FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened. Shoulders are usually barbed but may be inversely tapered. Blade edges are serrated and are usually straight or excurvate but some examples may have one straight and one excurvate blade edge. The basal edge and sides of the stem are thinned, straight and may be lightly ground. The distal end is acute. Serrations on the blade edges are finely executed as opposed to deeper serrations on the Kirk Serrated projectile point. The shoulders are usually barbed. The stem and base are always straight whereas the Kirk Serrated base may be incurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were formed by broad, shallow, random flaking. The blade edges were then finely serrated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Ralph Allen Site 41 at Smithsonia, Alabama, where the type was first recognized. The illustrated example is from this site located on the north side of the Tennessee River in Lauderdale County, Alabama. Three examples are illustrated in Plate 152 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942). One is in the top right of the plate and two are in the upper left of the lower figure on the same plate. These examples were recovered from the Bluff Creek Site Lu^o 59. This site was located fourteen miles west of Florence, Alabama, on the banks of the Tennessee River. These points were associated with burials along with other artifacts that indicate a late Archaic and early Woodland placement, as does the formal attributes of this point type.

SOUTH PRONG CREEK, Lewis (This Paper): A-138

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The South Prong Creek point is a large, broad, stemmed, and serrated point.

MEASUREMENTS: Examples which provided the features, including the illustrated example, ranged in measurements as follows: length—maximum, 101 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 72 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 59 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 38 mm.: stem width—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade edges are usually straight but may be slightly excurvate or recurvate and are always serrated with an acute distal end that is devoid of serrations. Shoulders may be straight or tapered. The stem is short and thinned at the base and along the side edges. The basal edge may be straight or excurvate and may exhibit light grinding.

FLAKING: The thin blade is shaped by good, broad, and shallow random flaking on the faces. The removal of small deep flakes along the blade edges, starting above the shoulders and ending below the distal end, produced strong serrations and a beveling effect. The removal of fairly large flakes at the junction of the stem and shoulders thinned the sides of the stem as well as the shoulders at this point.

COMMENTS: The type was named from a surface site on South Prong Creek in Richmond County, Georgia, near Augusta, in the Red Hills fall line and approximately 300 feet above mean sea level. Eight examples, including the illustrated example, were recovered from this site (Lewis Site No. 606). Two examples of unknown origin from the Augusta-Richmond County Museum helped provide additional measurements and features for the type. Other artifacts recovered from the type site include: 13 Big Sandy points, 1 Greenbrier Dalton point, 1 Ecusta point, 1 Plevna point, 26 Morrow Mountain points, 1 Morrow Mountain Straight Base point, 3 Morrow Mountain Rounded Base points, 3 Guilford Rounded Base points, 1 Guilford point, 8 Savannah River points, 1 Gary point, 1 Wade point, 1 Yadkin point, 2 Madison points, 25 P-1 Stemmed points, 1 used scraper, 1 flint gouge, 7 mortars, 3 manos, 1 hammer-abrader, 7 steatite hammers, and 1 perforater. These artifacts suggest a Transitional Paleo-Early Archaic and Archaic occupation of the site with a sparse occupation by Woodland and Mississippian people. An age of 3000 to 4500 years B. P. is suggested for the type (Michie, personal communication, 1975). The association of other artifacts from the site indicates an earlier date for the type (Lewis, personal communication, 1975).

STANFIELD. Cambron and Hulse (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-80

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large sized, narrow, triangular point with biconvex blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine autotypes from North Alabama, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 118 mm.; minimum, 54 mm.; average, 73 mm.: width at base—maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 22 mm.: thickness—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section of the blade is biconvex, and most hafting area cross-sections are flattened. Blade edges are usually parallel, rarely excurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area includes an undetermined basal portion of the side edges. It is parallel sided, with a straight, rarely slightly excurvate, basal edge that is thinned. The hafting area is usually flattened.

FLAKING: From fairly deep to shallow random flaking was used to shape the faces. Usually one third to two thirds of the total length from the distal end is flaked to median ridge, and broader shallower flakes were removed from the hafting area. Short, broad, and deeper flakes were removed in retouching the side edges of the blade and all edges of the hafting area. Local materials were usually employed, and all examples were patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) in Colbert County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from the Pine Tree Site (Cambron Site 76) in Limestone County, Alabama. Examples recovered at Stanfield-Worley were all in Zone D, two in Level 1 and one in Level 5. Radiocarbon dates from this zone are 8920 ±400 and 9640 ±450 B. P. Four examples were recovered from Stratum III (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a) at the Quad Site in association with Dalton, Lerma, Big Sandy I, and other points and were listed as Type P-11. All surface finds are made from sites that have produced early materials. It is suggested that this type be placed in the transitional Paleo-Indian cultural stage with a date of somewhere around 10,000 years ago.

STANLEY, Coe (Coe, 1959): A-79

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Stanley is a medium sized point with "a broad triangular blade, a small squared stem and a shallow notched base." (Coe, 1959).

MEASUREMENTS: Seven plesiotypes from North Alabama and South Tennessee provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 47 mm.; minimum, 42 mm.; average, 46 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 31 mm.: stem width—maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or plano-convex, rarely flattened. Shoulders are usually horizontal or tapered, rarely inversely tapered, and may be expanded. Blade edges may be excurvate, straight, or recurvate and usually have an angular break in the blade outline near the distal end. Blade edges may be serrated near the base. The distal end is usually acute, but may be somewhat apiculate. The stem is usually straight. Stems of the plesiotypes are shorter and broader than stems of the cotypes. Thus, the basal edge of the plesiotypes is more incurvate than notched, as it is in the cotypes.

FLAKING: Blade scars and/or rather long, shallow, random flakes are in evidence on the faces of the blade and stem. On the serrated examples the serrations are broader and deeper near the shoulders, and the points are usually serrated no more than half the length of the blade. Fine regular retouch was carried out along the blade edges near the distal end. Fairly long, often broad, flakes were removed in order to thin the basal edge. Local materials were used, and all points show some patination.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found in Piedmont, North Carolina, especially at the Doerschuk and Hardaway Sites, where they were found above Kirk and below Morrow Mountain occupation levels and are placed somewhere above 5000 B. C. (Coe, 1959). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 146 in Limestone County, Alabama. An example was recovered from Level 11 of Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Also in this level (145 trench) were Eva and Morrow Mountain points. One example was recovered from Zone C (upper Archaic) at the Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a).

SUBLET FERRY, Cambron (This Paper): A-115

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, serrated, shallowly side notched point.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 48 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 42 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem width—maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem length—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: thickness—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered and narrow. Blade edges are usually excurvate, but may be parallel-angular, and are finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is shallowly side notched near the base, with the shoulders and stem usually nearly the same width. The basal edge is straight and thinned.

FLAKING: Shallow to deep flaking was used to shape the blade and stem faces. Long, narrow flakes were removed to form serrations along the blade edges. The hafting notches were formed by the removal of a fairly large deep flake from each side of each face near the base and were sometimes finished by the removal of several small flakes in the notches. Broad, thin flakes were removed in thinning the basal edge. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on sites near Sublet Ferry on the Tennessee River in Jackson County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from W. H. Baker Site 16 in the area. Other artifacts from this site suggest early Woodland and possibly late Archaic assemblages. Typologically the Sublet type seems intermediate between Damron Side Notched and Knights Island. Cultural association of the type is at present uncertain, but surface collection associations indicate that it is an early Woodland type.

SWAN LAKE, Cambron and Hulse (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-81

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thick point with shallow side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, from Hulse Site 54 in Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 41 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 38 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem width—maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but is sometimes near median-ridged. Shoulders are narrow, tapered, and may be expanded. Blade edges are usually straight but may be incurvate or excurvate. Distal ends are acuminate. The hafting area is shallowly side notched. Side edges of the stem are incurvate. The basal edge may be excurvate or straight. Nearly all examples retain some rind on the base, and many basal edges are unfinished. A few basal edges are lightly ground.

FLAKING: Short, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the blade and stem. Flakes removed in retouching the blade and stem edges are short and fairly deep. Several flakes were usually removed to form the side notches. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points recovered from the Swan Lake area of Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 54 in this area. The type may be related to Trinity points (Suhm and Jelks, 1962) and Halifax points (Coe, 1959). The side notched variant of Archaic Lamoka points of New York (Ritchie, 1961) may be an early variation of the Swan Lake type. Radiocarbon dates from 3500 B. C. to 2500 B. C. have been obtained for Lamoka points (Ritchie, 1961). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) most Swan Lake points were concentrated in the first two levels of Zone A, but a few examples were found as deep as Levels 7 and 8, with one from Level 1 in Zone B. This indicates Woodland association at this site, with possibly an Archaic connection. Four of eight examples from the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, were in the two top levels. All six examples from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) were from Stratum I (Woodland). At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) four examples were recovered from Zone A, one from Zone B (Woodland) and one from Zone C (Archaic). The Swan Lake point appears to have been introduced in the Archaic period but reached a climax in the Woodland period.

TURKEY TAIL, Scully (Scully, 1951): A-82

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, double pointed lanceolate point with side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The type ranges from about 3 inches to 8 inches in length with an average length of about 6 inches (Bell, 1960). The illustrated plesiotype provided the following measurements: length, 174 mm.; width at widest part of blade, 42 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; length of stem, 17 mm.; width of stem, 18 mm.; notch depth, 3 mm.; notch width, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Shoulders may be horizontal or tapered. Blade edges are excurvate. The distal end may be acute or broad. The stem is expanded and pointed with an acute or broad basal edge that is thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Short deep flakes may be removed to retouch the edges. One or several flakes were removed from the sides of each face to form shallow side notches. A good grade, often exotic, material was used.

COMMENTS: The type was named because of the resemblance of the hafting area to a turkey's tail. The illustrated example is the shortest of four Turkey Tail points and one similar unnotched blade 8 inches long which were recovered from a shellmound burial by Harry Smith from Cambron Site 14 in Limestone County, Alabama. "The type commonly occurs in caches of several points, ranging from 4 or 5 up to 40 or more." (Bell, 1960.) This indicates a ceremonial usage. A late Archaic or early Woodland association with a date range from about 2000 B. C. to 500 B. C. is suggested by Scully (1951).

WADE, Hulse (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-84

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, barbed, straight stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 51 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 42 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width—maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 14 mm.: stem length—maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness—maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex or flattened. Shoulders are barbed, with barbs often as long as the stem. Blade edges may be excurvate or straight. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may be slightly expanded. Side edges of the stem are usually straight, and the basal edge may be straight or slightly incurvate. It is thinned and may be slightly ground.

FLAKING: Deep to shallow, random flaking was used on the blade and stem faces. Short, fairly deep, flakes were removed in retouching the blade and stem edges. One large, broad, deep flake was removed from the basal corners of each face to form barbs. The resulting notched edges were usually retouched by the removal of several small flakes. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points from several sites near Wade Landing on the Tennessee River, Limestone County, Alabama, where they were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 148 (Ray Site) in Limestone County, Alabama. Three Wade points were found with pre-ceramic sitting burial No. 66 at the University of Alabama Site Lu 59 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942) along with one beaver incisor, three bone awls, one distal end of a point or knife, one two-hole stone gorget, and one gorget fragment. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), points were more numerous in late Archaic and early Woodland levels. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Woodland Level 2. One example was recovered from the Woodland stratum at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At the Little Bear Creek Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) one example was recovered from the Woodland stratum and one from late Archaic. Three examples were recovered from the Woodland stratum and seven from late Archaic at the Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). The above evidence indicates a strong late Archaic association and suggests that the type continued in use as late as middle Woodland, with a probable date of 2500 B. C. to 1500 B. C.

WASHINGTON, Cambron (This Paper): A-13

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thick, side notched, serrated point.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length—maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 20 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 10 mm.: stem width—maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: stem length—maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.: thickness—maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 5 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered. Blade edges may be excurvate or straight and are usually serrated. The distal end may be acute, sharply acute, or broad. The hafting area has broad, shallow side notches from 1 to 2 mm. deep and about 4 to 5 mm. wide. The expanded stem base may be excurvate or straight and is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Most of the points are made of white quartzite but show good workmanship. The blade and hafting area were formed by shallow, random flaking. The blade edges were serrated by the removal of broad, deep flakes. The side notches were formed by the removal of one broad, deep flake from each side of each face about one-third the length of the point from the base. Some retouching was carried out, especially near the distal end.

COMMENTS: The point was named for Washington County, Alabama, where the type was first recognized. Apparently an important type in this area of the state, it occurs in surface collections from late pottery-producing sites. The illustrated example is from Slater Site 7, Washington County, Alabama. The size indicates an arrow point. Perino (personal communication) reports examples from Woodland sites in Clinton County, Illinois.

WASHITA, Bell (Bell, 1958): A-116

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thin, triangular, side notched point.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) lists length as 27 mm. to 19 mm. with the majority averaging slightly less than 25 mm. Suhm and Krieger (1954) give the width as 20 mm. to 12 mm. and state that the notches are usually 2 mm. to 3 mm. deep.

FORM: The cross-section appears to be flattened. Blade edges may be straight or excurvate. The distal end is acute. Side notches forming the hafting area "are cut in from the edge perhaps ¼ to ⅓ of the distance from the base to the tip (distal end)." (Bell, 1958.) The base is straight or slightly incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: Fairly broad, shallow, random flaking appears to have been used to shape the faces, with a minimum of retouch along the edges.

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Washita River Focus of Oklahoma. The illustrated example is after Bell (1958). The Washita was included in the Harrell type by Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954). The only appreciable difference between the two types is the notched basal edge of the Harrell points. According to Bell (1958), "the Washita point is found in Oklahoma, parts of the Great Plains, Mississippi Valley and in the Southwest. It is commonly associated with the Harrell point, pottery and agriculture." He estimates the age from 1100 or 1200 A. D. up to 1500 or 1600 A. D. Twenty-one examples were in a cache found with a burial in a truncated mound in Elmore County, Alabama (Fundaburk and Foreman, 1957). Also in the cache were points similar to Alba, Bassett, Harrell, and Scallorn types as described and illustrated by Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954). Along with these were other small points (Plate 15, p. 36), two of which were made of obsidian. Since the type is associated with Harrell points, it is probably associated with early Mississippi Culture of the Mississippi and Missouri Valleys (Bennett, 1948 and Chapman, 1948).

WHEELER EXCURVATE, Cambron (Cambron, 1955a and 1957): A-85

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized auriculate point with incurvate base, steeply worked basal edge, and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Twenty points from 14 sites in the Tennessee River Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 67 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 48 mm.: width—average, 21 mm.: thickness—average, 6 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 46 mm.; width of blade, 20 mm.; width at base, 17 mm.; thickness, 5 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be plano-convex. Blade edges are excurvate. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is parallel pointed, with deeply incurvate, steeply flaked basal edge. Some examples are fluted, and an occasional example is ground along the entire blade and hafting area edges.

FLAKING: Shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area. Fairly broad flakes were removed in shaping the blade edges, followed by very fine secondary retouching along the edges. Large flakes were often removed in forming the basal concavity, and several short narrow flakes were removed to form a steeply flaked basal edge. Local materials were used, especially Ft. Payne chert.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on the Stone Pipe Site (Cambron, 1955a) in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River, Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from this site (Cambron, 1956). A fluted example is illustrated by T. M. N. Lewis (1960b) in Editor's Notes, page 45, left side of Fig. 3. An example was recovered from Stratum III in association with transitional Paleo-Indian materials at the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). The type is similar to the McKean point, but appears to be older and, unlike McKean points, the basal edge is steeply beveled. This type appears with Wheeler Recurvate and Wheeler Triangular points on pre-shellmound sites in North Alabama. Evidence indicates a transitional Paleo-Indian association. A reworked Wheeler point was recovered from Level 11 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. This also indicates an early provenience for Wheeler points.

WHEELER RECURVATE, Cambron (Cambron, 1955a and 1957): A-86

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized auriculate point with incurvate base, steeply worked basal edge, and recurvate side edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine points from six sites in the Tennessee River Valley provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 68 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 55 mm.: width—average, 19 mm.: thickness—average, 7 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 45 mm.; width of blade, 20 mm.; width at base, 13 mm.; thickness, 5 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 4 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be plano-convex. Blade edges are excurvate above the hafting area. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is expanded pointed, with deeply incurvate, steeply flaked basal edge.

FLAKING: Shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area. Fairly broad flakes were removed in shaping the blade edges, followed by very fine secondary retouching along the edges. Large flakes were often removed in forming the basal concavity and several short narrow flakes were removed to form a steeply flaked basal edge. Local materials were used, especially Ft. Payne chert.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on the Stone Pipe Site (Cambron, 1955a) in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River, Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from this site (Cambron 156). Two points similar to Wheeler Recurvate were found at the Scharbauer Site near Midland, Texas (Wendorf, Krieger, Albritton and Stewart, 1955). One was near human bones in Locality 1 and one was from Locality 2. Both were in association with early materials, especially Folsom materials. A radiocarbon date of 20,000 years ago was secured from fire hearth at the site (Associated Press story in The Nashville Tennessean, Oct. 14, 1956). The type is similar to McKean points, but appears to be older and, unlike McKean points, the basal edge is steeply beveled. This type appears with Wheeler Excurvate and Wheeler Triangular points on pre-shellmound sites in North Alabama. Evidence indicates a transitional Paleo-Indian association.

WHEELER TRIANGULAR, Cambron (Cambron, 1955a and 1957): A-87

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized auriculate point with incurvate base, steeply worked basal edge, and straight blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: In gathering data for the type, large Wheeler Excurvate points were included in the measurements; therefore, measurements of a series are not available. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 81 mm.; width of blade, 24 mm.; width at base, 21 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be plano-convex. Blade edges are straight. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is parallel-pointed with deeply incurvate, steeply flaked basal edge.

FLAKING: Shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area. Fairly broad flakes were removed in shaping the blade edges, followed by very fine secondary retouching along the edges. Large flakes were often removed in forming the basal concavity, and several short narrow flakes were removed to form a steeply flaked basal edge. Local materials were used, especially Ft. Payne chert.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on the Stone Pipe Site (Cambron, 1955) in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River, Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from this site, Cambron 156. At the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a), an example recovered from Stratum I had probably weathered from Stratum III, where it would have been in association with transitional Paleo-Indian materials.

WHITE SPRINGS, Hulse (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-88

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with short, broad stem and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen paratypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements: length—maximum, 66 mm.; minimum, 42 mm.; average, 50 mm.: shoulder width—maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 32 mm.: stem length—maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length—maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 6 mm.: thickness—maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or flattened. Shoulders are horizontal and narrow. Blade edges are slightly excurvate, rarely incurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is stemmed, with straight side edges. The basal edge is thinned and usually straight, but may be incurvate and may be ground.

FLAKING: Shallow, random, rarely transverse oblique, flaking was used to shape the blade and stem faces. Blade and stem edges were retouched by removal of short, probably pressure, flakes.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found in the White Springs area on the north side of the Tennessee River in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated holotype is from Hulse Site 17 in Limestone County, Alabama. Examples appear to be more numerous in the Tennessee River Valley of North Alabama, where they are found on early Archaic sites. Three points (l, n, and o, Plate 12, Page 45) listed among examples of Sykes points from the Eva Site (Lewis and Lewis, 1961) appear to fit into the White Springs type. Most examples found at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) were from the lower levels of Zone A (early Archaic), and one example was among the artifacts associated with Burial 8 at this site. This was an early Archaic burial featuring Morrow Mountain points. Examples were illustrated (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942) from sub-mound Burial 88 from Site Ct 27 in the Pickwick Basin of the Tennessee River. Observed materials from many North Alabama sites suggest a typological relationship between White Springs, Benton Stemmed, and Buzzard Roost Creek points. Benton Stemmed is thought to have been in use later than White Springs and possibly than Buzzard Roost Creek. An early Archaic association is suggested, with an estimated date of 5000 B. C. to about 4000 B. C. or later.

PROVISIONAL POINT TYPES

This group includes points that are probably extreme variants of named types, unfinished points, and points that have not proven distinctive enough to be recognized as a definite type. As further work is carried out and more materials become available for observation, some named types may be separated from these generalized types as has been done with some of the provisional types originally set up.

Illustrations are oversize to show the flaking more clearly.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large sized, straight stemmed points that do not conform with certainty to any of the named type descriptions.

COMMENTS: At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) examples from the Archaic Stratum II were slightly larger than examples from Woodland and Mississippian Stratum I. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) this was the most numerous provisional type, and most examples appeared in the upper half of Zone A (Archaic and later).

Provisional Type 1—Stemmed, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

Provisional Type 2—Expanded Stem, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large expanded stem points that do not conform with certainty to any of the named type descriptions.

COMMENTS: At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) the type was slightly smaller than Provisional Type 1—Stemmed, and examples from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) were slightly longer than examples from Stratum II (Archaic). At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) practically all examples were recovered from Zone A (Archaic and later), with most examples from the upper half of this zone.

Provisional Type 3—(See Crawford Creek)

Provisional Type 4—Stemmed Barbed, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Usually small to medium sized, stemmed points, with barbed shoulders, that do not conform to a named type description.

COMMENTS: At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) examples from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) were slightly larger than examples from Stratum II (Archaic). Of the few examples recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), most were from late Archaic or early Woodland strata.

Provisional Type 5—Stemmed and Serrated, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large stemmed points, with serrated blade edges, that do not conform to a named type description.

COMMENTS: Examples are more likely to occur in Archaic than Woodland association.

Provisional Type 6—Unfinished Base, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Usually medium sized points with finished blade and unfinished base that do not conform to any named type description.

COMMENTS: The only two examples recovered from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) were from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian). The three examples from Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) were from the upper half of Zone A (Archaic and later).

Provisional Type 7—(See Elora)

Provisional Type 8—Corner Notched, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small to large sized corner notched point that does not conform to a named type description.

COMMENTS: Basal edges may be ground and blade edges may be serrated or beveled. Larger examples are usually associated with early Archaic cultures.

Provisional Type 9—Side Notched, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small to large side notched point that does not conform to a named type description.

COMMENTS: May appear in association with Archaic or Woodland cultural materials.

Provisional Type 10—Eccentric Notched, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium sized, stemmed point with several eccentric notches along the blade edges that does not conform to any named type description.

COMMENTS: This is a relatively rare point. One example was recovered from Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Water, 1961). One example of unknown provenience was illustrated as type 51 by Webb and DeJarnette (1942, Plate 294-1) from Ct 27. An example was illustrated by Travis and Lenser (1960, Fig. 7-G) from the Sugar Creek area of the Tennessee Valley.

Provisional Type 11—Triangular, Cambron and Waters (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small to large triangular point that does not conform to a named type description.

COMMENTS: May appear in association with Transitional Paleo and later cultural materials.

Provisional Type 12—Rounded Base, Cambron and Hulse (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large, rounded base, trianguloid point that does not conform to the description of a named type.

COMMENTS: Examples were recovered from early Archaic through late Woodland strata at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

Provisional Type 13—Notched Convex Stem, Cambron and Hulse (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large point that usually has a rounded stem with notches in the stem adjacent to the shoulders and that does not conform to the description of a named type.

COMMENTS: A comparatively rare point that may prove to be a definite type, although at present the few examples are too variable to define as a type. An example was recovered from Level 2 (Woodland) of Zone A at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

ALABAMA COUNTIES

DISTRIBUTION CHART