[82] Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.—Lib. Sententt, Inq. Tolos. pp. 305, 307, 310, 383-5.—Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.

[83] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 303, 309, 326, 330.—Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.—Franz Ehrle (op. cit. 1885, pp. 540, 543, 557),—Raym. de Fronciacho (Ib.) 1887, p. 29.—Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1330.—Wadding. ann. 1341, No. 21, 23.

A subdivision of the Italian Fraticelli took the name of Brethren of Fray Felipe de Mallorca (Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. 1).

[84] Coll. Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq., 95.

[85] Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.

[86] Doat, XXVII. 156, 170, 178, 215; XXXII. 147.

[87] Concil. Tarraconens. ann. 1297 c. 1-4 (Martene Ampl. Coll. VII. 305-6).—Eymeric. pp. 265-6.—Raynald. ann. 1325, No. 20.—Mosheim de Beghardis p. 641.—Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 777-81, 783.—For the fate of Arnaldo de Vilanova’s writings in the Index Expurgatorius, see Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I. 33-4. Two of the tracts condemned in 1316 have been found, translated into Italian, in a MS. of the Magliabecchian Library, by Prof. Tocco, who describes them in the Archivio Storico Italiano, 1886, No. 6, and in the Giornale Storico della Lett. Ital. VIII. 3.

[88] Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 500-2.—Jo. de Rupesciss. Vade mecum (Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 497).—Froissart, Liv. I. P. ii. ch. 124; Liv. III. ch. 27.—Rolewink Fascic. Temp. ann. 1364.—Mag. Chron. Belgic. (Pistorii III. 336).—Meyeri Annal. Flandr. ann. 1359.—Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1351.—Paul Æmylii de Reb. Gest. Francor. (Ed. 1569, pp. 491-2).—M. Flac. Illyr. Cat. Test. Veritat. Lib. XVIII. p. 1786 (Ed. 1608).

[89] Wadding. ann. 1357, No. 17.—Pelayo, op. cit. I. 501-2.

[90] Fascic. Rer. Expetend. et Fugiend. II. 494-508.

[91] Füesslins neue u. unpartheyische Kirchen-u. Ketzerhistorie, Frankfurt, 1772, II. 63-66.

[92] Chron. Glassberger ann. 1466 (Analecta Franciscana II. 422-6).

[93] Constance, daughter of Bela III. of Hungary, was second wife of Ottokar I. of Bohemia, who died in 1230 at the age of eighty. She died in 1240, leaving three daughters, Agnes, who founded the Franciscan convent of St. Januarius in Prague, which she entered May 18, 1236; Beatrice, who married Otho the Pious, of Brandenburg, and Ludomilla, who married Louis I. of Bavaria. Guglielma can scarce have been either of these (Art de Ver. les Dates, VIII. 17). Her disciple, Andrea Saramita, testified that after her death he journeyed to Bohemia to obtain reimbursement of certain expenses; he failed in his errand, but verified her relationship to the royal house of Bohemia (Andrea Ogniben, I Guglielmiti del Secolo XIII., Perugia, 1867, pp. 10-11).—On the other hand, a German contemporary chronicler asserts that she came from England (Annal. Dominican. Colmariens. ann. 1301—Urstisii III. 33).

[94] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 56, 73-5, 103-4.

[95] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 12, 20-1, 35-7, 69, 70, 74, 76, 82, 84-6, 101, 104-6, 116.

Dr. Andrea Ogniben, to whom we are indebted for the publication of the fragmentary remains of the trial of the Guglielmites, thinks that Maifreda di Pirovano was a cousin of Matteo Visconti, through his mother, Anastasia di Pirovano (op. cit. p. 23). The Continuation of Nangis calls her his half-sister (Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1317).

[96] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 30, 44, 115.—Salimbene Chronica, pp. 274-6.—Chron. Parmens. ann. 1279 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 791-2).—Zanchini Tract. de Hæret. c. xxii.

[97] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 20-1, 25-6, 31, 36, 49-50, 56-7, 61, 72-3, 74, 93-4, 104, 116.—Tamburini, Storia dell’ Inquisizione, II. 17-18.

[98] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 21, 25, 30. 36, 55, 70, 72, 96, 101.

[99] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 34, 37, 40, 42, 47, 54, 62, 72, 80, 90, 94, 96.

[100] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 65-7, 83-4, 90-1, 110.—Ugbelli, T. IV. pp. 286-93 (Ed. 1652).—Raynald. ann. 1324, No. 7-11.

[101] Philip. Bergomat. Supplem. Chron. ann. 1298.—Bern. Corio Hist. Milanes. ann. 1300.

[102] Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 1, 2, 34, 74, 110.—Tamburini, op. cit. II. 67-8.

[103] Ogniben, pp. 14, 23, 33, 36, 39, 60, 72, 101, 110, 114.

[104] Ibid. pp. 13, 30-33, 39.

[105] Ogniben, pp. 21, 40, 42, 78-9.

Dionese de’ Novati deposed (p. 93) that Maifreda was in the habit of saying that Boniface was not truly pope, and that another pontiff had been created. We have seen that the Spiritual Franciscans had gone through the form of electing a new pope. There was not much in common between them and the Guglielmites, and yet this would point to some relations as existing.

[106] Compare Andrea’s first examination, July 20 (Ogniben, op. cit. pp. 8-13), and his second, Aug. 10 (pp. 56-7), with his defiant assertion of his belief, Aug. 13 (pp. 68-72). So, Maifreda’s first interrogatory, July 31 (pp. 23-6), with her confession, Aug. 6, and revelation of the names of her worshippers (pp. 33-5). Also, Giacobba dei Bassani’s denial, Aug. 3, and confession, Aug. 11 (p. 39). It is the same with those not relapsed. See Suor Agnese dei Montanari’s flat denial, Aug. 3, and her confession, Aug. 11 (pp. 37-8).

[107] Ogniben, pp. 19-20, 77, 91.

[108] Ogniben, pp. 42-4, 63, 67-8, 81-2, 91-2, 95-6, 97, 100, 110, 113, 115-16.

[109] Spiritual eccentricities, such as those of the Guglielmites, are not to be regarded as peculiar to any age or any condition of civilization. The story of Joanna Southcote is well known, and the Southcottian Church maintained its existence in London until the middle of the present century. In July, 1886, the American journals reported the discovery, in Cincinnati, of a sect even more closely approximating to the Guglielmites, and about as numerous, calling themselves Perfectionists, and believing in two married sisters—a Mrs. Martin as an incarnation of God, and a Mrs. Brooke as that of Christ. Like their predecessors in Milan the sect is by no means confined to the illiterate, but comprises people of intelligence and culture who have abandoned all worldly occupation in the expectation of the approaching Millennium—the final era of the Everlasting Gospel. The exposure for a time broke up the sect, of which some members departed, while others, with the two sisters, joined a Methodist church. Their faith was not shaken, however, and in June, 1887, the church expelled them after an investigation. One of the charges against them was that they held the Church of the present day to be Babylon and the abomination of the earth. England has also recently had a similar experience in a peasant woman of not particularly moral life who for some fifteen years, until her death, September 18, 1886, was regarded by her followers as a new incarnation of Christ. Her own definition of herself was, “I am the second appearing and incarnation of Jesus, the Christ of God, the Bride, the Lamb’s Wife, the God-Mother and Saviour, Life from Heaven,” etc., etc. She signed herself “Jesus, First and Last, Mary Ann Girling.” At one time her sect numbered a hundred and seventy-five members, some of them rich enough to make it considerable donations, but under the petty persecution of the populace it dwindled latterly to a few, and finally dispersed. Aberrations of this nature belong to no special stage of intellectual development. The only advance made in modern times is in the method of dealing with them.

[110]

[111] Salimbene, pp. 112-13.

[112] Salimbene, pp. 114-16.

[113] Concil. Lugdun. ann. 1274 c. 23.—Salimbene, pp. 117, 119, 329-30.—Concil. Herbipolens. ann. 1287 (Harduin. VII. 1141).—Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. p. 360.

[114] Salimbene, pp. 114-16.

[115] Salimbene, pp. 117, 371.—Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 158.—At the same time Honorius approved the Orders of the Carmelites and of St. William of the Desert (Raynald. ann. 1286, No. 36, 37).

[116] Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 158.—Chron. Parmens. ann. 1294 (Muratori S. R. I. IX. 826).—Hist. Tribulat. (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 130).—Addit. ad Hist. Frat. Dulcini (Muratori IX. 450).

[117] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup.).—Ubertini Responsio (Archiv f. L. u. K. 1887, p. 51).

[118] Salimbene, pp. 113, 117, 121.—Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 360-1.—Muratori S. R. I. IX. 455-7.—Bern. Guidon. Practica P. v.—Eymeric. P. II. Q. 11.

The test of continence was regarded with horror by the inquisitors, and yet when practised by St. Aldhelm it was considered as proof of supereminent sanctity (Girald. Cambrens. Gemm. Eccles. Dist. II. c. XV.). The coincidence, in fact, is remarkable between the perilous follies of the Apostles and those of the Christian zealots of the third century, as described and condemned by Cyprian (Epist. IV. ad Pompon.).

[119] Muratori IX. 449-53.—Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1306.—R. Fran. Pipini Chron. cap. XV. (Muratori, IX. 599).—Cf. Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. p. 360.—Pelayo, Heterodoxos Españoles, I. 720.

[120] Hist. Tribulat. (ubi sup.).

[121] Benvenuto da Imola (Muratori Antiq. III. 457-9).—Bescapè, La Novara Sacra, Novara, 1878, p. 157.—Baggiolini, Dolcino e i Patarini, Novara, 1838, pp. 35-6.—Hist. Dulcin. Hæresiarch. (Muratori. S. R. I. IX. 436-7).—Addit. ad Hist. (Ibid. 457, 460).

[122] Corio, Hist. Milanesi, ann. 1307.—Beuv. da Imola, loc. cit.—Additamentum (Muratori IX. 454-55, 459).—Baggiolini, pp. 36-7.

Dolcino’s two epistles were formally condemned by the Bishop of Parma and Frà Manfredo, the inquisitor, and must therefore have been circulated outside of the sect (Eymeric. Direct. Inq. P. II. Q. 29).

[123] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 428-9).—Bescapè, loc. cit.

[124] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 430-1).—Bescapè. loc. cit.

[125] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 430-2).

[126] Hist. Dulcin (Muratori IX. 432-4.)—Baggiolini, p. 131.

[127] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 434, 437-8).

[128] Hist. Dulcin. (Ib. 439-40).

[129] Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 439).

Ptolemy of Lucca, who is good contemporaneous authority, puts the number of those captured with Dolcino at one hundred and fifty, and of those who perished through exposure and by the sword at only about three hundred.—Hist. Eccles. Lib. XXIV. (Muratori XI. 1227).

[130] Mariotti (A. Galenga), Frà Dolcino and his Times, London, 1853, pp. 287-88.—Regest. Clement. PP. V. T. II. pp. 79-82, 88 (Ed. Benedictina, Romæ, 1886).—Mosheims Ketzergeschichte I. 395.—Ughelli, Italia Sacra, Ed. 1652, IV. 1104-8.—Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 436, 440).—Benv. da Imola (Muratori Antiq. III. 460).—Bernard. Guidon. Vit. Clement. PP. V. (Muratori III. I. 674).—Bescapè, loc. cit.

The punishment inflicted on Dolcino and Longino was not exceptional. By a Milanese statute of 1393 all secret attempts upon the life of any member of a family with whom the criminal lived were subject to a penalty precisely the same in all details, except that it ended by attaching the offender to a wheel and leaving him to perish in prolonged agony.—Antiqua Ducum Mediolani Decreta, p. 187 (Mediolani, 1654).

[131] A. Artiaco (Rivista Cristiana, 1877, 145-51).—Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 441-2).—Baggiolini, pp. 165-71.

[132] Addit. ad Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 455-7).—Bern. Guidon. Pract. P. v.

[133] Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.

[134] Addit. ad Hist. Dulcin. (Muratori IX. 458).—Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.—Bernard. Guidon. Gravam. (Doat. XXX. 120-4).—Raym. de Fronciacho (Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1887, p. 10.)—Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolos. pp. 360-3, 381.

[135] Concil. Coloniens. ann. 1306 c. 1, 2 (Hartzheim IV. 100, 102).—Concil. Trevirens. ann. 1310 c. 50 (Martene Thesaur. IV. 250).—Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. lii. (fol. 166, 172, Ed. 1517).—Wadding. ann. 1335, No. 8-9.—Raynald. ann. 1335, No. 62.

[136] Concil. Vaurens. ann. 1368 c. 24; Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1374 c. 5 (Harduin. VII. 1818, 1880).—Herman. Corneri Chron. ann. 1260, 1402 (Eccard. Corp. Hist. Med. Ævi II. 906, 1185).

I have already referred (Vol. II. p. 429) to the persecution at Prague, in 1315, of some heretics whom Dubravius qualifies as Dolcinists, but who probably were Waldenses and Luciferans.

[137] MS. Bibl. Casanatense A. IV. 49.—I owe the communication of this document to the kindness of M. Charles Molinier. See also Amati, Archivio Storico Italiano, No. 38, p. 14.

For the connection between these heretics and the Dolcinists, compare Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 131, with 1887, pp. 123-4.

[138] Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, pp. 51, 144-5.—Raynald. ann. 1311, No. 66-70; ann. 1318, No. 44.—Archiv. di Firenze, Prov. S. Maria Novella, 1327, Ott. 31.—Franz Ebrle, Archiv für Lit.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1885, p. 160.—D’Arjentré I. I. 336-7.—Cantù. Eretici d’Italia, I. 133.

[139] Barzellotti, David Lazzaretti di Arcidosso detto il Santo. Bologna, 1885.

Somewhat similar is the career of an ex-sergeant of the Italian army named Gabriele Donnici, who has founded in the Calabrian highlands a sect dignifying itself with the title of the Saints. Gabriele is a prophet announcing the advent of a new Messiah, who is to come not as a lamb, but as a lion breathing vengeance and armed with bloody scourges. He and his brother Abele were tried for the murder of the wife of the latter, Grazia Funaro, who refused to submit to the sexual abominations taught in the sect. They were condemned to hard labor and imprisonment, but were discharged on appeal to the Superior Court of Cosenza. Other misdeeds of the sectaries are at present occupying the attention of the Italian tribunals.—Rivista Cristiana, 1887, p. 57.

[140] Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 207).—Chron. Glassberger ann. 1321.—Wadding. ann. 1321, No. 16-19; ann. 1322, No. 49-50.

[141] Alvar. Pelag. de Planctu Ecclesiæ Lib. I. Art. 51. fol. 165-9.

In fact, the advocates of poverty did not miss the easy opportunity of stigmatizing their antagonists as followers of William of Saint-Amour. See Tocco, “Un Codice della Marciana,” Venezia, 1887, pp. 12, 39 (Ateneo Veneto, 1886-1887).

The MS. of which Professor Tocco has here printed the most important portions, with elucidatory notes, is a collection of the responses made to the question submitted for discussion by John XXII. as to the poverty of Christ and the apostles. They are significant of the general reaction against the previously prevailing dogma, and of the eagerness with which, as soon as the free expression of opinion was safe, the prelates repudiated a doctrine condemnatory of the temporalities so industriously accumulated by all classes of ecclesiastics. There were but eight replies affirming the poverty of Christ, and these were all from Franciscans—the Cardinals of Albano and San Vitale, the Archbishop of Salerno, the Bishops of Caffa, Lisbon, Riga, and Badajoz, and an unknown master of the Order. On the other side there were fourteen cardinals, including even Napoleone Orsini, the protector of the Spirituals, and a large number of archbishops, bishops, abbots, and doctors of theology. It is doubtless true, however, that the fear of offending the pope was a factor in producing this virtual unanimity—a fear not unreasonable, as was shown by the disgrace and persecution of those who maintained the poverty of Christ.—(Tocco, ubi sup. p. 35).

[142] Franz Ehrle, Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1887, pp. 511-12.—Baluz et Mansi II. 279-80.—Nicholaus Minorita (Ibid. III. 208-13).

Curiously enough, in this John did exactly what his special antagonists, the Spirituals, had desired. Olivi had long before pointed out the scandal of an Order vowed to poverty litigating eagerly for property and using the transparent cover of papal procurators (Hist. Tribulat. ap. Archiv für Litt.-u. K. 1886, p. 298).

[143] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 213-24).

[144] Wadding. ann. 1323, No. 3, 15.

[145] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 224).

[146] Carl Müller, Der Kampf Ludwigs des Baiern mit der römischen Curie, § 4.—Felten, Die Bulle Ne pretereat, Trier, 1885.—Preger, Die Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII., München, 1885, pp. 44-6.

[147] Carl Müller, op. cit § 5.—Preger, Politik des Pabstes Johann XXII. (München, 1885, pp, 7, 54).—Martene Thesaur. II. 644-51.—Raynald. ann. 1323, No. 34-5.

[148] Martene Thesaur. II. 652-9.—Nich. Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III 224-33).

The date of the Protest of Sachsenhausen is not positively known, but it was probably issued in April or May, 1324 (Müller, op. cit. I. 357-8). Its authorship is ascribed by Preger to Franz von Lautern, and Ehrle has shown that much of its argumentation is copied literally from the writings of Olivi (Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1887, 540). When there were negotiations for a settlement in 1336, Louis signed a declaration prepared by Benedict XII., in which he was made to say that the portions concerning the poverty of Christ were inserted without his knowledge by his notary, Ulric der Wilde for the purpose of injuring him (Raynald ann. 1336, No. 31-5); but he accompanied this self-abasing statement with secret instructions of a very different character (Preger, Kirchenpolitische Kampf, p. 12).

[149] Martene Thesaur. II. 660-71.—Nich. Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 233-6).

Even in far-off Ireland the bull of July 11, depriving Louis of the empire, was read in all the churches in English and Irish.—Theiner, Monument. Hibern. et Scotor. No. 456, p. 230.

[150] See the documents in the second prosecution of Louis by John, where the accusations against him constantly commence with his pertinacious heresy in maintaining the condemned doctrine of the poverty of Christ.—Martene Thesaur. II. 682 sqq. Cf. Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1328.

[151] Altmayer, Les Précurseurs de la Réforme aux Pays-Bas, Bruxelles, 1886, I. 38.—Guillel. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1326.—Fasciculus Rer. Expetendarum et Fugiend. II. 55, Ed. 1690.—D’Argentré, I. I. 304-11, 397-400.—Baluz. et Mansi II. 280-1.—Martene Thesaur. II. 704-16.—Preger, Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 34, 65.—Defensor. Pacis II. 6.

The manner in which Fritsche Closener, a contemporary priest of Strassburg, speaks of the Defensor Pacis shows what an impression it made, and that even a portion of the clergy was not averse to its conclusions.—Closeners Chronik (Chroniken der deutschen Städte VIII. 70.—Cf. Chron. des Jacob von Königshofen, Ib. p. 473).

[152] Martene Thesaur. II. 749-52.—Tocco, L’Eresia nel Medio Evo, pp. 532-555.—Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 8-9.—Carl Müller, op. cit. II. 251-2.—Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1323.—Raynald. ann. 1349, No. 16-17.—Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Bal. et Mansi II. 600).

[153] Wadding. ann. 1317, No. 9; ann. 1318, No. 8; ann. 1323, No. 16; ann. 1325, No. 6; ann. 1331, No. 3.—Chron. Glassberger ann. 1325, 1326, 1330.—Raynald. ann. 1325, No. 20, 27.—Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u. K. 1886, p. 151).—Martene Thesaur. II. 752-3.—Vitoduran. Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1799).—D’Argentré, I. I. 297.—Eymeric. pp. 291-4.

[154] Martene Thesaur. II. 749.—Baluz. et Mansi III. 315-16.—Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 238-40).

[155] Chron. Sanens. (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 77. 79).—Martene Thesaur. II. 684-723.—Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 240-3).

[156] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 243).—Ptolomæi Lucensis Hist. Eccles. cap. 41 (Muratori S. R. I. XI. 1210).—Chron. Sanens. (Muratori XV. 80).—Wadding. ann. 1328, No. 2-4, 8-11.

[157] Nicholaus Minorita (Bal. et Mansi III. 238-40).

[158] Nicholaus Minorita (Baluz. et Mansi III. 243-349).—Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Ibid. II. 598).—Chron. Sanens. (Muratori S. R. I. XV. 81).—Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1799-1800).—Martene Thesaur. II. 757-60.—Alvar. Pelag. De Planctu Eccles. Lib. II. art. 67.

The career of Cardinal Bertrand de la Tour illustrates the pliability of conscience requisite to those who served John XXII. He was a Franciscan of high standing. As Provincial of Aquitaine he had persecuted the Spirituals. Elevated to the cardinalate, when John called for opinions on the question of the poverty of Christ he had argued in the affirmative. In conjunction with Vitale du Four, Cardinal of Albano, he had secretly drawn up the declaration of the Chapter of Perugia which so angered the pope, but when the latter made up his mind that Christ had owned property, the cardinal promptly changed his convictions, and was now engaged in persecuting those who adhered to the belief which he had prescribed for them.—Tocco, Un Codice della Marciana, pp. 40, 43, 45.

[159] Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 187).—Villani, Lib. x. c. 126, 144.

[160] Franz Ehrle (Archiv für L. u K. 1885, pp. 159-64; 1886, pp. 653-69).—Archivio Storico Italiano, 1 Ott. 1865, pp. 10-21.—Ripoll II. 180.—Wadding. ann. 1326, No. 9; 1327, No. 3-4; 1331, No. 4; 1332, No. 5.

[161] Villani, Lib. x. c. 131, 142, 160.—Guill. Nangiac. Contin. ann. 1330.—Wadding. ann. 1330, No. 9.—Martene Thesaur. II. 736-70; 806-15.—Chron. Cornel. Zantfliet ann. 1330 (Martene Ampl. Coll. V. 194-8).

[162] Archives de l’Inq. de Carcassonne (Doat, XXVII. 7 sqq.).

[163] Doat, XXVII. 202-3, 229; XXXV. 87.

[164] Martene Thesaur. II. 826-8.—Carl Müller, op. cit. I. 239.—Vitodurani Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1798, 1800, 1844-5, 1871).—Andreas Ratisponens. Chron. ann. 1336 (Ibid. I. 2103-4).—Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 42-5.—Denifle, Archiv für Litt.-u. Kirchengeschichte, 1886, p. 624.

[165] Martene Thesaur. II. 800-6.—Raynald. ann. 1336, No. 31-5.—Vitoduran. Chron. (Eccard. Corp. Hist. I. 1842-5, 1910).—Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, p. 33.—Hartzheim IV. 323-32.—H. Mutii Germ. Chron. ann. 1338 (Pistorii Germ. Scriptt. II. 878-81).

[166] Vitoduran Chron. (Eccard. I. 1844).—Sächsische Weltchronik, dritte bairisch Fortsetzung No. 9 (Pertz II. 346).—Baluz. et Mansi III. 349-55.—Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 513-27.—Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Bal. et Mansi II. 600).—Preger, op. cit. pp. 35-6.—Carl Müller, op. cit. I. 370-2.—Chron. Glassberger ann. 1342, 1347.

[167] Schmidt, Päbstliche Urkunden und Regesten, p. 362.—Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1346-7 (Freher et Struv. I. 626-8).

[168] Henr. Rebdorff. Annal. ann. 1347 (Freher et Struv. I. 628).—Matthiæ Neuburg. (Albert. Argentinens.) Chron. ann. 1348 (Urstisii II. 142-3).—Preger, Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf, pp. 56-60.

[169] Wadding. ann. 1330, No. 14-15.—Alvar. Pelag. de Planct. Eccles. Lib. II. art. 51 (fol. 169 a).—Lib. Conformitatum Lib. I. Fruct. ix. p. ii.—Revel. S. Brigittæ Lib. VII. c. 8.

[170] Wadding. ann. 1335, No. 10-11; ann. 1336, No. 1; ann. 1337, No. 1; ann. 1339. No. 1.—Raynald. ann. 1335, No. 63; ann. 1336, No. 63, 64, 66-7; ann. 1337, No. 30; ann. 1375, No, 64.—Comba, La Riforma in Italia, I. 328.—Vit. Prima Benedicti XII. ann. 1337 (Muratori S. R. I. III. II. 531).

[171] D’Argentré I. I. 345.—Eymeric. p. 486.

[172] Werunsky Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. PP. VI. pp. 23-4.—Raynald. ann. 1346, No. 70.—Comba, La Riforma, I. 326-7, 387.—Lami, Antichità Toscane, pp. 528, 595.

[173] Comba, La Riforma, I. 568-71.

[174] Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. I.—Comba, La Riforma, I. 321-4.

[175] Martini Append. ad Mosheim de Beghardis p. 505.

[176] Jac. de Marchia Dial. (Baluz. et Mansi II. 595 sqq.).

[177] Raynald. ann. 1344, No. 8; 1357, No. 12; 1374, No. 14.—Jac. de Marchia Dial. (l. c. 599, 608-9).

It may surprise a modern infallibilist to learn that so thoroughly orthodox and learned an inquisitor as the blessed Giacomo della Marca admits that there have been heretic popes—popes who persisted and died in their heresy. He comforts himself, however, with the reflection that they have always been succeeded by Catholic pontiffs (l. c. p. 599).

[178] Werunsky, Excerptt. ex Registt. Clem. VI. et Innoc. VI. p. 91.—Raynald. ann. 1354, No. 31; ann. 1368, No. 16.—Wadding. ann. 1354, No. 6-7; 1368, No. 4-6.—Comba, La Riforma, I. 327. 329-37.—Cantù, Erctici d’ Italia, I. 133-4.—Eymeric. p. 328.

[179] Tocco, Archivio Storico Napoletano, 1887, Fasc. 1.—Raynald. ann. 1368, No. 16; ann. 1372, No. 36.—Wadding. ann. 1374, No. 19-23.—Pet. Rodulphii Hist. Seraph. Relig. Lib. II. fol. 154 a.

Perugia at this period was a centre of religious excitement. A certain Piero Garigh, who seems to have been in some way connected with the Fraticelli, gave himself out as the Son of God, and dignified his disciples with the names of apostles. In the brief allusion which we have to him he is said to have obtained ten of these and to be in search of an eleventh. His fate is not recorded.—Processus contra Valdenses (Archivio Storico Italiano, 1865, No. 39, p. 50).

[180] Raynald. ann. 1344, No. 8; ann. 1346, No. 70; ann. 1354, No. 31; ann. 1375, No. 27.

[181] Raynald. ann. 1336, No. 64; ann. 1351, No. 31; ann. 1368, No. 16-7.—Archives de l’Inq. de Carcass. (Doat, XXXV. 130).—Mosheims Ketzergeschichte I. 387.—Henr. Rebdorff Annal. ann. 1353 (Freher et Struv. I. 632).—Eymeric. p. 358.—D’Argentré, I. I. 383-6.

[182] Ripoll II. 245.—Eymeric. pp. 266-7.—Raynald. ann. 1373, No. 19; ann. 1426, No. 18.—Wadding. ann. 1371. No. 26-30.