]
CAMPTOSORUS.—Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond, with fruit dots, enlarged.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.—Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare, and (2) a piece enlarged, with two fruit-dots.
ASPLENIUM.—(1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in fruit, enlarged.
DICKSONIA.—(1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule, enlarged; and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup shaped indusium.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVIII]
CYSTOPTERIS.—(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back.
WOODSIA.—(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4) a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.
ASPIDIUM.—(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) a small fruiting portion, magnified.
ONOCLEA.—Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XIX]
SCHIZÆA.—Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia, magnified, and (2) a separate sporangium, more magnified.
LYGODIUM.—(1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a sporangium more magnified.
OSMUNDA.—(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified; and (3) one sporangium more magnified.
BOTRYCHIUM.—Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with six sporangia, magnified.
OPHIOGLOSSUM.—Frond of O. vulgatum, and (1) a portion of the fruiting spike enlarged.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XX]
EQUISETUM.—(1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging the spores; (4) a magnified spore with the club shaped filaments spreading; and (5) the same with the filaments coiled up.
LYCOPODIUM.—Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.
SELAGINELLA.—Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike, enlarged; (2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.
ISOETES.—(1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores more magnified.
AZOLLA.—(1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporic one, more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked microsporangia; (6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another bursting; and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or barbed bristles.
[Illustration: Gen. of Lycopodiaceæ, Equisetaceæ, &c. Pl. XXI]
RICCIA.—Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded capsules and numerous air cavities; spores enclosed in a mother cell; three free spores; and calyptra with style.
ANTHOCEROS.—Plant of A. lævis; portion of the columella and valves of the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters.
NOTOTHYLAS.—Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma, an antheridium; twelve free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each).
ASTERELLA.—Plant of A. hemisphærica; ♀ receptacle viewed from above, the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyptra at base; section of ♂ disk; an elater, a portion of same, and spores.
SPHIEROCARPUS.—Plant of S. terrestris, cluster of five involucres; involucre enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three spores.
DUMORTIERA.—Portions of ♂ and ♀ plants of D. hirsuta; ♀ receptacle showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule with calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elater and portion of same; spores.
AITONIA.—Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of ♀ receptacle with three involucres; side view of same, involucre partly cut away showing capsule and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater, a piece of same, and spores.
CONOCEPHALUS.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of C. conicus; section of ♀ receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules; capsule with ruptured calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elaters, a portion of one, and spores.
PREISSIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of P. commutata; section of ♀ receptacle; perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule, section of part of ♂ disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores.
MARCHANTIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of M. polymorpha; section of receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule; section of part of ♂ disk; an elater, part of same, and spores.
FIMBRIARIA—Plant of F. tenella; ♀ receptacle, and section of same; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores.
PALLAVICINIA.—Plant of P. Lyellii, part of thallus with involucre, perianth, and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent, antheridium enclosed in a leaf, elater and spores.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXII]
PELLIA.—Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule; an elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia.
BLASIA.—Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the midrib showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra and protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores; part of elater and two spores; ♂ thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous thallus with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed gemmæ and the protruded orifice.
METZGERIA.—Plants (♂, ♀, and gemmiparous) of M. furcata, and parts of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf and base of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores.
ANEURA.—Plants (♂ and ♀) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy calyptra with base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent elaters; elater, part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long deflexed ♂ receptacles, and one cut transversely showing antheridia.
FOSSOMBRONIA.—Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule dehiscing, with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two leaves and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores.
GEOCALYX.—Plant of G. graveolens; two pairs of leaves with underleaves; part of stem with an underleaf; section of involucre showing calyptra and base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.
GRIMALDIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of G. barbifrons; section of ♂ disk; ♀ receptacle and section of same; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.
CHILOSCYPHUS.—Plant of C. ascendens; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth, and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.
HARPANTHUS.—Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section showing calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores.
LOPHOCOLEA.—Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral leaves and perianth; cross section of perianth; three pairs of leaves with underleaves; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and spores.
CEPHALOZIA.—Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater and spores.
GYMNOMITRIUM.—Plants of G. concinnatum; three pairs of leaves; apex of stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral leaves; calyptra.
MARSUPELLA.—Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of pedicel; capsule; elater and spores.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIII]
SCAPANIA.—Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves and perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs, of leaves, a capsule, elater and spores.
PLAGIOCHILA.—Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf; perianth enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores.
ODONTOSCHISMA.—Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing gemmæ, the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; a capsule, elaters, and spores.
LEJEUNEA.—Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral leaves; cross section of perianth; part of stein with ♂ branch; leaves with underleaves; elaters and spores.
FRULLANIA.—Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from above, and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth, involucral leaf; capsule, elaters, and spores.
PORELLA.—Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves; part of stem with ♂ spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth with involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores.
RADULA.—Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule and lateral ♂ branches; a ♂ branch; an antheridium; leaves seen from above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores.
PTILIDIUM.—Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; an underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores.
BAZZANIA.—Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves and ♂ spike; portion of ♂ spike, and antheridium; capsule, elaters, and spores.
TRICHOCOLEA.—Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule; elater and spores.
HERBERTA.—Plant of H. adunca; portion with leaves and underleaves; perianth; capsules; elater and spores.
LEPIDOZIA.—Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves; antheridium in its leaf and free, perianth with involucre; capsule, elater, and spores.
KANTIA.—Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy involucre, and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves; elater and spores.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIV]
JUBULA.—Plant of typical J. Hutchinsiæ, enlarged; two pairs of leaves seen from below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater.
BLEPHAROSTOMA.—Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; perianth with the outer involucre, ventral side; two cross sections of perianth; portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded.
LIOCHLÆNA.—Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth, perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel, with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent.
MYLIA.—Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from beneath, a cauline leaf (below); an underleaf; an involucral leaf (above); perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted dehiscent capsule.
DYPLOPHYLLUM.—Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged; a folded leaf; a leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral leaf seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally; calyptra.
NARDIA.—Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small leaved form), enlarged; portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and spores.
JUNGERMANNIA.—§ 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged; two leaves; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth.—§ 2. Plant of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves; perianth with involucre; involucre.—§ 3. Plant of J. Helleriana, enlarged; summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth; involucral leaves, margin of perianth unfolded—§ 4. Plants of J. inflata, natural size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf.
LUNULARIA.—Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged; section of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle of sterile plant, with gemmæ.
MARSILIA.—Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia, a sporocarp; sporocarp burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartments attached.