Natchez, seizure of property at, by Spanish authorities, I. 318.
National Government, how distinguished from "federal," II. 33. Necessities of, 34. To be kept distinct from State governments, 37. By what States preferred, 117. Arguments in favor of, 122; theoretically sound, 126; strengthened by facts of previous history, 127. Supposed tendency of, to absorb State sovereignties, 128. Self-defence a principal object of, 292.
National Legislature, how to be constituted, II. 35. Divided into two branches, 36. Representation in, diverse views respecting, 36; as affected by State interests, 43; difficulty in fixing ratio of, 43. Unanimity respecting powers of, in Convention, 50. Negative by, on State legislatures, proposed, 51. Must operate directly on people, 63. Proposed powers of, 65.
Naturalization, a subject of solicitude, II. 196. Formerly a State power, 198, 199. A proper subject of constitutional provision, 200. Power of, transferred from State to national government, 201. Views of Hamilton and Madison respecting, 205. Embarrassments of subject, 205. Uniform rule of, power to establish, given to Congress, 328.
Naval Force, employment of, in Massachusetts Bay, I. 73.
Navigation Act, report of committee of detail respecting, II. 290, 301. Position of Southern States respecting, 297. Two-thirds vote proposed by them to be required for, 299. Interest of different States respecting, 301. Passage of, by majority, agreed to, 304.
Navy, origin of the Revolutionary, I. 73. Want of, II. 298. Power of Congress to provide and maintain, 334; to make rules for, 334. Power of President to employ, 413. President commander-in-chief of, 413.
Newark, Washington's evacuation of, I. 98.
Newburgh Addresses, authorship and style of, I. 168. Copy of, sent to the States, 177. Note on, 194.
New England, confederation of, in 1643, II. 453.
New Hampshire, a provincial government, I. 4. Ante-Revolutionary government of, 4. Constitution of, formed, 119. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Late attendance of, in Convention, II. 24. Had three representatives in first House, 149. In favor of property qualification for national officers, 204. Vote of, respecting citizenship, as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 218; respecting slave-trade, 305. In favor of taxing exports, 296. Vote on Constitution in, postponed, why, 510; effect of, on parties in Virginia, 510. Population of, easily led to oppose Constitution, 514. Convention of, to vote on Constitution, 514; members of, instructed to reject Constitution, 529; amendments presented to, 541; majority of, at first opposed to Constitution, 541; adjournment of, effect of, 541. Action of Federalists of, 541. Convention of, meets, on adjournment, 549; anxiety respecting action of, 549. Ratification of Constitution by, 573. Ninth State to ratify Constitution, 578.
New Jersey, a provincial government, I. 4. Washington's retreat through, 97. Constitution of, formed, 122. Proposal of, in 1778, for the regulation of commerce, 129. Resists the claim of great States to Western lands, 131. Ratifies the Confederation, 135. Action of, commended, 138. Attempts to pay its quotas in paper money, 242. Recommends the regulation of commerce, 277. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 368. Representation of, concerning the Articles of Confederation, 493. Act of, accepting them, 497. Purely "federal" government proposed by, II. 92. Hamilton's plan of, radical objections to, 99; condemned by Madison, 106. Opposed to division of legislature, 133. In favor of equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; of equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165. Had four representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153; of executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218. In favor of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Vote of, respecting eligibility of members of Congress to office, 251; respecting representation of slaves, 293; respecting slave-trade, 305; respecting admission of States, 354. In favor of taxing exports, 296. Opposed to restricting President to stated salary, 407. Ratification of Constitution by, 515. Convention of, 524. Position of, respecting Constitution, 524. Always in favor of vesting regulation of commerce in general government, 525. Action of, in Constitutional Convention, respecting representation, 525.
New States, admission of, under the Confederation, I. 292; under the Ordinance of 1787, 308. See Western Territory and Northwestern Territory.
New York, Constitution of, formed, I. 122. Magnanimity of, commended, 137. Action of, upon the revenue system of 1783, 246. Act of, respecting British debts, 253. Trespass act of, 256. Proceedings of, respecting a general commercial convention, 343, 358. Resolution of, for a general Convention, 360; how received in Congress, 360. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Act of, respecting boundaries, &c., 505. Rank of, at formation of Constitution, II. 118. Commerce of, at formation of Constitution, 118. Views of public men of, 118. Opposed to division of legislature, 133. In favor of equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; in Senate, 141, 148. Had six representatives in first House, 149. Withdrawal of delegates of, from Convention, 165, 182, 484, 502. Rejection of Constitution by, probable, 182. Vote of, respecting money bills, 216. In favor of each State having one vote in Senate, 227. Reception of Constitution in, 502. Executive government of, opposed to Constitution, 502. Jealousy of Union existing in, 502. Letter of delegates of, against Constitution, 502. Proceedings of legislature of, respecting Constitution, 503; of parties in, respecting Constitution, 503. Convention of, to vote on Constitution, 504. Formidable opposition to Constitution in convention of, 529. Legislature of, divided on question of submitting Constitution to people, 536. Convention of, importance of action of, 542; time of meeting of, 549; anxiety respecting action of, 549; met at Poughkeepsie, 549; Hamilton leading spirit in, 568; discussion in, respecting system of representation proposed by Constitution, 573. Opponents of Constitution in, arguments and plan of, 572; Hamilton's reply to, 572. Effect on, of ratification by New Hampshire, 574. Opponents of Constitution in, schemes of, 584. Numerous amendments to Constitution proposed by, 587. Plan of, to adopt Constitution conditionally, 587. Great struggle in, over ratification of Constitution, 588. Circular letter from, to all other States, 588. Federalists of, justified by Washington, 590; complaints against, 591.
New York City, applies to the Continental Congress respecting British troops, I. 31. Occupied by the British, 91. Temporary establishment of seat of government at, effect of, 591. Celebration in, of adoption of Constitution, 592. Honors paid by, to Hamilton, 592.
Nicholas, George, a leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, II. 506.
Nobility, title of, cannot be granted by Congress, II. 362.
Non-Intercourse, when and why adopted by Colonies, I. 23. Association for, recommended and adopted, 24.
North Carolina, a provincial government, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 122. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, II. 138; to equality of votes in Senate, 141, 217. Vote of, respecting equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165; respecting census of free inhabitants, 153. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 216, 218. Divided on question of nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224. Opposed to each State having one vote in Senate, 227; to taxing exports, 296. Position of, in Convention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305; on suspension of habeas corpus, 360. Cession by, in 1790, 357. Opposed to restricting President to stated salary, 407. Convention of, Anti-Federal majority in, 596; debate in, 596; amendments to Constitution proposed by, 597; peculiar action of, 597. Attitude of, placed Union in new crisis, 603.
Northern States, in favor of granting to government full revenue and commercial powers, II. 292. Chief motive of, for forming Constitution a commercial one, 298. Cut off from British West India trade, 298. Separate interests of, different, 300.
Northwestern Territory ceded by Virginia, I. 137, 295. Cession modified, 300. Ordinance respecting, why framed, 301; provisions of, 302; character of, 306. Ordinance for, reported, 452. Cession of, II. 15. Origin and relations of, &c., 341. Jefferson's resolve for organization of States in, 343. Slavery in, proposals for prohibiting, 343. Ceded on what trusts, 347, 349. Admission of new States under, see New States.
Oath, of office, proposed by New Jersey in 1778, I. 130.
Oath of Allegiance, to the King, received by Sir William Howe in New Jersey, I. 106. To the United States required by Washington in New Jersey, 107; dissatisfaction occasioned by, 107. Propriety of, defended by Washington, 108. Prescribed in Congress in 1778, 109.
Obligation of Contracts, clause respecting, taken from the Ordinance of 1787, I. 452.
Officers of United States, appointment of, II. 417.
Officers of the Revolution, treatment of, by Congress, and the country, I. 159. Pay of, 159. Proceedings in Congress respecting half-pay for, 160. Pennsylvania line, 163. Proceedings of, respecting their pay, 165. See Army of the Revolution, Half-pay, and Newburgh Addresses.
Oligarchy, detested by people of United States, II. 237.
Orders in Council, respecting trade with the United States, I. 283. Efforts of Congress to counteract, 285. Effect of, on Northern States, II. 298.
Ordinance of 1787, framing of, I. 452. Admission of new States provided for by, II. 77. Fixed no mode of admitting new States, 79. Provisions of, 344. Slavery excluded by, 344. Author of, 344, 365. Passed, 365. Character of, 366. Provision in, respecting contracts, occasion of, 366. Extradition of slaves under, 454.
Osnaburg, Bishop of, rumored purpose of loyalists respecting, II. 492. Afterwards Duke of York, 493.
Paine, Robert Treat, delegate to first Continental Congress, I. 13.
Palfrey, Colonel, sent to New Hampshire to arrest Tories, I. 65.
Paper Money, first issued by the Continental Congress, I. 78. Signing of, 78. State systems of, under Confederation, II. 310. See Rhode Island.
Pardon, President's power of, II. 413. See Treason.
Parliament, British, authority of, over trade, how recognized by first Continental Congress, I. 20. Two houses in, origin of, II. 130; mutual relations of, 130. Corruption in, origin and extent of, 242; effect of knowledge of, on framers of Constitution, 243. Necessity of officers of state, &c. sitting in, 254. Analogy of Congress to, 254.
Parsons, Theophilus, motion of, in Massachusetts Convention, to ratify Constitution, II. 537. Form of ratification and proposed amendments drawn by, 541.
Patents for useful inventions, subject of, brought forward by Pinckney, II. 339. State legislation concerning, 339. Power over, surrendered to Congress, 339.
Patterson, William, mover of New Jersey plan of government, II. 93. Arguments of, in Convention, 93.
Peace, effect of, upon the country, I. 179. See Treaty of Peace.
Peace Establishment. See Washington and Hamilton.
Pendleton, Chancellor, a leading advocate of Constitution in Virginia, II. 506.
Pennsylvania, a proprietary government, I. 5. Constitution of, formed, 122. Stop-law of, 253. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 368. Had but one chamber in legislature, II. 132. Opposed to election of Senators by State legislatures, 135; to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; to equal representation of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had eight representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153; of executive holding office during good behavior, 173. Opposed to property qualification for office, 189. Constitution of, citizenship under, 206. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; respecting money bills, 218. Opposed to nine years' citizenship as qualification of Senator, 224; to each State having one vote in Senate, 227; to impeachments being tried by Senate, 262. In favor of taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Ratification of Constitution by, 515. Convention of, first to meet, 519. Second State in population, in 1787, 519. Western counties of, insurrection in, 521; opposition of, to Constitution, 524.
People of America, when not associated as such, I. 16. Sole original source of political power, II. 38, 471, 482. Will of, how to be exercised, 471; on a new exigency, how to be ascertained, 483.
Petition, right of assembling for, asserted, I. 23. Of Continental Congress to the King, 23, 38.
Philadelphia, threatened loss of, to the enemy, I. 99. Falls into the hands of the enemy, 113. Fought for, at the battle of the Brandywine, 113. The scene of many great events, II. 519. Demonstration at, in honor of adoption of Constitution, 582.
Pickering, Timothy, suggests academy at West Point, I. 218.
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, Revolutionary services of, I. 454. Views of, respecting the requisite reform, 455; on the slave-trade, 456, 459, 460; respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Proposition of, respecting taxes on exports, II. 189; respecting extradition of slaves, 189, 452. Notifies Convention of position of South Carolina concerning tax on exports, 280. In favor of Constitution, 510. Writes to Washington of adoption of Constitution by South Carolina, 544. Fidelity of, to South Carolina, 545. Arguments of, in South Carolina convention, 548.
Pinckney, Charles, plan of government submitted by, II. 32. Proposition of, respecting House of Representatives, negatived, 40. Suggestions of, respecting public debt, revenue, &c., 319. In favor of Constitution, 510.
Piracy, nature of, II. 331. Power of Congress to define and punish, 331.
Pitt, William, designs commercial relations with the United States, I. 282. His bill to effect them, 283. His extraordinary opportunities, 413. Estimate of, 414.
Political Science, among the ancients, I. 374. In the Middle Ages of Europe, 375; in England, 376; in France, 377.
Popular Governments, American theory of, I. 261.
Population of States in 1790, table of, II. 55.
Ports, no preference to be given to, II. 324.
Post-Office department, Continental, first established, I. 35; colonial, 433. Power to establish, extended to post-roads, II. 328.
Preamble of Constitution, as reported and adopted, II. 372; language of, important, 373.
President, making of treaties by, with consent of Senate, II. 234. Officers proposed to be appointed by, with consent of Senate, 234. Re-eligibility of, arguments in favor of, 235. Choice of, proposed method of, 235; by Senate, objections to, 236, 392; ultimate, by House of Representatives, 240, 394. Revisionary control over, where to be lodged, 239. Extensive patronage of, 252. Subject to impeachment, 261; for what causes, 397. Veto power of, 264. Objections of, to law, to be entered on journal of Congress, 264. Choice of, direct, by people, negatived, 388; by electors, objections to, 388; advantages of, 389; method of, 390. Term of office of, proposed to be seven years, 392. Choice of, by majority of electors, objections to, 393. Vacancy in office of, 397; when Congress to provide for, 401. "Inability" of, to discharge duties, meaning of, 397; how ascertained, 397. Insanity of, 397. Death of, and of Vice-President, 398. Choice of, changes in mode of, 400; if not made before 4th of March, 400; by House of Representatives, to be from three highest candidates, 400. Qualifications of, 404. Pay of, arguments in favor of, 404; not to be increased nor diminished during term of office, 406. Forbidden to receive more than stated salary, 407. Council for, question concerning, 407. May require opinions of cabinet officers, 408. Alone responsible for conduct of executive department, 409. Powers of, 409; to make war and peace, 411; over State militia, 413; to pardon offences, 413; to appoint officers, 417. "Executive power" vested in, meaning of, 412. Oath of, to execute laws, 412. Commander-in-chief, 413. To prosecute war, 413. Treaty-making power of, 414. To receive ambassadors, &c., 415. Cannot create offices, 418. To inform Congress of state of Union, 419. To recommend measures to Congress, 419. May call extra sessions of Congress, 419. When may adjourn Congress, 419.
Pringle, John Julius, in favor of Constitution, II. 510.
Prize-Courts, want of, under the Revolutionary government, I. 73. Establishment of, urged by Washington, 75. Of Massachusetts, trials in, 75. Colonial, appeals from, to Congress, 76. Under Constitution, II. 330.
Property, urged as basis of representation, II. 148. As a qualification of elector, 148; for office, 187, 202.
Proprietary Governments, form and character of, I. 5.
Protections, issued by Sir William Howe in New Jersey, I. 106. Surrender of, required by Washington, 106.
Provincial Governments, form and character of, I. 4.
Public Lands. See Western Territory, Northwestern Territory, and Ordinance of 1787.