Counterfeiting, power of Congress to define and punish, II. 332.
Courts, inferior, Congress may establish, II. 330, 423.
Courts of United States, jurisdiction of, over persons of certain character, II. 441. Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of, 445.
Creditors, rights of, secured by the Treaty of Peace, I. 250.
Crimes, trial for, to be in State where committed, II. 424; to be by jury, 424.
Crown, the source of political power in the Colonies, I. 3. Powers of, in provincial governments, 4.
Currency under Revolutionary government, I. 78.
Cushing, Thomas, suggests Continental Congress, I. 11. Delegate to first Continental Congress, 13.
Dane, Nathan, author of Ordinance of 1787, II. 344, 365.
Debts due to English merchants at the peace, I. 250. Action of Congress respecting, 258. Of States, proposition to assume, II. 319. Of United States, provision for payment of, 320; power of Congress to pay, 322.
Debt of the United States, in 1783, I. 172. Foreign and domestic, where held, 178. National character of, 182. Necessity of revenue power to discharge, 183. Amount of, at the close of the war, 184.
Declaration of Independence, authorship of, I. 81. Effect of, upon the country, 89; upon Congress, 90. See Independence.
Declaration of Rights, by first Continental Congress, I. 22.
Delaware, a proprietary government, I. 5. Constitution of, formed, 122. Resists the claim of great States to Western lands, 131. Ratifies the Confederation, 135. Action of, commended, 138. Resolves of, respecting the Articles of Confederation, 498. Opposed to change in rule of suffrage, II. 35; to division of legislature, 133; to census of free inhabitants, 153; to striking out wealth from rule of representation, 164; to referring Constitution to people, 185; to property qualification for office, 189; to restricting President to stated salary, 407. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218; respecting slave-trade, 305; respecting admission of States, 354. In favor of equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; of equality of States in Senate, 165; of executive holding office during "good behavior," 173; of referring Constitution to State legislatures, 184; of each State having one vote in Senate, 227; of taxing exports, 296. Had one representative in first House, 149. Ratification of Constitution by, 515, 518. Patriotism of, 518. Enlightened by discussions on Constitution in Pennsylvania convention, 518.
Delaware River, Washington crosses the, I. 99.
Delegate, Territorial, position of, in Congress, II. 256.
Democracy, did not originate in America, II. 7. Principle of, how modified in America, 7.
Departments of Government, division of, I. 118.
Dickinson, John, in favor of tax on exports, II. 284.
Dictatorship. See Washington.
District of Columbia, under exclusive government of Congress, II. 277.
Dock-Yards, authority of Congress over, II. 340.
Dorset, Duke of, reply of, to the American Commissioners, I. 289.
Duane, James, efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, II. 585.
Duties, power to levy, asked for by Congress in 1781, I. 173; not given, 174. Power of Congress to impose, II. 322. To be uniform throughout United States, 325. What may be laid by States, 368. Laid by States, net produce of, how applied, 368; subject to revision of Congress, 368. Payment of, how compelled, 433.
Eastern States, course of, respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, I. 315.
Elections, frequency of, favored, II. 241.
Elective Franchise, could not be confined to native citizens, II. 198.
Electors, of President, advantages of, II. 175; proposed in committee, 220; number of, 235, 389; embarrassments respecting choice of, 388; mode of election by, 390; case of no choice by, 390; required to return votes for two persons, 393; how chosen, 398; method of proceeding, 399; new appointment of, when, 403. Property as a qualification of, 187. Of representatives in Congress, qualification of, 194, 200.
Ellsworth, Oliver, compromise respecting Congress proposed by, II. 141. Opposed to tax on exports, 294. Influence and arguments of, in Connecticut convention, 528.
Emigration, from Europe, a subject of solicitude, II. 195.
England, government of, not a model for the Constitution, I. 391.
English Language spoken by the colonists, I. 3, 9.
English Laws inherited by the colonists, I. 9.
Enlistments. See Army and Bounties.
Equity and common law, distinction between, preserved by Constitution, II. 425. Jurisdiction under Constitution important, 425.
Europe, politics of, as affecting America, II. 80.
Excises, power of Congress to collect, II. 322. To be uniform throughout United States, 325.
Executive, methods proposed for choice of, II. 59, 171. Duration of office of, under Hamilton's plan, 100. Duration of office of, 171; proposed to be during "good behavior," 173. Re-eligibility of, different views respecting, 172, 175. Choice of, directly by people, difficulties attending, 174. Whether should be subject to impeachment, 175. Choice of, conflict of opinions respecting, 220; proposed to be by Congress for seven years, 220; by electors, 220; by Senate, in certain events, 221; by House of Representatives, 222; by concurrent vote of Senate and House of Representatives, 223, 230; proposed negative of Senate in, 232. Jealousy of, 232. See President and Vice-President.
Executive Department, proposed constitution and powers of, II. 56, 170. Relation of, to legislature, 57, 247. Unknown to Confederation, 60. Powers of, defined by constitutions in America, 72. Influence to be allowed to, over legislative, 244. Action of, requires discretion, 246.
"Executive Power" vested in President, meaning of, 412.
Exports, taxation of, Pinckney's proposition concerning, II. 189; refusal of South Carolina to submit to, 281, 285; an undoubted function of government, 282; consequences of denial of, 282; when only beneficial, 282; question of, as affected by variety, 283; members of Convention in favor of, 284; report of committee of detail respecting, 290; great embarrassments respecting, 294; arguments for and against, 294, 297; opposition to, not confined to South, 294; by States, an oppressive power, 295; finally prohibited, 295; for what reasons opposed in Convention, 297; by States, arguments for and against, 368.
Ex Post Facto Laws, definition of, II. 360, 367. Passage of, prohibited to Congress, 360; to States, 368.
Faith and Credit, to be given to certain acts, &c., I. 143.
Falmouth (now Portland), burnt, I. 38, 74.
Faneuil Hall, meeting at, respecting a national regulation of commerce, I. 336.
Federal Census, origin of its rule of three fifths, I. 213.
Federal Government, how distinguished from "national," II. 33. By what States preferred, 117. Arguments in favor of, 124; theoretically sound, 126. Had proved a failure, 127.
Federal Town. See Congress and Seat of Government.
Federalist, original meaning of, II. 496. Changes in meaning of term, 497. Miniature ship so called, 543.
Federalists of Massachusetts, enthusiasm kindled by, II. 541. Of New Hampshire, action of, 541. Of New York, justified by Washington, 590; complaints against, 591.
Federalist, The, published, I. 409. Character and influence of, 417. History of the editions of, 418. Remark of, respecting Confederation, II. 61. Purpose of publication of, 503. When first issued, 503. Authors of, 503.
Felony, various meanings of, II. 331. Power of Congress to define and punish, 331.
Finances, must rest on some source of compulsory revenue, I. 183. See Debts, Revenue, and Duties.
Fisheries, great value of, II. 310.
Foreigners, cases affecting, jurisdiction in, II. 443. Cannot demand sanctuary as matter of right, 457.
Foreign Influence, jealousy of, II. 196, 204, 223. Necessity of counteracting, 211.
Forts, authority of Congress over, II. 340.
Framers of the Constitution, difficulties and perplexities of their task, I. 380. Their qualifications, &c., 386. Their success, 393.
France, debts of the United States to, I. 172. Contracts with the king of, 177. Relations of the United States to, 178.
Franklin, Benjamin, his plan of union in 1754, I. 8. Advises a Congress in 1773, 10. Appointed Postmaster-General by Continental Congress, 35. One of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, 50. One of the commissioners to procure commercial treaties, 287. Returns from Europe, 433. Public services of, 433. Character of, 435. Influence in the Convention, 436. Speech of, at the close of the Convention, 437. Witnesses the success of Washington's administration, 439. Proposition of, respecting representation in Congress, II. 146. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Opposed to paying President, 405. In favor of plural executive, 405. Views of, respecting executive, quite unlike Hamilton's, 405; respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Unbounded confidence of people in, 498.
Free Inhabitants, privileges of, I. 143.
French Loans. See France.
French Revolution, early writers of the, I. 378. Begun when Constitution went into operation, II. 80. Interest felt in, in America, 80.
French Troops, arrive at Newport, I. 156. Join the army at New York, 156.
Fugitives, from justice, provision for surrender of, under the Confederation, I. 143, II. 449. From service, clause in Constitution respecting, history of, 450. See Slaves.
General Convention. See Constitutional Convention.
Georgia, a provincial government, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 122. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Had but one chamber in legislature, II. 132. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138. Divided on question of equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148. Had three representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; to equality of States in Senate, 165; to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. In favor of property qualification for national officers, 204. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218. Divided on question of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Opposed to taxing exports, 296. Position of, in Convention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Cession by, in 1802, 357. Vote of, on suspension of habeas corpus, 360; respecting citizenship clause in Constitution, 453. Ratification of Constitution by, 515, 526. Remoteness of, 526. Situation of, at close of Revolution, 526. Motives of, to embrace Constitution, 526. Address by legislature of, to President Washington, 527. Exposure of, to ravages of Indians, 527. Escape of slaves from, to Florida, 527.
Gerry, Elbridge, opposed to numerical representation in Congress, II. 49; to tax on exports, 294. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485. Censured for refusing to sign Constitution, 501.
Gillon, Commodore, arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, II. 548.
Gorham, Nathaniel, views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, II. 135. A member of committee to apportion representatives, 148.
Government, disobedience to, how punished, II. 61. Essentials to supremacy of, 62. Different departments in, advantages of, 245. Approximation to perfect theory of, only attainable, 247. Distribution of powers of, when easy, 421; when difficult, 421.
Governor, part of the provincial governments, I. 4.
Grayson, William, opposed to Constitution, II. 506.
Great Britain, re-union with, desired by some, II. 493; letter of Colonel Humphreys respecting, 493; Hamilton's views respecting, 494.
Green Dragon Tavern, meeting at, respecting a national regulation of commerce, I. 336.
Grievances. See Colonies and Revolution.
Guardoqui, Spanish minister, arrival of, I. 313. Negotiations with, respecting the Mississippi, 313.
Habeas Corpus, privilege of, when suspended, II. 359; under common law of England, 359.
Half-pay, resisted by Connecticut and Massachusetts, I. 190. History of, 194. Commutation of, 194. See Officers of the Revolution.
Hallam, Henry, Constitutional History of England by, great value of, II. 244.
Hamilton, Alexander, laments the changes in Congress in 1778, I. 127. Exertions of, respecting revenue system, 176. Reasons of, for voting against revenue system, 177. Answers the objections of Rhode Island, 177, 206, 207. On the commercial advantages of a revenue power, 184. On the discontents of the army, and the public credit, 197. Opinions of, concerning the reorganization, &c., in 1780, 202. Maintains that Congress should have greatly enlarged powers, 204. Suggests a convention of all the States in 1780, 205. Enters Congress, 206. On a revenue, and the mode of collecting it, 207. On the compatibility of federal and State powers, 207. On the appointment of revenue officers, 208. Extent of views of, 209. On the rule of contribution, 210. On the necessity for power of taxation, 211. Seeks to introduce new principles, 211. On a peace establishment, 214. Opinions on the powers that should be given to Congress, 219. Exertions of, to suppress the mutiny at Philadelphia, 220. Views of, respecting defects of the Confederation, 221. Opinions of, too far in advance of the time, 224. Answers New York objections to revenue system, 247. Opinions of, concerning the Confederation, 263. Views of, respecting the regulation of commerce, 277; the statesmanship of America, 278. Induces New York to send delegates to Annapolis, 345. Reports at Annapolis in favor of a general Convention to revise the federal system, 347. Relation of, to the plan of a general Convention, and a national Constitution, 350. Contemplates a new government, 350. Induces the legislature of New York to urge a general Convention, 359. Views of, on the mode of proceeding, 364. Confidence of, in the experiment of a Convention, 373. History and character of, 406. Birth of, 408. Various public services of, 409, II. 593. Talleyrand's opinion of, I. 410. Death of, 410. Views of, respecting the English Constitution, 411. Relation of, to the Constitution, 412. Compared with the younger Pitt, 413, 416. Eminent fitness of, for the times, 414. Advocates the Constitution in the Federalist, 417. Compared with Webster, 418. Anxiety of, about the Constitution, 419. Unjustly charged with monarchical tendencies, II. 11, 94, 110. Views of, respecting Constitution, 94. Principles of civil obedience, as propounded by, 96. Views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, 135; dissolution of Union, 136; choice of President, 174, 240, 392; naturalization, 205; larger House of Representatives, 213. Measures of, respecting summoning of Constitutional Convention, 273. Views of, respecting executive, quite unlike Franklin's, 405; President's power to adjourn Congress, 420. Explanation of, respecting appellate power of Supreme Court, 428. Views of, respecting amendment of Constitution, 477. Objections of, to Constitution, 487. Views of, respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487, 570; possible reunion with Great Britain, 494. Essays of, in Federalist, 503. Believed people predisposed in favor of Constitution, 516. Arrangements of, for transmission of news of action of States on Constitution, 551. Leading spirit in convention of New York, 568. Anxiety of, respecting action of States on Constitution, 569. Had great cause for solicitude, 569. Prospects of usefulness of, 569. Foresight of, respecting operation of Constitution, 570. Had profound understanding of Constitution, 570. Ambition of, 570. Importance of public character and conduct of, 570. Contest of, with opponents of Constitution in New York, 571. Critical position of, as citizen of New York, 571. Reply of, to opponents of Constitution in New York, 572. News received by, of ratification of Constitution by New Hampshire, 573. Letter of, to Madison, respecting chances of ratification by New York, 575. Would have been led by personal ambition to remove from New York, 575. Policy of, national, 577. Reason of, for embracing Constitution, 577. Efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, 577, 584. Sends news of ratification by New Hampshire to Madison, 578. Great speech of, in New York convention, in favor of Constitution, 586. Writes to Madison, asking advice respecting New York, 587. Honors paid to, by city of New York, 592.
Hancock, John, retires from Congress, I. 125. Returns to Congress, 126. President of Massachusetts convention, II. 537. Proposes amendments to Constitution, 537. Great influence of, 537.
Harrison, Benjamin, opposed to Constitution, II. 506.
Hartford Convention, met in 1779, I. 205.
Heights of Haerlem, occupied by Washington, I. 92.
Henry, Patrick, Governor of Virginia, I. 126. Declined to attend Convention, II. 173. Opposed to Constitution, 505. Characteristics of, 505, 561. In favor of submitting Constitution to people of Virginia, 510. Leader of opponents of Constitution in Virginia, 552. Jefferson's estimate of, 552. Great popularity of, 552. Wisdom of, lacked comprehensiveness, 553. Great powers of, employed against Constitution, 553. Views of, respecting American spirit of liberty, 553. Considered Bill of Rights essential, 554. Arguments of, against Constitution, 555, 557. Modern scepticism concerning abilities of, 561. Quotes Jefferson's views of Constitution, 561. Opposed to Constitution to the last, in Virginia Convention, 579. Project of, for amending Constitution, 580. Patriotic conduct of, on adoption of Constitution by Virginia, 581. Became earnest defender of Constitution, 582.
House of Burgesses, of Virginia, dissolved, I. 11.
House of Commons, ministerial majority of, during Revolution, II. 237.
House of Representatives, Constitution of, discussion respecting, II. 36. Members of, chosen for two years, 134; qualifications of, 134. Rule of suffrage for, great debate on, 135. Exclusive power of, over money bills, 146, 214. Power of, to fix salaries of government officers, 146. Ratio of representation in, 147, 212. First, apportionment of members for, 148, 151. Basis of, agreed to, 165. Members of, must be twenty-five years old, 203; have been citizens three years, 203; be inhabitants of States from which chosen, 212. Larger, favored by Wilson, Madison, and Hamilton, 213. Ultimate choice of executive by, 222. To present impeachments, 262. Quorum of, 262. To choose its own presiding officer, 263. To vote for President by States, 394. Choice of President by, quorum for, 394; majority of States requisite to, 394.
Howe, Sir William, proclamation by, respecting oath of allegiance, I. 106. Takes possession of Philadelphia, 113. Estimate of, concerning the American force at the Brandywine, 113.
Humphreys, Colonel, one of Washington's aids, II. 493. Letter of, respecting hopes of loyalists, 493.
Huntington, Governor, influence of, in convention of Connecticut, II. 529.