Waldensian, i. 83; ii. 146.
replaced by flagellation, ii. 407.
superseded in Joachitism, iii. 15, 21.
rejected by Olivists, iii. 80, 82.
void in heretic hands, iii. 159.
vitiation of, in sinful hands, i. 62, 64, 75.
taught by Waldenses, i. 79, 80; ii. 150, 160.
by Cathari, i. 93.
by Jean Vitrier, ii. 137.
by Bp. of Meaux, ii. 143.
by Bohemian Brethren, ii. 563.
by Fraticelli, iii. 162, 163.
not admitted by Wickliff, ii. 441.
Huss denies it, ii. 476.
Sacrifices, divinatory, iii. 402.
Sacrilege of Templar initiation, iii. 272.
Sacrobosco, his Spæera, iii. 442.
Saddarah, the, i. 92.
Safe-conduct, Huss’s, ii. 457, 462, 466.
Safe-conducts valueless to heretics, ii. 467.
Saga, iii. 391.
Saint Amour, William of, i. 283.
his De Periculis, i. 285.
his mission to Rome, i. 286.
on the Everlasting Gospel, iii. 22, 23, 25.
he is justified, iii. 131.
Saint Gall, Abbey of, i. 10.
Saint Felix de Caraman, Catharan council of, i. 119.
Saint Gilles, Pierre de Bruys burned at, i. 68.
Raymond’s penance at, i. 150.
Saint Malo, Cathari in, i. 112.
Saint Tron, Abbey of, i. 10, 35, 37.
Saint William of the Desert, Order of, iii. 107.
Saintes, Bp. of, tortures Templars, iii. 287.
Saints, their suffrages discarded by Waldenses, i. 83; ii. 150, 160.
by Wickliffites, ii. 440.
heretic, ii. 182, 241-2.
new, exploitation of, iii. 93.
canonization of, reserved to Rome, iii. 422.
Saints, sect of, in Calabria, iii. 127.
Salamanca, C. of, acquits the Templars, iii. 316.
Salary of inq., i. 625, 529, 532.
Sale of benefices, i. 24.
of indulgences, i. 43, 44; iii. 621.
of licenses to bear arms, i. 383.
Sales by heretics invalid, i. 520.
Salic Law, sorcery in, iii. 406, 408, 409.
Salimbene, his Joachitism, iii. 19, 24.
on exploiting new saints, iii. 93.
Salvation, exclusive, influence of belief in, i. 237.
Salvestro Maruffi, iii. 214, 216, 228.
Salvo di Cassetta, ii. 288.
Saluces, persecution of Waldenses in, ii. 267.
Salzburg, Luciferanism in, 1340, ii. 376.
C. of, 1291, on Military Orders, iii. 246.
C. of, 1386, against the Mendicants, i. 291.
C. of, 1418, recognizes the Inq., ii. 411.
Samaritan belief in magic, iii. 387.
Sail Marco, siege of, iii. 227.
San Martino, Waldensian valley of, ii. 195.
Sancha of Naples, Ferrara given to her, iii. 196.
Sanche Mercadier, ii. 106.
Sanche Morlana, ii. 59.
Sancho II. (Majorca), his dealings with Templars, iii. 315, 332.
Sancta Romana, bull, iii. 75, 84.
Sandalj Hranić of Herzegovina, ii. 304, 307.
Sangerhausen, Flagellants burned in, ii. 407, 408.
Santa Sabina, Cardinal of, his claim on Florence, ii. 277.
Sarabaitæ, i. 37.
Saracens not compelled to baptism, i. 242.
cultivation of sorcery by, iii. 429.
Sardinia, early heresy in, i. 108.
secular inquests in, i. 311.
Inq. introduced, ii. 244.
Templars of, prosecuted, iii. 285.
Sarrasin, Jean, his heresy, i. 275.
Satan overcome by the Eucharist, i. 49; iii. 46.
his final reconciliation, ii. 323, 408.
medieval conception of, iii. 379.
Teutonic conception of, iii. 402.
compacts with, iii. 386, 424, 464.
his function as Tempter, iii. 436.
his power of transportation, iii. 456, 496.
witches necessary to, iii. 501.
infants dedicated to, iii. 504.
limits of his power, iii. 542.
his faithlessness, iii. 543.
Savcuse, Philippe de, iii. 523, 527, 532.
Savi dell’eresia, in Venice, ii. 252.
Savi, Domenico, burned at Ascoli, iii. 125.
Savin, Nich. inq., persecutes witches, iii. 545.
Savonarola, his career, iii. 209.
on astrology, iii. 438, 446.
on infidelity of the Church, iii. 566, 577.
his Crucis Triumphus, iii. 583.
Savoy, special privileges granted to, i. 425.
subject to Inq. of Provence, ii. 118.
Waldenses of, ii. 195, 259, 260, 267.
statutes of, in 1513, ii. 268.
witches burned in, iii. 549.
Sawtré, burning of, i. 352.
Saxons, troubles arising from tithes among, i. 26.
Charlemagne’s laws on sorcery, iii. 413.
Saxony, Dominican provincials of, i. 348.
inq. in, ii. 375, 402.
Waldenses in, ii. 388.
Sayn, Count, his trial, ii. 339, 340, 344.
Scavius originates witchcraft, iii. 535.
Schandeland, John, inq. of Germany, ii. 378, 386.
Schism is heresy, iii. 616.
Schismatics, Inq. directed against, ii. 157.
Schmidt, Conrad, the Flagellant, ii. 406.
Schöneveld, Eylard, his activity, ii. 402.
Schöneveld, Henry, burns Flagellants, ii. 407.
Schorand, Ulrich, at Huss’s execution, ii. 492.
Schwabenspiegel, penalty for heresy in, i. 221; ii. 349.
French version of, ii. 156.
sorcery in, iii. 432.
Scissors, crosses in form of, as penance, ii. 361.
Scobaces, iii. 536.
Scot, Michael, his reputation as magician, iii. 431.
introduces Averrhoes, iii. 561.
Scotists, iii. 556.
Scotland, persecution in, i. 354.
proceedings against Templars, iii. 299, 301.
Scourging as a penance, i. 463, 464.
as torture, iii. 457, 532.
Scriptures, heretic use of, i. 86, 102, 131.
prohibition of, i. 131, 324; iii. 612, 613.
contempt for, in the schools, iii. 552.
Scriveners, abuses of, i. 382.
Sebislav of Usora, ii. 295.
Secco, Antonio, i. 372, 472; ii. 255, 261.
Secrecy of Inq., i. 376, 380, 406; iii. 99.
imposed on witnesses, ii. 93.
not observed in trial of Gilies de Rais, iii. 480.
in the Order of the Temple, iii. 255.
suspicion caused by, iii. 309.
Secular courts, process in, i. 401, 408.
use of torture in, i. 421.
influence of Inq. on, i. 559.
Secular Inq. attempted, i. 324; ii. 164.
in Venice, ii. 250.
Secular jurisdiction over sorcery, iii. 428, 450, 460.
over witchcraft, iii. 511, 513, 544, 547.
Secular legislation on heresy, i. 319.
on sorcery, iii. 427.
Secular officials subjected to Inq., i. 385; ii. 51, 67, 576, 578.
Secular use made of Inq., ii. 277; iii. 190.
Secularization of the Church, i. 5.
Security required of accusers, i. 402.
against confiscation, i. 524.
Seid, iii. 404, 406.
Segarelli, Gherardo, iii. 103.
his teachings, iii. 108.
Seleucia, Abp. of, a Fraticello, iii. 167.
Senlis, dispute over sorcery in, iii. 428.
C. of, 1310, on Templars, iii. 295.
Sens, Abp. of, remonstrates against Inq,, i. 330; ii. 114.
C. of, 1223, i. 190.
C. of, 1310, on the Templars, iii. 293, 294, 295.
Sentence, the, i. 459.
rendered in name of inqs., i. 332.
episcopal concurrence in, i. 332, 333, 335, 387.
of relaxation not read in church, i. 392.
power to modify reserved, i. 495.
Sentences, the, of P. Lombard, i. 241; iii. 552.
Sequestration of property, i. 517, 520.
Sergius III. condemns Pope Formosus, i. 231.
Sermione purified of heresy, ii. 235.
Sermo generalis, or auto de fé, i. 389, 391.
Servants, evidence of, i. 436.
Servia, inq. provided for, ii. 311.
Serving brethren of the Templars, iii. 243.
Severus, Septimius, persecutes Christians, i. 311.
Seville, C. of, 618, on condemnation of the dead, i. 231.
Sexual excesses ascribed to heretics, i. 85, 101; ii. 150,
335, 357, 408, 474; iii. 97, 127, 163.
ascribed to witches, iii. 501.
Shares of confiscations, i. 510.
Shaving the head as penance, ii. 336.
Sibylla Borell, case of, i. 457.
Sibylla of Marsal, ii. 353.
Sicard of Albi persecutes Cathari, i. 117.
Sicard de Lavaur, papal inq. in England, iii. 299.
Sicci da Vercelli, Antonio, his stories, iii. 256 271.
Sicilian Constitutions on heresy, i. 221, 325, 501.
torture in, i. 421.
on sorcery, iii. 431.
Sicily, Inq. established, ii. 246, 248.
a refuge for Fraticelli, ii. 249, 284; iii. 166.
for Spirituals, iii. 38, 63.
maintenance of Inq., ii. 284.
forged diploma of Frederic II., ii. 287.
Spanish Inq. introduced, ii. 288.
Arnaldo de Vilanova’s influence, iii. 54.
arrest of Templars in, iii. 305.
Greek Church in, iii. 616, 621.
Sidon, its purchase by the Templars, iii. 271.
Siena, laws checking the Inq., ii. 275.
C. of, 1423, stimulates inq. ii. 414.
urges persecution, ii. 527.
reform eluded at, ii. 528.
on Fraticelli, iii. 175.
Siete Partidas, las, laws on heresy in, ii. 183.
laws on sorcery, iii. 430.
Sigfried of Mainz restrains Conrad of Marburg, ii. 337.
assembles C. in 1233, ii. 339.
Sigismund (Emp.), his dealings with Bosnia, ii. 305, 309.
selects Constance for the C., ii. 453.
his action at the C., ii. 464, 483, 486, 493.
his efforts for reform, iii. 637.
his dealings with the Hussites, ii. 508,
511, 514, 515, 516, 631, 533, 538.
his death in 1437, ii. 639.
Sigismund of Austria exc., ii. 417.
inquires into witchcraft, iii. 542.
Signs of heresy, i. 432.
Silence under torture, i. 427; iii. 510, 514.
Silesia, heresy in, ii. 431.
Silvester II., oath required of him at Reims, i. 108.
his reputation as magician, iii. 416.
Simon Magus, iii. 393.
Simon of Bacska exc. Giac. della Marca, ii. 544.
Simon of Bourges, i. 368.
Simon Brisetête protects Jews, ii. 64.
Simon Duval, his activity, ii. 120.
Simon de Montfort, his character, i. 158.
accepts the crusaders’ conquests, i. 159.
his conduct of the crusades, i. 160, 161,
167, 177, 179, 182, 185.
killed in 1218, i. 186.
his legislation on heresy, i. 220.
Simon ben Shetach, iii. 396.
Simon de Tournay, his fate, iii. 568, 560.
Simone da Amatore, his career, ii. 285.
Simone Filippi persecutes Dolcinists, iii. 123.
Simone de Montesarculo, torture of, i. 276.
Simone da Novara, his ignorance, ii. 283.
Simone del Pozzo, ii. 281, 284.
Simony, its universal prevalence, i. 7, 21, 27; iii. 624.
papal, in Bohemia, ii. 433.
is a heresy, iii. 625.
question of papal, iii. 627, 628.
Sinibaldo di Lago prosecutes Pandulfo, ii. 238.
Siscidentes, i. 88.
Sixtus IV. on Stigmata of St. Catharine, i. 262; ii. 217.
compromise with Mendicants by, i. 293.
limits inquisitors, i. 302.
on power of removal, i. 345.
on jurisdiction over Mendicants, i. 363.
orders persecution of Waldenses, ii. 158.
replaces Jayme Borell, ii. 179.
dismisses Cristobal Gualvez, ii. 180.
orders trial of Pedro de Osma, ii. 187.
remonstrates with Louis XI., ii. 266.
orders Hussites suppressed, ii. 416.
removes condemnation of Olivi’s writings, iii. 46.
threatened by Giac. della Marca, iii. 174.
his dread of a general C., iii. 223.
condemns responses from demons, iii. 436.
evades question of Immaculate Conception, iii. 601.
revives the Homan Academy, iii. 571.
his immorality, iii. 639.
Sixtus V. stimulates the cult of Peter Martyr, ii. 216.
on Dominic as inq., i. 299.
Skerry of Shrieks, iii. 421.
Slavic Christianity, ii. 290.
Slavonia, Catharism in, ii. 290.
Inq. organized in, ii. 299.
Slavs in Albigcnsian crusades, i. 149.
nature worship among, ii. 301.
belief in transformations, iii. 405.
Sleep-thorn, iii. 405.
Sleswick, no laws on sorcery, iii. 433.
Society, condition of, in Middle Ages, iii. 641.
Soderini, Paolo Antonio, iii. 222, 227.
Soissons, uncertainty in punishing heretics, i. 308.
C. of, 1403, on sorcery, iii. 466.
Soldiery of Christ, i. 267.
Solenfain, Georges, burned at Rouen, iii. 374.
Solidarity of responsibility for heresy, i. 234.
Solitary confinement for converts, i. 491.
Solms, Count, his compurgation, ii. 344.
Sondershauscn, Flagellants of, ii. 408.
Sophia of Bohemia supports Huss, ii. 445.
endeavors to preserve peace, ii. 513.
favors the Pikardi, ii. 517.
Sorcerers, burning alive for, i. 222.
their allegiance to Satan, iii. 386.
Sorcery, iii. 379.
tolerated under the barbarians, iii. 409.
a reserved case, iii. 426.
Sorcery, secular legislation on, iii. 427.
subject to secular and eccles. courts, iii. 429.
heresy in, iii. 435, 450.
interrogatories of Inq. on, iii. 448.
treated as heresy by Inq., iii. 449.
increase in 14th cent., iii. 454.
known as Vauderie, ii. 158.
its definition by University of Paris, iii. 464.
of Franciscans in Venice, ii. 274; iii. 547.
curative, iii. 507.
to overcome sorcery, iii. 510.
Sordello, his adventure with Ezzelin, ii. 225.
Sortes Sanctorum, use of, i. 159, 257.
Sotomayor, Conde de, founds Recollects, iii. 180.
Soulechat, Denis, case of, iii. 168.
Southcote, Joanna, iii. 102.
Sovereign, duty of, to persecute, i. 224, 503, 536.
Spain, heresy of Vilgardus in, i. 108.
persecution of Arians in, i. 216.
St. Dominic, i. 248.
confiscation, i. 513.
career of Inq. in, ii. 162.
Apostolic Brethren, iii. 132.
Fraticelli, iii. 168.
proceedings against Templars, iii. 310.
Templar property, iii. 332.
Gothic laws on sorcery, iii. 399.
legislation on sorcery, iii. 429.
denial of immortality, iii. 560, 564.
controversy over Lully, iii. 588.
devotion for the Virgin, iii. 610.
Spalatro, Cathari in, ii. 291, 301.
Speier, Peter Turman burned, ii. 414.
Sperimento del Fuoco, iii. 224.
Speronistæ, i. 115.
Spies, use of, in prisons, i. 417.
Spina, Bartolomeo de, on the Sabbat, ii. 499.
Spini, Doffo, chief of Compagnacci, iii. 215, 226, 228.
Spirit of Liberty, Brethren of the, iii. 124.
Spirit world, the, iii. 380.
Spiritual courts, jurisdiction of, i. 2, 309.
their character, i. 21; iii. 630, 632.
jurisdiction for collection of debt, ii. 278.
over witchcraft denied in France, iii. 544.
Spiritual Franciscans, iii. 1.
their origin, iii. 7.
they compose the pseudo-Joachitic prophesies, iii. 12.
adopt Joachitism, iii. 18.
their revolt against the papacy, iii. 37.
the Italian branch, iii. 38, 39, 62, 144.
the French branch, iii. 42.
their Joachitism, iii. 48.
their sufferings, iii. 51.
their persecution by the Conventuals, iii. 57.
discussion before Clement V., iii. 58.
Spirituals obtain three convents in Languedoc, iii. 62.
their antipopes, iii. 63, 65, 80.
persecuted by John XXII i. 388: iii. 72.
their adherence to their vestments, iii. 79.
their subdivisions, iii. 81.
in Aragon, iii. 85.
relations with Guglielmites, iii. 99.
connection with Apostolic Brethren, iii. 108.
Spoleto, heresy of Spirit of Liberty, iii. 125.
Spontaneous confession, inducements for, i. 371.
formula of, i. 428; iii. 266, 484.
Sprenger, Jacob, at trial of John of Wesel, ii. 421.
his labors, iii. 540.
his Malleus Maleficarum, iii. 543.
on co-operation of bps. and inqs., i. 364.
on death-penalty, i. 536; iii. 515.
on watchfulness of demons, iii. 382.
on incubi and succubi, iii. 385.
condemns astrology, iii. 445.
on denial of witchcraft, iii. 465.
explanation of the Sabbat, iii. 498.
Squin de Florian, story of, iii. 255.
Sreim, Giacomo della Marca’s work in, ii. 543.
Staedelin teaches witchcraft, iii. 535.
Stake, the, i. 534.
Stanislas of Znaim, ii. 445, 446, 452.
Starac, Catharan elder, ii. 305.
Starvation, use of, i. 420.
not used in Huss’s ease, ii. 478.
State, its duty to persecute, i. 215, 224, 503, 516.
subjected to Inq., i. 322, 337.
officials subjected to luq., i. 385; ii. 51, 67, 575, 578.
States of the Church, Templars in, iii. 305.
Statutes of the Templars, iii. 266.
Stedingers, case of the, iii. 182.
Stefano Confaloniero, sentence of, i. 460; ii. 214.
Steinccker, Henry, burned at Berne, iii. 607.
Stephen VII. (Pope) condemns Pope Formosus, i. 231.
Stephen, St., of Thiern, his miracles, i. 38.
Stephen, the Apostolic Brother, iii. 107.
Stephen, Dabisa, King of Bosnia, ii. 304.
Stephen Dragutin persecutes Cathari, ii. 298.
Stephen Dusan the Great of Servia, ii. 302.
Stephen Kostromanić, Ban of Bosnia, ii. 299, 301, 302.
Stephen Ostoja, King of Bosnia, ii. 304, 306.
Stephen Thomas Ostojić, ii. 309.
Stephen Thomasevic, ii. 306, 312, 313, 314.
Stephen of Tournay, i. 19, 126.
Stephen Tvrtko, his reign, ii. 303.
Stephen Tvrtko II., ii. 306, 307, 309.
Stephen, Waldensian bp., ii. 416, 564.
Stephen Vuk appeals to Urban V., ii. 304.
Stephen Vukcić, ii. 309, 310, 312, 314.
Stertzer, i. 37.
Stettin, Waldenses persecuted, ii. 399.
Steyer, Waldenses persecuted, ii. 399.
Stigandi, iii. 407.
Stigma diabolicum, iii. 497.
Stigmata of St. Francis, i. 262; iii. 4.
Mendicant quarrels over, i. 262; ii. 217.
attributed to Catharine of Siena, ii. 217.
attributed to Guglielma of Milan, iii. 91.
of Guillaume le Berger, iii. 377.
of John Letser, iii. 604, 605.
Stralsund, priest burned in, ii. 403.
Strassburg, persecution in 1212, ii. 316.
persecution repressed, ii. 346.
persecution of Beghards, ii. 369, 374, 387, 403.
contest over its bishopric, ii. 370.
the Black Death in, ii. 379.
Winkclers persecuted in 1400, ii. 400.
Observantine reformation, iii. 172.
adventures of John Malkaw, iii. 205.
Strix, iii. 391.
Stroncoui, Giovanni, provincial of Observantines, iii. 172.
Students exempt from secular jurisdiction, i. 282.
Stürtzel, Conrad, on witchcraft, iii. 542.
Suabia, Ortlibenses in, ii. 323, 376.
Waldenses in, ii. 397.
Succubi, iii. 383, 501, 542.
at Council of Constance, ii. 454.
Suciro Gomes tries to introduce Inq. in Portugal, ii. 188.
Suger de Verbanque, heresy of, ii. 121.
Summis desiderantes, bull, iii. 540.
Sunday, autos de fé held on, i. 392.
Sun-worship in Savoy, ii. 259.
disproved by Marsilio Ficino, iii. 572.
Supervision over penitents, i. 497.
Support of prisoners, quarrels over, i. 489; ii. 154.
Supremacy of the crown in France, ii. 130.
Surgery, clerks forbidden to practise, i. 223.
Suspected heretics, purgation for, i. 421.
condemned in absentia, i. 403.
incapacitated for office, ii. 163.
Suspects of heresy, i. 321.
Suspicion of heresy, i. 433, 454.
punishment of, i. 543, 560.
relapse in, i. 547.
disbelief of witchcraft, grounds for, iii. 465.
Suzerain’s control over heretic vassal’s lands, i. 149.
Swearing enforced on accused, i. 413.
Sweden, Inq. ordered in, i. 355; ii. 402.
laws on sorcery, iii. 433.
Switzerland, heresy in 11th cent., i. 111.
Inq. in French cantons, ii. 120.
Symbol, Catharan, of recognition, ii. 194.
Synagogues, superstitious use of, ii. 118.
Synodal witnesses, i. 312, 315, 317, 350; ii. 117.

TAAS, crusaders defeated at, ii. 630.
Tables, Laws of XII., on magic, iii. 392.
Tabor, Mount, ii. 513, 515.
captured by Podiebrad, ii. 536, 540.
described by Æneas Sylvius, ii. 660.
Taborites, their doctrines, ii. 512, 518, 523.
their relations with Waldenses, ii. 522.
their defeat at Lipan, ii. 535.
suppression of, ii. 539, 540, 560.
Taciturnity, gift of, iii. 509, 514, 532.
Tacquet, Jean, iii. 523, 525.
Tagliacozzo, battle of, ii. 232.
Taillebourg, battle of, ii. 39.
Taincture, Jean, his tract on witchcraft, iii. 533.
Tulio, enforced in accusation, i. 310; iii. 350.
danger of, i. 401.
for false witness, i. 442.
Talismans, sacred, i. 49.
Talmud, condemnation of, i. 554; ii. 157.
penalties of magic in, iii. 396.
Talon, Berenger, asserts the poverty of Christ, iii. 130.
Tanchelm, i. 64.
Tarantaise, persecution in, ii. 153.
subjected to Inq. of Provence, ii. 260.
Taria, Guglielmite cardinal, iii. 95, 101.
Tarragona, C. of, 1238, on lampoons, ii. 3.
C. of, 1242, regulates persecution, i. 464; ii. 167.
C. of, 1291, supports Inq., ii. 169.
C. of, 1297, persecutes Spirituals, iii. 85.
C. of, 1310, on Templars, iii. 312.
C. of, 1312, acquits the Templars, iii. 313.
Tarralba, Eugenio, his confession, iii. 576.
Tartar invasion of Hungary, ii. 296.
Tartary, Inq. in, i. 355.
Tarvesina, Mendicant quarrels in, i. 303.
Tauler, John, i. 100; ii. 362; iii. 154.
Taxes of the Penitentiary, iii. 67, 626.
Tears, witches cannot shed, iii. 514.
Telchines, iii. 389.
Telesforo da Cosenza, his belief in Joachim, iii. 11.
on corruption of the Church, iii. 636.
Telonarii, i. 115.
Tempelhaus, iii. 328.
Tempestarii, penalties among Wisigoths, iii. 399.
powers among Norsemen, iii. 406.
admitted and denied by the Church, iii. 414, 416.
universal popular belief, iii. 415.
encouraged in Spain, iii. 430.
tempests caused by witches, iii. 502.
Templars, their complaint of papal legates, i. 16.
case of the, iii. 238.
question of their guilt, iii. 264.
their treatment in France, iii. 277.
chiefs reserved for papal judgment, iii. 282, 285, 302, 323.
not convicted in England, iii. 301.
Templars acquitted in Germany, iii. 303.
forced to confession in Naples, iii. 305.
acquitted in Bologna, iii. 308.
not convicted in Cyprus, iii. 310.
acquitted in Aragon, iii. 313.
acquitted in Majorca, iii. 315.
acquitted in Castile, iii. 316.
acquitted in Portugal, iii. 317.
forced to confession in Tuscany, iii. 318.
Clement’s orders to torture them, iii. 318.
not condemned by C. of Vienne, iii. 321.
final disposition of them, iii. 324.
opinions as to their guilt, iii. 327.
fate of documents of their trial, iii. 319.
Templar property, its sequestration, iii. 285.
disposition of, iii. 322, 329.
Temple, Order of, promised opportunity for
defence, iii. 284, 288.