FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are narrow and tapered and may be expanded. Excluding the expanded shoulders, the blade is usually straight but may be slightly excurvate. The distal end is sharply acute. The stem is contracted-rounded and thinned on the edges. Sides of the stem are usually straight. The basal edge is always excurvate.
FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the faces of the blade and stem is usually fairly deep, as is most of the fine retouching along the edges. The expanded shoulder is formed by leaving that area of the blade intact during finishing of the blade edges. In some cases the lack of retouch along the basal edge of the blade resulted in an absence of expanded shoulders. Local materials were used.
COMMENTS: The type was named for the New Market Site near New Market, Alabama, where the type was first recognized. The type was described in previous editions of this book as Randolph, a historic type named by Coe (1959) from the Doerschuk Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The New Market point has been found to differ in flaking as well as culturally from the Randolph type. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type is similar in some respects to Bradley Spike, but differs in that the stem is tapered and rounded, shoulders may be expanded, and fine retouch is a feature of the blade. One example was recovered from Level 2 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. One example was recovered from Zone A and two from Zone A-B at the Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). These proveniences place the type at these sites in the Woodland period or later. They are found at Flint River and nearly always in surface collections with Swan Lake, Flint River Spike, and Bradley Spike points.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Nodena is a small to medium-sized, lanceolate point with rounded base.
MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated plesiotype measures 46 mm. long, 15 mm. wide and 7 mm. thick. Bell (1958) gives the range as 1 to 3 inches in length.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate with an acute distal end. The hafting area or basal edge is usually rounded, but may be acute.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and hafting area, leaving a low median ridge on some examples. The edges of the blade and hafting area show fine retouching of a narrow shallow nature. Local flint was used for the illustrated specimen.
COMMENTS: The type was named after the Nodena Site in eastern Arkansas, but has been referred to as the "Willow-leaf" type by numerous writers and collectors for the past 25 years (Bell, 1958). The illustrated example is from Baker Site N, Madison County, Alabama. Bell (1958) gives the distribution as heaviest in eastern Arkansas, along the Mississippi and St. Francis river valleys and also along the Arkansas River Valley as far as Dardanelle, Arkansas. He lists the cultural affiliation as late prehistoric and suggests a date of 1400 to 1600 A. D. The type is rare in Alabama, and the cultural association of Alabama points is unknown.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Nolichucky is a small to medium sized point with incurvate hafting area.
MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example from the type site provided the following measurements: length, 37 mm.; blade width, 16 mm.; width of base, 17 mm.; width of hafting constriction, 15 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. "The size is usually small, but occasional examples range up to 2 inches in length. The proportions are usually narrow, rarely broad." (Kneberg, 1957.)
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Blade edges may be straight or excurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area consists of an area with incurvate side edges that may be ground and may be auriculate with expanded pointed or rounded auricles. The basal edge is usually incurvate but may be straight and is usually thinned.
FLAKING: Deep to shallow random flaking was employed to shape the faces. Retouching on all edges is usually evident.
COMMENTS: The type was named for the Nolichucky River. The type site is Camp Creek Site at the confluence of Camp Creek with the Nolichucky River (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). The illustrated example is from Level A of this homogenous site.
"An early Woodland type associated with Greeneville and Camp Creek types. These three types represent 50% of all points from Camp Creek Site." (Kneberg, 1957). A radiocarbon date of 2050 ±250 B. P. was obtained from Level C at this site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). One example was recovered from the upper level of Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound one example was taken from Zone A. Greeneville and Camp Creek points were more numerous at this site. This evidence indicates a sparse late Woodland association in north Alabama. Three examples appear in the University of Alabama surface collections from Guntersville Basin of the Tennessee River.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, parallel sided point with deep, narrow side notches.
MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) gives the size as ranging from 3 inches to 9 inches in length with most examples measuring between 4 inches and 5 inches. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 97 mm.; width of blade, 32 mm.; width at base, 27 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; depth of notches, 7 mm.; width of notches, 5 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Blade edges are usually near parallel for most of the length of the blade, then slope rather abruptly to an acute distal end. Local examples may be sparsely serrated along the blade edges. "The hafting area is notched from the side edges near the base and may be either squared or rounded. The stem base is either straight or incurvate with the incurvate base being more typical." (Bell, 1958). The base of the illustrated example is ground.
FLAKING: Bell (1958) describes the flaking as well done, first by rather large percussion flaking and then by finer flaking along the edges and base. Long, shallow, random flaking was usually employed. Local materials were used.
COMMENTS: The type was named for the Osceola Site in Wisconsin. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. A somewhat similar type is described by Ritchie (1961) as Otter Creek points associated with the Archaic cultures of Vermont and New York. Bell (1958) states that the type is associated with the Old Copper Culture of Wisconsin where radiocarbon dates suggest an age of 7000 to 5000 years ago. He also lists distribution as Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri. Alabama examples usually appear on early Archaic sites. The type is probably related to the Big Sandy Complex.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Paint Rock Valley point is a medium sized, broad, triangular point with incurvate base and excurvate blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 46 mm.: blade width—maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 28 mm.: width at base—maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: depth of basal concavity—maximum, 3 mm.; minimum, 1 mm.; average, 2 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Blade edges are usually excurvate, rarely straight. The distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The hafting area consists of an indeterminate basal portion of the blade that is usually slightly contracted. The base is usually incurvate, rarely straight, and may be thinned or beveled.
FLAKING: Broad, sometimes deep, random flaking was used to shape the blade and hafting area. Rather long secondary flakes were struck off along the edges, with a minimum of fine retouch having been carried out. Short flakes struck from the basal edge often resulted in a beveling of the basal edge. Local materials were used.
COMMENTS: This type was named from points found on sites in the Paint Rock River Valley in Jackson County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee. It resembles several Texas types (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): Kinney, with an estimated age of 4000 years ago, which is shorter and broader; Matamoros with an estimated age of 500 A. D., which is smaller and usually beveled; Tortugas, estimated age 6000 years ago, which is beveled and has no contraction of the base. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, two examples were recovered from Level 11 and one from Level 9. Other types from these lower levels include Cumberland, Quad, Dalton, Wheeler and Big Sandy I points. One example was recovered from Burial 8 at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) in association with Morrow Mountain, Crawford Creek, White Springs and possibly Eva points, as well as bone points and other artifacts. These associations indicate an early Archaic to transitional Paleo-Indian connection. At the Hardaway Site (Coe, 1959) points similar to Paint Rock Valley points were recovered from Stratum IV along with Dalton and Quad points.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Palmer point is a small corner notched point with a straight, ground base and pronounced serrations (Coe, 1959).
MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the following measurements: length—maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 35 mm.: width—maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 20 mm.: thickness—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 8 mm.: average width of notches, 3 mm.: length of notches, measured along stem edge, 5 mm. to 7 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 46 mm.; width at shoulders, 25 mm.; width of stem, 21 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; width of notches, 3 mm.; depth of notches, 6 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are barbed. Blade edges are usually straight, but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. Most examples are serrated, some quite deeply. The hafting area is corner notched. Side edges of the stem are usually incurvate. The basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. It is thinned and ground.
FLAKING: "These points were made by pressure flaking upon a prismatic flake of the proper proportions. The serrations apparently were made at the time when the point was finished, since the flake scars produced by the serrations were long and overlapped toward the center of the blade." (Coe, 1959). The notches were formed by the removal of deep broad flakes. Local materials were used.
COMMENTS: The type was named from points recovered from the Hardaway Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 92 in Madison County, North Carolina. Concerning the type at the Hardaway Site, Coe (1959) states, "Following the Hardaway occupation, the style of projectile points changed to a small corner-notched serrated variety with extensive grinding along the base. Along with this the use of the small hafted snub-nosed scraper increased considerably." He gives distribution as "Camp Creek Site in Tennessee and northward along the Atlantic Coast into New England." He further states, "On the basis of excavated data, this type must have an antiquity of nearly 8000 years." Two examples are listed by Cambron and Waters (1961) from the bottom of Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter. Three Palmer points were classified by Cambron from the surface collection of the University of Alabama from Guntersville Basin on the Tennessee River. The type is also found on western North Carolina sites.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with bifurcated stem.
MEASUREMENTS: Suhm and Jelks (1962) list some measurements in mm., as follows: "Length, max. 130, min. 30, av. between 60 and 90; average width 30 to 50; stem width 15 to 30; stem length 15 to 20." The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 87 mm.; width of shoulders, 32 mm.; width of stem, 28 mm.; stem length, 25 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 8 mm.
FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or flattened. Shoulders may be horizontal or barbed. "Blade edges are usually straight or excurvate, but occasionally incurvate, recurved, or narrowed to a slim needle-like tip." (Bell, 1958.) The distal end is usually acute. The stem is usually straight, but may be slightly contracted with straight or excurvate side edges. The basal edge is incurvate, usually deeply so, and may be thinned by removal of large flakes, and may be near beveled on some examples. Grinding of basal edges is seldom present.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flakes were removed to shape the blade and stem. Deeper shorter flaking was used to finish all edges. On many examples large broad flakes were removed to form the shoulders, especially on barbed examples. The thinning of the bases of some examples was accomplished by removal of one or several large thin flakes. Local materials were generally used.
COMMENTS: The type was named from sites in central Texas where it is regarded as a diagnostic type of the "Round Rock Focus" (Kelley, 1947a). The illustrated example is from the Helen Womack collection of Bedford County, Tennessee. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) list Pedernalis as "very common over all of central Texas." It is listed as a common point found with the Edwards Plateau aspect of the Archaic period with an estimated age of 4000 B. C. to 500 or 1000 A. D. (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). An example of the type appears in unknown provenience at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). A broken example from the middle of the Archaic Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) appears to have been reworked on one blade edge to a burin. Two examples were recovered from Zone C (upper Archaic) at Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). A suggested association for Alabama is late Archaic or early Woodland.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, expanded shoulder point with recurvate blade edges and tapered stem.
MEASUREMENTS: Twelve cotypes from the Tennessee River Valley of North Alabama provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 117 mm.; minimum, 71 mm.; average, 85 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 48 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 44 mm.: stem width—maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 10 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 76 mm.; shoulder width, 41 mm.; stem width, 19 mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered, but may be horizontal, and are always expanded. About one-half of the measured examples had asymmetrical shoulders. Blade edges are recurvate and may be slightly serrated. The distal end is acute. Stems are thick and tapered, rarely straight. Side edges of the stem are usually incurvate and may be ground. The basal edge may be excurvate or straight and rarely ground.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Short, deep, regular flaking was used to finish the blade edges, often resulting in fine serrations. A minimum of retouch was used along the stem edges. Local materials were utilized.
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on sites in Pickwick Basin of the Tennessee River Valley. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48 in Lincoln County, Tennessee. It is similar to Ledbetter Stemmed points (Kneberg, 1956), but both blade edges are recurvate. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) five examples were recovered from Zone A, one from Level 2, two from Level 3 and one each from Levels 4 and 7. At Little Bear Creek Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) examples were recovered from levels as follows: Levels 1 and 2, 1 each; Level 3, 13; Level 4, 3; Level 5, 4; Levels 6 and 7, 1 each. Levels 1 and 2 are Woodland, the other levels contained Archaic materials. At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one each was recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland), four examples from Zone C, one from Zone C-D and three from Zone D. Zones C, C-D and D are Archaic. The above evidence indicates a beginning in middle Archaic and a climax in late Archaic for the type.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, side notched, serrated point with expanded shoulders.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 66 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 59 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width—maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem length—maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 12 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened. Shoulders are narrow, tapered, and expanded. Blade edges are recurvate and serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is side notched with expanded stem. The notches average about 9 mm. wide and 3 mm. deep. Side edges of the stem are incurvate. The basal edge is thinned and incurvate.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was used to shape the blade and stem faces. Collateral or random flaking was used to retouch the sides of the blade faces to a near median ridge resulting in serrations. The side notches were formed by the removal of one large flake or several smaller flakes. Retouch was carried out along the basal edge. All examples are patinated and are made of local materials.
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near Cambron Site 76, the Pine Tree, (Cambron, 1956) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama. An example was illustrated by Webb and DeJarnette (1942) as type 54 from Colbert County, Alabama, Site Ct 27 (Plate 294). One example, of unknown provenience, from Site Ms 53A (Webb and Wilder, 1951) in Marshall County, Alabama, was recovered (Plate 29-C, No. 16). The type is pre-shellmound in North Alabama and is considered an early Archaic point type. One example was found on a site on Valley River at Andrews, North Carolina. Other than this occurrence the known distribution is Alabama and Southern Tennessee.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, corner notched, serrated point with expanded shoulders.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 40 mm.; average, 54 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width—maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex, rarely flattened. Shoulders are usually inversely tapered, rarely horizontal, and the barbs are expanded. Blade edges are usually incurvate, rarely straight, and serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is usually corner notched, rarely side-notched, with expanded stem. Notches measured along the stem edge average about 11 mm. deep and about 5 mm. wide. Side edges of the stem are usually straight. The base is thinned and usually straight, but may be excurvate, rarely incurvate. Light basal grinding may be present.
FLAKING: Random flaking was first employed to shape the blade and stem faces. This was followed by collateral, rarely random, flaking, usually resulting in regular serrations along the blade edges. Blade edges were worked in to form expanded barbs. The corner notches were formed by the removal of one or more large flakes, with retouch along the stem edge. Some retouch was used to finish the basal edge. All examples are patinated and are usually made of local materials.
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near the Pine Tree Site Cambron 76 (Cambron, 1956) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19 in Morgan County, Alabama. The type was formerly included with the Pine Tree point (Cambron, 1957) but was later referred to locally as Pine Tree Variant. It is a pre-shellmound or early Archaic type. Physical characteristics indicate a greater antiquity for this type than for the Pine Tree type, but surface collection associations suggest a contemporaneous existence.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Plevna is a medium to large, corner notched point with excurvate base and beveled on one edge of each face.
MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes from North Alabama and Southern Tennessee, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 95 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 65 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width—maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem length—maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 15 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is rhomboid. Shoulders are inversely tapered or horizontal. Where shoulder barbs are present they may be expanded. Blade edges are usually straight, but may be incurvate or excurvate and may be serrated. They are always beveled on one edge of each face. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is corner notched, with deep narrow notches that average about 4 mm. wide at the blade edge, 2 or 3 mm. wide at the bottom of the notch, and about 6 mm. deep along the stem edge. The expanded stem usually has straight side edges, and the basal edge is always excurvate, thinned, and ground.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was employed to produce flattened faces of the blade. Most blades were probably excurvate with a gentle bevel before one edge of each face was reworked by short, shallow to deep, flaking which often created serrations. Repeated reworking of these blade edges resulted in steep beveling and often in incurvate blade edges. The notches were formed at the widest part of the blade by the initial removal of one broad deep flake from each side of each face. The area thus thinned was then notched by removal of short fine flakes. The hafting area was thinned by broad, shallow flaking followed by the removal of small, shallow flakes along the basal edge. Local materials were used, and all examples showed patination.
COMMENTS: The point is named from points found on the Plevna Site (Cambron 79) in Madison County, Alabama, associated with Eva and other early Archaic types. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 38, Limestone County, Alabama. The type is associated with pre-shellmound materials in North Alabama and is considered an early Archaic type. Physical characteristics suggest that Plevna points may be ancestral to the unbeveled, late Archaic to early Woodland St. Charles points (Bell, 1960) found throughout the Ohio Valley and in surrounding states. A date of sometime before 5000 years ago is suggested for the type in Alabama.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Quad is a medium sized, broad, unfluted or fluted, point with an expanded-rounded, auriculate hafting area.
MEASUREMENTS: Fifty-one examples from thirty-one sites in the Tennessee River Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following measurements: unfluted points—maximum length, 86 mm.; minimum length, 47 mm.; average length, 57 mm.; average width, 23 mm.; average thickness, 7 mm.: fluted points—maximum length, 79 mm.; minimum length, 39 mm.; average length, 52 mm.; width, 24 mm.; average thickness, 7 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 60 mm.; width at base, 31 mm.; width of blade above hafting area, 29 mm.; width of hafting constriction, 28 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. Blade edges above the hafting area are convex. The distal end is acute. The auriculate hafting area is expanded-rounded with a hafting constriction along the side edges near the auricles. The base is incurvate and may be thinned or fluted. Hafting area edges are usually ground, especially the constriction.
FLAKING: Flaking on the faces is usually random but may be collateral. Retouch with short, fairly deep flaking, is usual on all edges. Because of the thinness of these points, fluted examples have short flutes similar to the Clovis points.
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near the Quad Site (Soday, 1954) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) near the Quad Site. The unfluted variant was described by Bell (1960), and he suggests a date of some portion of the period from 8000 B. C. to 4000 B. C. He illustrates examples from Tennessee and Ohio. An unfluted example was found in Level 11 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, in the same stratum as Wheeler, Paint Rock Valley, Cumberland, Dalton, and other points. An example from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) was recovered in pre-Archaic Stratum III along with a Beaver Lake point. A Quad-like point was recovered from the Quad Site in the same stratum as a fluted midsection, Dalton, and Big Sandy I points (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). Coe (1959) found similar points associated with Daltons on the lower levels of the Hardaway Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The above evidence and surface associations indicate a transitional Paleo association with an age of 10,000 years ago or more.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, triangular, fluted point with an incurvate base.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven points from seven sites in the Tennessee Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) range in length as follows: longest, 117 mm. (from Soday Site 475 in Morgan County, Alabama); shortest, 67 mm. (from Serio 1, Madison County, Alabama); average, 89 mm. The average width of the seven points is 37 mm. and the average thickness, 7 mm. The illustrated specimen measures in length, 110 mm.; width at base, 34 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 9 mm.; longest flute, 70 mm.; shortest flute, 26 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is fluted. The blade is straight with an acute distal end. Grinding along the basal edge for about one-third of the length of the point designates the hafting area. The auriculated base is parallel-rounded and incurvate and may show multiple flutes on one or both faces. The basal edge is thinned on each side of the flute and ground.
FLAKING: The flakes removed in order to shape the blade and hafting area are narrow, shallow and random. The edges were finished by the removal of alternate flakes along the blade and hafting area edges, leaving a fine, irregular pattern. The short flute was removed first from a flattened face, the longer flute from a median ridged face that shows multiple flute scars (Cambron and Hulse, 1961).
COMMENTS: The type was named after Redstone Arsenal in Madison County, Alabama, where the illustrated specimen, a classic example, was recovered from Brosemer Site M-17, a site that has produced other early points. Several examples have been illustrated in the Tennessee Archaeologist as follows: Vol. X, No. 1, p. 17, Fig. 45 (Morgan County, Alabama, Soday, 1954); Vol. X, No. 2, p. 40, Fig. 1, p. 48, Fig. 87, p. 50, Fig. 96 (Madison County, Alabama, Mahan, 1954); Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 36, Figs. 3 and 4 (Chickamauga Lake, Tennessee, Lewis, 1956); Vol. XIII, No. 2, p. 82, Fig. 7 (Weakley County, Tennessee, Taylor, 1957); Vol. XV, No. 2, p. 124, Fig. 19 (Limestone County, Alabama), p. 142, Fig. 1, (Humphreys County, Tennessee, Lewis, 1959); Vol. XVI, No. 1, p. 58, Figs. 18, 19 (Henry County, Tennessee, Lewis, 1960a). The Redstone type appears to be a variant of the Clovis and probably was in use at about the same time as Clovis points. Charcoal from hearths with which a Clovis point was presumed to have been associated, gave dates in excess of 37,000 years ago (Crook and Harris, 1958). When dating methods were improved, dates in excess of 42,000 years ago were obtained at this site. This means the Redstone, as well as the Clovis, could have been in use as early as 42,000 years ago, but most archaeologists suggest a date of about 15,000 years ago.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized stemmed point with straight blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen cotypes in the Harwood collection from Cambron Site 326 in Buncombe County, North Carolina, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 41 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 21 mm.: stem width—maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 37 mm.; shoulder width, 19 mm.; stem width, 12 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, rarely plano-convex. Shoulders are tapered and fairly broad. Blade edges are usually straight, but may be excurvate, rarely incurvate. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may be tapered. The basal edge is excurvate and usually thick, but may be thinned.
FLAKING: The entire point appears to have been made by short, fairly deep, random percussion flaking. The lack of retouch along the blade edges leaves an irregular blade edge outline that somewhat resembles crude serrations on some examples. All examples from the site are made of vein quartz.
COMMENTS: The type was named from the Rheems Creek Site (Cambron Site 326) in Buncombe County, North Carolina. A few examples approach Bradley Spike in size and flaking, but are broader with a more triangular blade. The smaller examples somewhat resemble Coosa points, but are not retouched along the edges and are made of quartzite. The cultural association of this type is as yet unknown, as the type site has produced artifacts belonging to transitional Paleo, Archaic and Woodland components. A category of tool types resembling Rheems Creek has been identified in Randolph County from Mid-Archaic to Early Woodland (O'Hear and Knight, 1975).
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Russell Cave point is a medium sized, expanded stem point with shallow serrations and straight blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven examples, including the illustrated specimen, from the lower G layer at Russell Cave in North Alabama provided the following measurements and features: length—maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 44 mm.; average, 54 mm: shoulder width—maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem width at base—maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width at narrowest point—maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 19 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. The blade is usually straight; rarely excurvate. Blade edges are shallowly serrated. The distal end is acute. The stem is expanded. The side edges of the stem are incurvate and usually ground. The basal edge is straight, usually ground and may be beveled.
FLAKING: Shallow, broad, random flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Short, fairly deep flakes were removed to shape and finish the blade and to form fine regular serrations. These were flaked alternately from opposite faces, making the short serration projections rather sharp. The sides of the hafting area are usually steeply flaked to form an expanded stem. The basal edge is usually thinned by the removal of broad shallow flakes, but may be rather steeply flaked.
COMMENTS: The type was named from Russell Cave in Jackson County, Alabama, where the seven cotypes were recovered from lower G layer. This was the deepest excavated layer and produced three radiocarbon dates: Level 17, 7565 ±250 years B. P.; Level 20, 8095 ±275 and 8435 ±275 years B. P. These dates place the type in early Archaic at this site. Distribution of the type is not known.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, serrated, triangular point with an incurvate base.
MEASUREMENTS: Six cotypes from the Jones Bluff Reservoir in Lowndes County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 24 mm.: width at base—maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 5 mm.: basal concavity—maximum 4 mm.; minimum, 1 mm.; average, 2 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex—rarely, flattened. The blade is usually straight, but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. Blade edges are serrated. The distal end is usually acute but may be acuminate. The base is incurvate and may be expanded.
FLAKING: The point displays random flaking which is usually broad and fairly deep. The serrations are the result of the removal of regular flakes from the edge of alternate faces. The basal edge was thinned by removal of shallow flakes. Local materials, generally quartzites, were used.
COMMENTS: The point is named from sites on Sand Mountain in North Alabama where the type was first recognized. The illustrated example was recovered from Hulse site 39 near Decatur, Alabama. No examples were recognized from the control sites in the Tennessee Valley. Examples from Sites Lo 32 and Lo 13 in Jones Bluff Reservoir, Lowndes County, Alabama, were recovered from Levels 1 and 2 in association with Weeden Island pottery. This suggests an Early Mississippian association at these sites. In Autauga County, Alabama, examples were found in association with Autauga Check Stamped, McLeod Check Stamped and Wright Check Stamped pottery. This suggests a late Woodland association in this area. At Site Dk-101 in DeKalb County, Alabama, three examples were recovered from Level 1 and two from Level 3. This suggests a late Woodland and Mississippian association at this site. The type seems to have appeared in late Woodland times and lasted into Mississippian times.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, side-notched point with excurvate blade edges, biconvex cross-section, deep side notches and finely retouched blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 14 examples; 7 from New York, 5 from Savage Cave and 2 from the Pine Tree Site (Cambron, 1956) at Decatur, Alabama, are: length 44-75 mm.; shoulder width, 23-30 mm.; stem width, 18-25 mm.; stem length, 9-10 mm., thickness, 6-9 mm.; notch width, 7-9 mm.; notch depth, 3-5 mm.
FLAKING: Good random flaking was employed to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area. Fine retouch is evident along the edges. The deep side notches were finished by the removal of one large flake from both sides of each notch.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate and is finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is deeply side notched. The basal edge is nearly always straight, but may be slightly excurvate. Light grinding may be evident on most examples. The part of the hafting area between the notches and the base is expanded. All examples were patinated.
COMMENTS: This type is named from Savage Cave, Kentucky, where 8 whole or broken examples were recovered. One example was recovered from the surface, two from Level 1, one from Level 2, three from Level 3, one of which was worked to a drill, and one from Level 4. All examples except one from the surface were recovered from Stratum II. It appears that the Savage Cave point overlaps in time with Big Sandy points at this site, with Savage Cave points appearing later. One example illustrated as an Otter Creek point in Plate 21, Fig. 2 from Malta, Saratoga County, New York, (Ritchie, 1971) appears to be a Savage Cave point.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large stemmed point often made of quartzite.
MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists some measurements of North Carolina examples as follows: length—maximum, 170 mm.; minimum, 70 mm.; average, 100 mm.: width—maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 50 mm. These measurements exceed those from six examples, including the illustrated example, from Elmore County, Alabama, and one from Buncombe County, North Carolina, which are as follows: length—maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width—maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 22 mm.: stem length—maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened, rarely plano-convex. Shoulders are usually tapered but may be straight. Blade edges are excurvate, but may be parallel from the shoulders for one-third to one-half the length of the blade. The distal end is acute. The stem may be straight or tapered, with incurvate or straight side edges and a straight or incurvate basal edge that is usually thinned.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was employed to shape the blade and stem faces, with some retouch along all edges. Local materials were used.
COMMENTS: The point is named from points of the Savannah River Focus of the Archaic period in Redmont, North Carolina. The illustrated example is from Amling Site El 4 in Elmore County, Alabama. This type includes points illustrated in Caldwell (1947) as belonging to the Savannah River Focus of Georgia. Similar points from Camp Creek were illustrated by Lewis and Kneberg (1957) as Appalachian Stemmed, but they seem more acceptable as Savannah River points. One example each was recovered from Level 3 and 4 (pre-pottery) at the University of Alabama Site 1 Ru 28 in Russell County, Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River. Coe (1959) found Savannah River to be late Archaic. Further excavation in the Roanoke River area revealed Savannah River points in early Woodland association (Coe, personal communication). Savannah River points overlay the "Old Quartz" industry in Georgia. The above evidence places Savannah River points in late Archaic and early Woodland associations.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, straight stemmed point with finely serrated blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Thirteen cotypes from sites at Smithsonia, Beacon Island and Waterloo along the Tennessee River below Florence, Alabama, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 96 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.; average, 77 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 35 mm.; minimum 28 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width—maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.: stem length—maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 82 mm.; shoulder width, 33 mm.; stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 11 mm.