[1043] A play called The French Schoolmaster appeared in 1662 (Fleay, Chronicle of English Drama, 1891, ii. p. 338).
[1044] There are, however, no points of resemblance between that work and the grammar which appeared about twelve years later.
[1045] Catalogue of the Library of Dean Smallwood, 1684.
[1046] Cp. Arber, Term Catalogues, i. 269. Anne was three years younger than Mary.
[1047] Schickler, Les Églises du Refuge, ii. p. 311.
[1048] Savile Correspondence, Camden Society, 1856, passim.
[1049] Huguenot Society Publications, xviii. p. 138.
[1050] Stationers' Register, iii. p. 277.
[1051] Such was also the opinion of J. Minsheu, author of the Ductor in Linguas (1617): "I have always found that the true knowledge and sure holding of them in our memories, consisted in the knowing of them by their causes, originalls and etymologies, that is by their reasons and derivations."
[1052] His work suffered in having to strive against Cotgrave's long settled reputation.
[1053] The third edition appeared, like the first, at London, 1690.
[1054] Arber, Term Catalogues, i. 477.
[1055] 8vo: pp. 168, 142. Printed for Th. Bassett....
[1056] For instance, that for the gender of nouns, in 1678, states that those ending in "e" or "x" are masculine, and the rest feminine; in 1687, those ending in "e" and "ion" are feminine and the rest masculine; in both cases long lists of exceptions are given.
[1057] "To follow the old road I should now decline a noun or two with these articles, and six cases to be sure, to wit, the nominative, accusative, dative, vocative, and ablative, whether our language can afford them or not. But why should I perplex the learned with so improper and needless a thing? For the distinction of cases is come from the variable termination of one and the same noun. A thing incident (I confess) to the Latine tongue, but not to our vulgar speech."
[1058] A second edition of Miège's English Grammar appeared in 1691.
[1059] Arber, Term Catalogues, iii. 67, 487.
[1060] But if they have been grounded in the principles before travelling, they make quicker progress, and do not lose their knowledge.
[1061] "Car il n'y a rien de tel pour apprendre une langue que de l'entendre parler."
[1062] Later he added rules for Spanish to his work. Colsoni also wrote Le Guide de Londres pour les Estrangers (1st edition, 1693), and several works chiefly on topical subjects, of little interest. In 1694 his Guide was followed by Richard Baldwin's Booke for Strangers.
[1063] And again in 1679.
[1064] Who translated one of Tillotson's sermons into French (1673).
[1065] See Bibliography.
[1066] Schickler, op. cit. ii. p. 282.
[1067] The Church of Rome evidently proved Heretick (1680); The Church of England evidently proved the holy catholick Church (1682). Towards the end of his career he wrote a Discourse of the Trinitie ... etc. (1700). Berault calls himself a French minister, and he served as chaplain on several of His Majesty's ships during the war with France at the end of the century.
[1068] Le Véritable et assuré Chemin du Ciel en François et en Anglois (1681), and the Bouquet ou un Amas de plusieurs veritez Théologiques (1685), dedicated to Anne Stuart, afterwards queen.
[1069] Berault is behind the times in retaining most of the Latin cases and tenses. His grammar, on the whole, is fuller and more detailed than most of its kind.
[1070] Le Théâtre françois (1674). ed. Monval, 1876, p. 62. Jean Blaeu, in translating from English into French Ed. Chamberlain's Present State of England (1669), states: "Je ne l'ay pas sitost veu en Anglois que j'ay jugé qu'il méritoit de paroistre dans la langue françoise, comme estant plus universelle dans la chrestienté qu'aucune autre" (1671). Jusserand, Shakespeare in France, p. 20, note.
[1071] De monumentis publicis latine inscribendis. Goujet, Bibliothèque françoise (1740-56), i. p. 13.
[1072] Bayle, Œuvres, iv. p. 190, quoted by Charlanne, L'Influence française en Angleterre, pt. ii. p. 202.
[1073] F. Watson, Grammar Schools, p. 312.
[1074] Epilogue to Bellamira.
[1075] London, 1678.
[1076] Young Gallants' Academy, 1674, p. 44.
[1077] A little later Swift wrote that "the current opinion prevails that the study of Latin and Greek is loss of time...." (Works, 1841, ii. p. 291).
[1078] A Dialogue ... concerning Education, Miscellaneous Works, London, 1751, p. 338.
[1079] Even the universities had to give some recognition to the modern language. A Professorship of Modern History and Modern Languages was founded at both universities in 1724. Cp. Cooper, Annals of Cambridge, iv. 128.
[1080] "Some Thoughts," Educational Writings of Locke, 1912, p. 125.
[1081] The same opinions are voiced by later writers, such as Costeker, Education of a Young Nobleman, 1723, p. 18; and the author of a pamphlet On Education, 1734.
[1082] Evelyn, Diary, Dec. 6, 1681.
[1083] The Compleat Gentleman (1728), ed. K. D. Bülbring, 1890.
[1084] Epilogue to Bellamira.
[1085] Works, ed. A. Wilson, Verity, London, 1888, Preface.
[1086] Le Blanc, Lettres d'un Français, à la Haye, 1745, ii. p. 1.
[1087] He tells Maupertuis of the great success of his De la Figure de la Terre (1738) in England, where it was awaited with impatience and received with acclamation (Lettres, ii. 244).
[1088] An Essay to revive the antient Education of Gentlewomen (Mrs. Makin or Mark Lewis).
[1089] French no doubt often reached grammar school boys indirectly. Thus Charles Hoole in 1660 (A New Discoverie of the old Art of Teaching School) recommends the Dialogues of Du Grès for their private reading; perhaps, however, he was thinking more of the Latin than of the French part.
[1090] Miscellaneous Works, 1751, pp. 320-1.
[1091] A New Method of Educating Children ..., 1695.
[1092] Th. Sheridan, Plan of Education, 1769, p. 42.
[1093] M. Misson, Mémoires et Observations d'un voyageur en Angleterre, à la Haye, 1698, p. 99.
[1094] Information supplied by J. Potter Briscoe, Esq., of Nottingham.
[1095] C. Deering, An Historical Account of the ancient and present State of the Town of Nottingham, Nottingham, 1751, p. 32.
[1096] He remarks on the desire to learn English expressed by several French persons he met, chiefly Huguenots.
[1097] Printed by J. D. for Jonathan Robinson at the Golden Lion, and George Wells, at the Sun in Paul's Churchyard. 8vo, pp. 224.
[1098] Pp. 17-132.
[1099] An Essay to revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen ..., London, 1673.
[1100] Essay on Projects (1697), London, 1887, pp. 164 sqq.
[1101] Cp. Loveday, Letters, 1639, p. 178.
[1102] Lewis also interviewed parents any Thursday in the afternoon between three and six o'clock, at the Bolt and Tun in Fleet Street.
[1103] Model for a school for the better education of Youth, and Advertisement at the end of his Plan and Short Rules for pointing periods ... (c. 1670).
[1104] Advertisement in An Essay on the Proper Method for forming the Man of Business, 4th ed., 1722, pp. 44-45.
[1105] Calendar of State Papers, Treasury Books, 1679-80, pp. 132, 140.
I
The Middle Ages
A. Manuscripts
* Indicates that there are also other manuscripts of later date.
Henry III. (1216-1272):
| c. 1250 | Short Treatise on French Verbs (Trinity College, Cambridge, R. 3, 56). |
Edward I. (1272-1307):
| * Le treytyz ke moun sire Gautier de Bibelesworthe fist a ma dame Dionisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de langwage (ed. T. Wright, "Volume of Vocabularies," 1857). | |
| * Tractatus Orthographiae of T. H. Parisii Studentis (ed. M. K. Pope, "Modern Language Review," April 1910). | |
| c. 1300 | * Orthographia Gallica (ed. J. Stürzinger, "Altfranzösische Bibliothek," viii., Heilbronn, 1884). |
Edward II. and Edward III. (1307-1377):
Richard II. (1377-1399):
| Tractatus Orthographiae of Coyfurelly, Doctor in Law of Orleans (ed. Stengel, "Zeitschrift für neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur," vol. i., 1878). | |
| 1396 | * Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Revue critique," 1873). |
| 1399 | Petit Livre pour enseigner les enfanz de leur entreparler comun francois (ed. Stengel, op. cit.). |
| c. 1409 | Donait francois pur briefment entroduyr les Anglois et la droit language de Paris et de pais la d'entour fait aus despenses de Johan Barton par pluseurs bons clercs du language avandite (ed. Stengel, op. cit.). |
| Conjugation of Verbs, by R. Dove. Le Donait soloum douce franceis de Paris (Sloane MSS. 513). | |
| c. 1415 | Liber Donati (MSS. Dd 12, 23, Gg 6, 44, Camb. Univ. Libr.; Addit. 17716 Brit. Mus.). |
| Femina. Liber iste vocatur Femina, quia sicut Femina docet infantemloqui maternam, sic docet iste liber iuvenes rethorice loqui Gallicum prout infra patebit (ed. W. A. Wright, Roxburghe Club, 1907). | |
| 1415 | Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Romania," xxxii., 1903). |
| John Lydgate, Praeceptiones linguae gallicae, li. 1. (Bale, "Scriptores Britanniae," fol. 203.) | |
| c. 1500? | Dialogues in French and English (MS. Ii. 6, 17, Camb. Univ. Libr.). |
B. Printed Books
| c. 1483 | Tres bonne doctrine pour aprendre briefment francoys et engloys. Printed by William Caxton. B.L. 4to. (Ed. H. Bradley, "Early English Text Society," extra series, lxxix., 1900.) |
| Another edition. Fragment of one leaf in the Bodleian. | |
| c. 1492? | Here is a good boke to lerne to speke French. B.L. 4to. Colophon: Per me Richardum Pynson. |
| c. 1498? | Here beginneth a Lytell treatyse for to lerne Englisshe and Frensshe. B.L. 4to. Colophon: Here endeth a lytyll treatyse for to lerne Englysshe and Frensshe. Emprinted at Westmynster by my Wynken de Worde. |
| Another edition. Fragment of one leaf in the British Museum. B.L. 4to. |
Tudor and Stuart Times
BIBLIOGRAPHY, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, OF MANUALS FOR TEACHING THE FRENCH LANGUAGE TO THE ENGLISH, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE END OF THE STUART PERIOD
A., E.:
Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement aprendre la langue Angloise et Françoise. Revûë et corrigée tout de nouveau d'une quantité de fautes qui étoient aux précédentes impressions par E. A. Augmentée en cette dernière édition d'un vocabulaire Anglois et François. Rouen, 1595. Cp. sub "Anonymous Works," Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.
Æsop: Cp. CODRINGTON.
Anchoran, J. A.:
Porta Linguarum Trilinguis reserata et aperta, sive seminarium linguarum et scientiarum omnium, hoc est compendiaria Latinam, Anglicam, Gallicam (et quamvis aliam) Linguam una cum artium et scientiarum fundamentis sesquianni spatio ad summum docendi et perdiscendi methodus sub titulis centum periodis mille comprehensa. The Gate of Tongues unlocked and opened.... London, George Millar for Michael Sparke, 1631.
Another issue, George Millar for the Author, 1631.
Another ed.: Porta linguarum ... J. A. Anchorani ... Th. Cotes sumptibus M. Sparke, 1633.
3rd ed. Anna Griffin sumptibus M. Sparke. London, 1637.
4th ed. E. Griffin for M. Sparke, 1639.
Anonymous Works (Arranged chronologically):
De la Prosodie, etc. (Fragment in the Lambeth Library dated 1528.)
(Barlement.) A boke intituled Italion, Frynsshe, Englysshe and Laten. London, Ed. Sutton, 1557.
Another ed.: A Boke intituled Ffrynsshe, Englysshe and Duche. London, John Alde, 1569.
Another ed.: Dictionaire, Colloques ou Dialogues en Quattre langues, Flamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignel et Italien, with the Englishe to be added thereto. George Bishop, 1578.
Another ed.: The EnglishLatine}{FrenchDutch Scholemaster, or an Introduction to teach young Gentlemen and Merchants to travell or trade. Being the only helpe to attaine to those Languages. London, for Michael Sparke, 1637.
Another ed.: New Dialogues or Colloquies and a little Dictionary of eight Languages. A Booke very necessary for all those that study these tongues either at home or abroad, now perfected and made fit for travellers, young merchants and seamen, especially those that desire to attain to the use of the tongues. London, Printed for Michael Sparke, 1639.
Ane A, B, C for Scottes men to read the frenche toung with ane exhortatioun to the noblis of Scotland to favour thair ald friendis. Licensed to Wm. Nudrye, 1559.
A Dictionarie french and english. 1571. Col.: Imprinted at London by Henry Bynneman for Lucus Harrison. An. 1570.[1106]
A plaine pathway to the French Tongue, very profitable for Marchants and also all other which desire the same, aptly devided into nineteen chapters. The contents whereof appear in the next Page. Printed in London by Thomas East, 1575.
Another ed. Newly corrected. London, by Th. East (date unknown).
Corderius. Dialogues in French and English. John Wyndet, 1591.
Grammaire Angloise et Françoise . . . Revûë et corrigée . . . par E. A. (q.v. sub A., E.)
Another ed.: Grammaire Angloise pour facilement et promptement apprendre la langue angloise. Qui peut aussi aider aux Anglois pour apprendre la langue Françoise. Alphabet anglois contenant la prononciation des Lettres avec les declinaisons et conjugaisons. Paris, 1625.
Another ed. Rouen, 1639.
Another ed. Rouen, 1662.
Another ed. Rouen, 1670.
Another edition. London, 1677.
The Necessary, fit and convenient Education of a young Gentlewoman, Italian, French and English. Adam Islip, 1598.
A Short Syntaxis in the French Tongue. 12º. London, 1602.
The French A. B. C. Licensed to Rd. Field, 1615.
The Declining of Frenche Verbes. Rd. Field, 1615 (another edition of Holyband's Treatise for declining of Verbs?).
(Sébastien Châteillon.) Sacred Dialogues translated out of Latin into French and English for the benefit of youth. Sold by R. Hom and J. Sims. (Date unknown, between 1666 and 1668?)
A French Grammar Teaching the knowledge of that language, how to read and write it perfectly without any other precedent Study than to have learnt to Read only. Published by the Academy for Reformation of the French Tongue. London. Printed by W. G. for Wm. Copper at the sign of the Pelican in Little Britain, 1674.
A very easie Introduction to the French Tongue, or A very brief Grammar, proper for all persons who have bad memories. Containing all the principal grounds for the more speedy practice of discourse. Also many peculiar phrases; with a very useful Dialogue for young factors. 8vo. Sold by J. Sims at the King's Head in Cornhill, c. 1673.
Aufeild, William: