Impeachment, executive proposed to be removable on, II. 171. Whether executive should be subject to, 176. How to be decided, 232. To be presented by House of Representatives, 262. Of President, causes of, 397. King's pardon cannot be pleaded in bar of, 414. President cannot pardon, 414. King may pardon, 414.
Impeachments, proposed plan respecting, II. 235. Nature of, and constitutional provisions respecting, 260. To be tried by Senate, 261.
Imposts, power of Congress to collect, II. 322. To be uniform throughout United States, 325. What may be laid by States, 368. Laid by States, net produce of, how applied, 368; subject to the revision of Congress, 368. Revenue from, easiest mode of paying expenses of government, 528.
Indian Affairs, superintendence of, assumed by Continental Congress, I. 35.
Indians, position of, II. 325. Commerce with, 325; regulated by federal authority, 326; provision of Confederation respecting, 326. Not regarded as foreign nations, 326.
Independence, resolution of, adopted in Congress, I. 49. Declaration of, ordered to be prepared, 50; brought in, 51; adopted, 51; effect of, 51.
Inspection Laws, subject to what abuse, II. 368.
Insurrection. See Massachusetts and Shays's Rebellion.
Jay, John, report of, on the infractions of the Treaty of Peace, I. 254, 257. Projected mission of, to Spain, 313. Proceedings of, as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, respecting the Mississippi, 313. Essays of, in Federalist, II. 503. Efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, 585.
Jefferson, Thomas, one of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, I. 50. Account by, concerning the Congress of 1776, 64. Account by, of Declaration of Independence, 82. In the legislature of Virginia, 126. One of the commissioners to procure commercial treaties, 287. On the surrender of the Mississippi, 321. Suggests the decimal coinage, 443. Views of, respecting admission of States, II. 76. Resolve of, for organization of States from Northwestern Territory, 343. Practice of, respecting cabinet, 409. Views of, respecting government, 506; modifications of Constitution, 506. At Paris when Constitution was adopted, 506. Did not counsel rejection of Constitution, 508. Persevered in certain objections to Constitution, 509. Letters of, respecting Constitution, 562, 564.
Johnson, Dr., of Connecticut, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 128. First suggested present constitution of Congress, 138.
Journal, to be kept by each house of Congress, II. 263.
Judges, tenure of office of, II. 67; in England, 67. Removal of, 68. Power of removal of, in England, 69; in Massachusetts, 70. "Good behavior" of, 70.
Judicial Power of United States, to settle disputes between State and nation, II. 54. Unknown to Confederation, 60. Necessity and office of, 61. Intent evinced by introduction of, 63. Made supreme, 64. Coextensive with legislative, 65. Control of, over State legislation, 66. Formation of, 421. Great embarrassments respecting, 422. Admirable structure of, 422. Jurisdiction of, cases embraced by, 423. Great importance of clearly defining, 425. Embraces cases under Constitution, laws, and treaties, 429. Changes and improvements in original plan of, 431. Constitutional functions of, 431. Leading purposes of, 431. May declare laws unconstitutional, 434. Simplicity, &c. given by, to operation of government, 437.
Judiciary, functions of, II. 63, 432. Question concerning number of tribunals in, 65. Proposed powers of, 66. Restriction respecting salary of, 176. Jurisdiction of, respecting impeachment of national officers, 176; over cases arising under national laws, 176; over questions involving national peace, 176. Action of, not to be influenced by other departments, 246.
Judiciary of Massachusetts, attempt to alter the charter in respect to, I. 6.
Kentucky, inhabitants of, resist the surrender of the Mississippi, I. 322.
King, Rufus, birth and education of, I. 448. Public services of, 448. Proposes the clause respecting the obligation of contracts, 452; II. 365. Senator in Congress, I. 453. Minister to England, 453. A member of committee to apportion representatives, II. 148. Views of, respecting Senate, 225; seat of government, 275. Remarks of, respecting slave-trade, 281. Views of, respecting representation of slaves, 292. Effort of, to exclude slavery from Northwestern Territory, 343.
Land as the basis of a rule for contribution, I. 210. Adopted as measure of wealth by Congress of 1776, II. 160. Of United States unappropriated, Madison's motion respecting, 351.
Lands, right of aliens to hold, proposed in certain treaties, I. 280. See Western Lands and Territory.
Law of Nations, offences against, II. 330; power of Congress to define and punish, 331. Respecting extradition of fugitives, 456.
Laws of United States, how enacted, II. 264; supreme, 372, 374; to be in pursuance of Constitution, 374; cases arising under, jurisdiction over, 430. Of States, constitutionality of, 374. Constitutionality of, how determined, 434.
Law, Richard, influence of, in convention of Connecticut, II. 529.
Lee, Charles, General, expedition of, against the Tories of New York, I. 66.
Lee, Richard Henry, moves the resolution of independency, I. 49. Account of, 49. On the navigation of the Mississippi, 315. Proposition of, in Congress, to amend Constitution, II. 500. Opposed to Constitution, 506.
Legislative Department, division of, into two chambers, I. 119. Omnipotent in England, 72. Powers of, limited in America by constitutions, 72. Hamilton's views respecting, II. 100, 103, 105. Great struggle respecting, in Constitutional Convention, 130. Objections to one chamber in, 130. How far may safely be influenced by executive, 244. Action of, requires discretion, 246. Close relation of, to executive, 247.
Letters of Marque and Reprisal issued by Massachusetts in 1775, I. 75. Power of Congress to grant, II. 332.
Lexington, battle of, I. 27.
Livingston, Robert R., one of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, I. 50. Remarks of, in convention of New York, II. 574. Efforts of, to procure adoption of Constitution by New York, 585.
Long Island, battle of, I. 91.
Lowndes, Rawlins, opposed to Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, against Constitution, 511.
Loyalists, scheme of, respecting Bishop of Osnaburg, II. 492. Numbers of, small, 493. Alarm occasioned by supposed scheme of, 493. See Tories.
Madison, James, enters the Revolutionary Congress, I. 126. Exertions of, respecting revenue system, 176. Writes the address in favor of revenue system, 177. Answers Massachusetts on the half-pay, 193. Birth of, 420. Public services of, to the close of the war, 420. Initiates the Virginia measures leading to a general Convention, 423. Attends the convention at Annapolis, 427. Attends the general Convention, 427. Labors of, in the Convention, 427. Opinions and character of, 428. Described by Jefferson, 430. Letter of, to Philip Mazzei, 431. Action of, respecting change in rule of suffrage, II. 36. Views of, respecting national government, 40; Senate, 41; revision by Congress of State legislation, 54; revisionary check on legislation by executive, 58; use of force against States, 62; Constitution, 106; rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, 135; dissolution of Union, 136; Western States, 152. How far in favor of executive during "good behavior," 173. Views of, respecting difference between Constitution and league, 184; naturalization, 205. In favor of larger House of Representatives, 213. Views of, respecting eligibility of members of Congress to office, 250; seat of government, 275. In favor of tax on exports, 284. Views of, respecting slave-trade, 304. Proposition of, respecting Indian affairs, 327. Views of, respecting legislation of Congress of Confederation over Northwestern Territory, 345, 348, 351. Views and votes of, concerning Northwestern Territory, 348. Holds regulation of commerce to be indivisible, 371. Views of, respecting treason, 386. Motion of, respecting election of President, 403. Views of, respecting amendment of Constitution, 477; consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Proposed amendment of Constitution by Congress, defeated by, 500. Essays of, in Federalist, 503. A leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, 506. Reply of, to opponents of Constitution in Virginia convention, 558. Description of new government by, 559. Efforts of, in Virginia convention, 564. Opinion of, respecting conditional ratification of Constitution, 588.
Magazines, authority of Congress over, II. 340.
Majority, principle of, seldom to be departed from, II. 299.
Mandamus Councillors, appointment of, in Massachusetts, I. 25. Treatment of, by the people, 25.
Manly, John, commander of the Lee, I. 74. Captures a prize, 75.
Maritime Jurisdiction, of courts of United States, II. 445. Under Confederation, 445.
Marshall, John, a leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, II. 506.
Martin, Luther, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 92, 121; rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, 135; manner of voting in Senate, 186. Motion of, respecting admission of States, 354. Supremacy of Constitution, &c. proposed by, 374. Great opposition of, to Constitution, 484, 512. Communication of, to legislature of Maryland, 512; chief ground of, 513.
Martindale, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.
Maryland, a proprietary government, I. 5. Constitution of, formed, 122. Remonstrates against the claims to Western lands, 131, 421. Ratifies the Constitution, 136. Action of, commended, 138. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Action of, upon the Articles of Confederation, 501. Delegates from, divided in opinion, II. 121. Divided on question of national legislature, 133; equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138. In favor of equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 165. Had six representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. In favor of referring Constitution to State legislatures, 184; each State having one vote in Senate, 186, 227. Vote of, respecting citizenship, as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to nine years' citizenship as qualification of senator, 224; taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305; admission of States, 354. Action of legislature of, respecting Constitution, 511. Convention of, to vote on Constitution, 514; importance of action of, 542; efforts made in, to amend Constitution, defeated, 543.
Mason, George, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 123. Objections of, to compound ratio of representation, 151. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Opposed to tax on exports, 294. Proposition of, to restrain grants of perpetual revenue, 319. Views of, respecting militia, 337. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485, 509. Great ability of, 505. Opposed to Constitution, 505. In favor of submitting Constitution to people of Virginia, 509. Arguments of, against Constitution, in Virginia convention, 557.
Massachusetts, a charter government, I. 5. Provincial governor of, appointed by the crown, 5. Council of, chosen by Assembly, 5. Representatives of, chosen by the people, 5. Appoints delegates to first Continental Congress, 12. Colonial government of, how ended, 25. Provincial Congress of, how formed, 26. Authority assumed by Provincial Congress, 26. Applies to the Continental Congress, for direction and assistance, 31; about government, 32. Army raised by, in 1775, 31. Issues letters of marque and reprisal, 75. Establishes prize court, 75. Money borrowed of, by General Washington, 80. Constitution of, formed, 121. Objections of, to the half-pay, 191; answered by Madison, 193. Act of, concerning British debts, 253. Constitution of, dangers to which it was exposed, 263. Insurrection in, 266, II. 83. Disaffection in, extensive, I. 273. Cedes claims to Western Territory, 300. Proceedings of, respecting a general Convention, 334. Condition of the trade of, in 1785-86, 335. Legislature of, proposes a general Convention, 336; resolutions of, not presented to Congress, 337. Resolution of, for a general Convention, 361. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, II. 138; equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 217. Divided on question of equal vote of States in Senate, 148, 165. Had eight representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153. Opposed to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Qualifications of voter in, 188. In favor of property qualification for national officers, 204. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224; each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Sentiments of, respecting holding of office by members of Congress, 249. In favor of States paying members of Congress, 259. Opposed to taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Slavery in, as early as 1630, 454. Parties in, for and against Constitution, 501. Reception of Constitution in, 501. Convention in, to vote on Constitution, 502, 530. Formidable opposition to Constitution in convention of, 529. High rank of, 530. Vacillation of, 530. Revolutionary history of, 530. Anxiety respecting action of, on Constitution, 531. Insurrection in, effect of, 531. Constitution exposed to peculiar hazard in, 531; ratified in, by compromise, 531. Constitution of, excellence of, 531. Parties in convention of, 532. Convention in, amendments to Constitution recommended by, 532, 538, 539; opponents of Constitution in, 533, 534; eminent men in, 534. Probable disastrous effects of rejection of Constitution by, 535. Convention of, proceedings in, 536; discussion in, respecting Hancock's amendments to Constitution, 538; patriotic conduct of, 539. Enthusiasm kindled by action of, 541.
Mazzei, Philip, letter to, by Madison, I. 431.
McKean, Thomas, views of, respecting Constitution, II. 523. Public services of, 524.
Mifflin, General, sent by Washington to the Congress, I. 98.
Military Posts, retained by the British after the treaty, I. 256, 259.
Militia, relation of, to the Continental Congress, I. 35. Committee on, II. 319. Of States, power of general government over, 334; inefficient as troops in Revolution, 334; lack of uniformity among, 335; power of general government over, necessary, 336; how to be disciplined, 337; when Congress may call forth, 338; President commander-in-chief of, 413; cannot call out without authority of Congress, 413.
Ministers. See Ambassadors.
Mint, establishment of, I. 444.
Mississippi River, controversy and negotiations respecting navigation of, I. 310; referred to the new government, 327. Navigation of, a topic of opponents of Constitution in Virginia convention, II. 565; Madison's views respecting, 567.
Mississippi Valley, people of, spirit of the, I. 319; retaliate upon the Spanish authorities, 322; form committees, &c., 323.
Monarchical Government, dangers of attempting to establish, I. 370.
Monarchy, detested by people of United States, II. 237, 492. Proposed, rumors of, 492. Attempt to introduce, averted by Constitution, 494.
Money, power to coin, given to Congress, II. 328; borrow, and emit bills, 328.
Money Bills, Originated by House of Representatives, II. 146. Provision concerning, objected to, 147; origin of, 214. Originated by House of Commons, 216. Hallam's discussion respecting, 216. Vote of States respecting, 216. Different propositions in Convention respecting, 219. May be amended in Senate, 222.
Montesquieu, political discussions of, alluded to, I. 377.
Morris, Gouverneur, Enters the Revolutionary Congress, I. 127. Birth of, 440. Public services of, 440. Chosen Assistant Financier, 443. Author of the decimal notation, 443. Prepares the text of the Constitution, 444. Character of, 444. First Minister to France, 447. Senator from New York, 447. Invited to write in The Federalist, 447. Death of, 447. Action of, respecting change in rule of suffrage, II. 36. A member of committee to apportion representatives, 148. Views of, respecting Atlantic and Western States, 152; respecting compound ratio of representation, 152. Proviso of, respecting taxation and representation, 158. Views of, respecting choice of executive, 174. Remarks of, respecting slave-trade, 281. In favor of tax on exports, 284. Views of, on concession to Southern States, 293. Committee of compromise proposed by, 301. Proposition of, respecting vacant lands, 355.
Morris, Robert, on a committee to inform Washington of extraordinary powers, I. 101. Laments the absence of some great revolutionary characters, 104. Appointed Superintendent of Finances, 174. Resignation of, 198.
Mutiny, at Philadelphia, of federal troops, I. 220.