Qualifications, of national officers, proposals respecting, II. 186; landed, rejected, 187; property, an embarrassing subject, 202. Of electors, 187, 194, 200. Of voter in Massachusetts, 188. Of members of Congress, 194. Of citizenship, embarrassments respecting, 205; attempt to exempt certain persons from rule respecting, 205. Of Senators, 223. Of Vice-President, 401. Of President, 404. Of religious test, never to be required, 479.
Queen's County, Long Island, inhabitants of, to be disarmed, I. 68.
Quorum, discussions in Convention respecting, II. 262.
Quotas, first apportionment of, among the Colonies, I. 34. Of troops in 1776, 92. See Requisitions.
Ramsay, David, Dr., in favor of Constitution, II. 510.
Randolph, Edmund, urges Washington to attend the Convention, I. 365. Revolutionary services of, 480. Governor of Virginia, 481. Course of, in the Convention, 481. Reasons of, for supporting the Constitution, 481. Genealogy of, 485. Plan of government proposed by, II. 32, 410. A member of committee to apportion representatives, 148. Objections of, to compound ratio of representation, 151. Proposition of, respecting census, 162; to strike out "wealth" from rule of representation, 164. In favor of confining equality of States in Senate to certain cases, 165. Views of, respecting money bills, 218. Resolution of, respecting admission of new States, 349. Clause introduced by, respecting death of President, &c., 403. Refused to sign Constitution, why, 485, 555. Position of, respecting Constitution, 506. Advocated adoption of Constitution in Virginia convention, 556.
Randolph, Peyton, President of first Continental Congress, I. 13; of second Continental Congress, 28. Death and character of, 28.
Ratification of Constitution, as marking character of government, II. 85. Different theories respecting, 177. Mode of, 375; resolutions respecting, 375; purpose of, 375; an embarrassing question, 479. Vote of States respecting, 483, 515. By only part of States, effect of, 484. Unanimous, could not be required, 484. By nine States sufficient, 485. Pageants in honor of, 540. Public rejoicings in Baltimore at, 543. By New Hampshire, 573, 578. By Virginia, 578; how finally effected, 579; form of, 581. Vitiated by condition, in Madison's opinion, 588. Great struggle over, in New York, 588. See the different States.
Records and Judicial Proceedings of States, full faith to be given to, in other States, II. 449. Proof and effect of, 449.
Read, George, views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, II. 135.
Regulation of Commerce proposed by New Jersey in 1778, I. 129. Not provided for by the Confederation, 148. Advantages of, not perceived, 179. Origin of, as a national power, 276. Washington's views respecting, 334. Popular meetings in Boston in favor of, 336. Policy of Congress respecting, in 1785-86, 337.
Representation, views of members of Convention respecting, II. 18. In Congress, different views respecting, 36; difficulty in fixing ratio of, 44. As affected by State interests, 43. Original division between States respecting, 50. Under Virginia and New Jersey plans, 105. Great difficulty in adjusting, 108. Difficulty of fixing different basis of, for two houses of Congress, 133. Committee to adjust whole system of, 145. Dr. Franklin's proposal in Congress concerning, 146. Ratio of, in House of Representatives, 147. Of slaves, 149. Compound ratio of, depending on numbers and wealth, proposed, 149; objections to, 151; how to be applied, 156. By numbers, as affected by slaves, 153, 291. And taxation to go together, 156. System of, proposed by Constitution, discussion on in New York, 573.
Representatives, part of the Provincial government, I. 4. In the charter governments, how chosen, 5. Apportionment of, objections to, II. 148; in first House, how made, 148.
Representative Government familiar to the American people, I. 117.
Reprisals authorized by the Continental Congress, I. 34.
Republican Government involved in the effort to make the Constitution, I. 391. Guaranteed to States, II. 177; by Constitution, 458. Guaranty of, to States, object of, 468; meaning of, in America, 469.
Republican Liberty, nature of, II. 8. How to be preserved, 9.
Resolutions as referred to committee of detail, II. 190.
Requisitions, provision for, under the Confederation, I. 147. Of 1781, 156. Made and not complied with, 174. From 1782 to 1786, how treated, 180. In 1784, 240. In 1785, 242. In 1786, 242. Supply received from, in 1781-1786, 243; inadequacy of, declared by Congress, 245. Effect of, on the proposed revenue system, 244.
Revenue, report of committee of detail respecting, II. 289. Power over, generally conceded to new government, 290. Different systems of, under Confederation, 310. Powers of government, influence of, 311. Power, qualifications of, proposed, 320. From imports, easiest mode of paying expenses of government, 528.
Revenues, of the Confederation, I. 147. Want of power in Confederation to obtain, II. 280. Numerous questions respecting, 280. Collection of, by Congress, 323.
Revenue Bills, privilege of originating, views of members of Convention respecting, II. 221; restricted to House of Representatives, 221.
Revenue System of 1783, origin and purpose of, I. 175. Modified by Congress, 180. Defeated by New York, 180. Design of, 185. Effect of its proposal, 186. Character of, 224. Under consideration in 1784, 240. How acted on in 1786, 244. New appeal of Congress on the subject of, 245. Every State assents to, but New York, 246. Act of New York concerning, 246. Hamilton's answer to the New York objections to, 247. New York again appealed to respecting, 247; refuses to accede, 248. Action of New York respecting, 343. Final appeal of Congress for, 344. Rejected by New York, 345, 359. Address on, written by Madison, 422.
Revolution, right of, II. 473.
Revolutionary Congress, take up the Articles of Confederation, I. 113. Government of, breaking down, 115. Change in the members of, after 1777, 125. Leading members of, in 1777 and 1778, 126; in 1776, 127. Weakness of, II. 14. See Congress.
Revolutionary Government, defects of, I. 55.
Rhode Island, a charter government, I. 5. Resists the claim of the great States to Western lands, 131. Refuses to grant imposts to Congress, 174. Hamilton's answer to, 177. Attempts to pay its quotas in paper money, 242. Refusal of, to grant duties on imposts, 422. Not represented in Constitutional Convention, II. 23, 181. Did not assent to revenue system of 1783, 24. Admitted to Union in 1790, 25. Interests of, attended to by Convention, 26. Had one representative in first House, 149. Ratification of Constitution by, improbable, 181. Reason of, for not attending Convention, 329. Took no part in formation of Constitution, 484. Opposition to Constitution in, peculiarly intense, 598; causes of, 598. Jealous of other States, 598. Principles of founders of, falsely applied, 598. Paper money party in, great power of, 599. Great antagonism in, between town and country, 600. Opponents of Constitution in, ridiculed and scorned, 600. Great want of enlightenment in, 601. Action of General Assembly of, on Constitution, 602. People of, apparently nearly unanimous against Constitution, 602. Final prevalence of better counsels in, 603. Present prosperity of, 603. Attitude of, placed Union in new crisis, 603.
Rights. See Colonies.
Robinson, Mr., Speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses, I. 48. Celebrated compliment of, to Washington, 48.
Rousseau, J. J., political discussions of, alluded to, I. 377.
Rule of Apportionment, proposal to change from land to numbers, I. 241.
Rutledge, Edward, in favor of Constitution, II. 510. Arguments of, in convention of South Carolina, 548.
Rutledge, John, a member of committee to apportion representatives, II. 148. Motion of, for assumption of State debts, 319. In favor of Constitution, 510.
Seat of Government, action respecting, II. 189. None under Confederation, 268. History of establishment of, 268. Grave questions concerning location of, 274. Impolicy of establishing at New York, or Philadelphia, 591. Embarrassments attending selection of, 604.
Sectional Jealousy, causes and operation of, I. 371.
Selman, captain in the Revolutionary naval force, I. 74.
Senate, reasons for present constitution of, II. 41. Rule of suffrage in, 48. Numerical representation in, favored at first, 49. To hold office during "good behavior" under Hamilton's plan, 100, 105. Members of, chosen for six years, 134; qualifications of, 134, 223. Objects of, 138; how to be attained, 138. Difficulty in fixing basis of, 139. Mr. Baldwin's model of, 139. Fortunately not founded on relative wealth of States, 140. Votes of States respecting, 141; representation in, 165. Advantages of present constitution of, 166. Members of, to be two from each State, 186; to vote per capita, 186; must have been citizens nine years, 211. Slight analogy of, to House of Lords, 215. Equality of votes in, by what States resisted, 217. Choice of President by, in certain events, proposed, 221, 390. Scheme of, tending to oligarchy, 222. May amend revenue bills, 222. Powers of, as at first proposed, 223. Number of members of, origin of, 224. Method of voting in, origin of, 224. Present mode of voting in, advantages of, 228. Vacancies in, how filled, 229. Primary purpose of, 229. Disposition to accumulate power in, 230. Constitution of, great embarrassments respecting, 233. Separate action of, difficult to determine, 234. Consent of, to certain acts of President, necessary, 235. Proposed choice of President by, objections to, 236. Only body fit to have revisionary control over appointments, 239. Ratification of treaties by, 240. Ultimate choice of President taken from, 240. Length of term in, 240. Biennial change in, 241. To try impeachments, 261. Quorum of, 262. President of, 263. May choose president pro tempore, 264. Choice of President by, quorum for, 401; majority necessary to, 401. President pro tempore of, when to act as President of the United States, 403. Proposed appointment of ambassadors and judges by, 410. Foreign relations committed to, 410. Treaty-making power of, 415. May propose treaty to President, 417. Certain controversies between States, proposed to be tried by, 424. Equality of States in, guaranteed by Constitution, 478.
Shays's Rebellion, causes of, I. 266. Progress of, 266, 269. How arrested 270. How acted upon in Congress, 271. Effect of, upon the political state of the country, 273. Abettors of, opposed to Constitution, II. 501.
Sherman, Roger, one of the committee to prepare Declaration of Independence, I. 50. Opposed to tax on exports, II. 294. Views of, respecting tax on slaves, 304. Motion of, respecting payment of old debts, 321.
Slavery, British government responsible for the existence of, I. 87. Complex relations of, II. 22. Regarded by Southern statesmen as an evil, 155. When and how abolished in States now free, 289. Existed in what States at formation of Constitution, 313. Facts respecting, as influencing judgment on Constitution, 313. A matter of local concern, 313. State laws respecting abolition of, 313. In Northwestern Territory, proposals for excluding, 343. State of, in 1787, 451. Probable duration of, 451. Principle of common law and law of nations respecting, 451, 455. Exclusively a matter of State jurisdiction, 451. Existed in Colonies at very early period, 453. In Massachusetts, Dr. Belknap's article on, 454. Depends wholly on municipal law, 457. Fortunately left to State control, 459. Existence of, unjustly made a reproach on United States, 465.
Slaves, as affecting ratio of representation, II. 19. Control of States over, never meant to be surrendered, 20. Necessarily regarded in forming Constitution, 20. As affecting basis of representation, 46. In fixing ratio of representation, included as inhabitants, 47. Three-fifths rule respecting, whence derived, 48. In fixing ratio of representation, how computed, 147; admission of, proper, 147. Propriety of counting, as inhabitants, in adjusting representation, 150. Rule respecting, under Confederation, 150. As affecting representation, votes respecting, 153. Social and political condition of, anomalous, 155. Number and distribution of, 155. An important element in determining rank of States, 155. As affecting representation and taxation, 157. As subjects of taxation, views of statesmen respecting, 159. Compromise respecting, how to be effected, 163. Extradition of, Pinckney's proposition concerning, 189. Manumission of, a matter of State control, 286. Representation of, a concession by North, why made, 292; Morris's motion respecting, 293; vote of New Jersey respecting, 293. Specific tax on importation of, 304. Word not used in Constitution by design, 305. Ratio of increase of, from 1790 to 1850, 308. Condition of, ameliorated by Constitution, 316. Advancing public sentiment concerning, 316. Colonization of, in Africa, 317. Representation of, an unimportant anomaly, 317. Emancipation of, a local question, 317. Extradition of, under Constitution, history of clause respecting, 450; a necessary provision of Constitution, 451; under New England Confederation of 1643, 453; under Ordinance of 1787, 454; importance of proper understanding of clause respecting, 456; necessity and propriety of clause, 459. Condition of, much better under State control, 462. Increase of, since adoption of Constitution, 465. See Federal Census.
Slave-Trade, discountenanced by first Continental Congress, I. 24. How dealt with by the Constitution, 456. Abolished in England, 457, 461. French abolition of, 457. Danish abolition of, 459. Compromise respecting, 460. Legislation against, 460. Discussions respecting, in England, 460. Probable encouragement of, II. 153; embarrassments respecting, 281. State action respecting, 285. Necessity of definite provision respecting, 285. Duty of framers of Constitution respecting, 286. Had been abolished by no nation in 1787, 286. A proper subject for national action, 286. Aspect of, political, 287; moral, 287. Economical importance of, to Southern States, 288. Report of committee of detail respecting, 290. Grave questions concerning, 296. Right to continue, insisted on by what States, 297, 301. Prospective prohibition of, provided for, 304. Concessions respecting, timely, 305. Vote of States respecting, 305. Patriotic course of both sections respecting, 306. Effect of discontinuance of, on Southern States, 308. State rights respecting, before Constitution, 314. Tolerated by European nations at formation of Constitution, 314. Interdicted by ten States before Constitution, 314. Refusal of certain States to grant power to suppress, immediately, 315. Indefinite continuance of, had Constitution not been formed, 315. First extinguished by America, 317.
South Carolina, a provincial government, I. 4. Constitution of, formed, 120. Tender-law of, 253. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 369. Opposed to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, II. 138; equal vote of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had five representatives in first House, 149. Opposed to census of free inhabitants, 153; executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to each State having one vote in Senate, 227. In favor of States paying members of Congress, 259. Refusal of, to submit to tax on exports, 280, 285. Exports of, in one year, 285. Position of, in Convention, respecting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Vote on Jefferson's resolve concerning Northwestern Territory, 346. Cession by, in 1787, 356. Vote of, on suspension of habeas corpus, 360. Condition of acceptance of Constitution by, 452. Motion for surrender of fugitive slaves made by, in Constitutional Convention, 453. Vote of, respecting citizenship clause in Constitution, 453. Debate in legislature of, on Constitution, 510. Convention in, to vote on Constitution, 511; importance of action of, 542. Ratification of Constitution by, 544; rejoicings at, 544; importance of, 544. Delegates of, responsibility assumed by, 544. A great exporting State, 546. Hesitation of, to concede power to regulate commerce, 546. Amendments to Constitution proposed by, 548. Eighth State to ratify Constitution, 549.
Southern States, views of, respecting regulation of commerce, II. 290.
Sovereignty, of the people, established by the Revolution, I. 379; necessary consequences of declaration of, II. 8. Resides in the people, 38. Powers of, may be exercised by different agents, 377.
Spain, claims the exclusive navigation of the Mississippi, I. 312. See Mississippi.
Speaker, of House of Representatives, II. 264; when to act as President, 403.
Standing Armies, jealousy of, I. 81, 90.
States, interests and relations of, before Constitution, II. 5. Devotion of, to republican liberty, 6. Union of, essential to republican liberty, 9. Weakness of, without union, 9. General purposes of, in calling Constitutional Convention, 16. Position of, in Convention, 27. Powers surrendered by, to Confederation, 27. Why represented in Congress, 40. Diverse interests of, as affecting representation, 43. Tendency of, to encroach on federal authority, 51. Proposed control over legislation of, by Congress, 52. Population of, in 1790, table of, 55. Legislation of, control of judicial department over, 66. Admission of, 75, 79, 109, 176, 340, 344, 350, 354. Cessions by, to Union, 76. Republican government guaranteed to, 79, 83, 177, 458. Jealous of general government, 91. Sovereignty of, how reconciled with national sovereignty, 91. Plan to abolish, 92. To make partial surrender of power under Virginia plan, 95. Sovereignty of, preserved under New Jersey plan, 95. Conflicts of, with nation, probable, under Virginia plan, 102, 103. Struggle between large and smaller, respecting representation, 104. Proposed equalization of, 108. Populations of, at formation of Constitution, 116. Relative rank of, at formation of Constitution, 117. Conflict among, as to national and federal systems, 117. Danger of annihilation of sovereignty of, by national government, 128, 377. Danger of alliances of, with foreign powers, 136. Preservation of, in Congress, conceded to be necessary, 139. Divided respecting constitution of Senate, 145. Jealousy among, 150. Western, views of members respecting, 150. Slave and free, index of wealth of, 157. Wealth of, not measured by land, 160. Position of, in Convention, respecting slaves, 161, 162. Wealth of, for purpose of taxation, determined by inhabitants, 163. Smaller, concession to, in constitution of Senate, 166. Free and slave, populations of, compared, 168. Relation of, to Confederation, 179. Whether Constitution could be ratified by government of, 180. Voting by, history of practice of, 227. Equal representation of, in Senate, just, 233. Union desired by, from different motives, 303. Commercial legislation of, under Confederation, various, 310. Revenue and paper-money systems of, under Confederation, various, 310. Rights guaranteed to, by Constitution, 314. Power of, over slave-trade, anterior to Constitution, 314. Ports of one, not to be preferred to those of another, 324. Compacts between, outside of Articles of Confederation, 347. New, temporary governments for, Madison's motion respecting, 351. Admission of, number of votes requisite for, 352; by dismemberment of State, 352; by junction, 354; difference in cases of, 357; provisions for, general, 358. Restraints on political power of, 362. Issuing of bills of credit prohibited to, 364. Laying of duties and imposts by, 368. Cannot lay duty on tonnage, 370. Keeping of troops or ships of war by, 371. Agreements by, with another State or foreign power, 371. When may engage in war, 371. Governments of, how far supreme, 377. May be multiplied indefinitely under Constitution, 383. Levying war against, not treason against United States, 385. Certain controversies between, proposed to be tried by Senate, 424. Constitutional restrictions on, 432. Laws of, constitutionality of, how determined, 439. Courts of, not likely to administer justice to foreigners, &c., 442. Different, controversies between citizens of, 442; grants of lands by, jurisdiction of cases respecting, 444. A party to a suit, jurisdiction in cases of, 444. Foreign, jurisdiction in cases of, 444. Full faith given to acts, &c. of, 449. Have exclusive regulation of domestic institutions, 451. May exclude foreigners, 457. Republican government guaranteed to, object of, 468. Domestic violence in, application to general government in case of, 469. Competency of, to abolish constitutions, 469. Must have executive and legislature, 470. Protection of, against domestic violence, 472. Equality of, in Senate, for ever guaranteed by Constitution, 478. Refusal of, to comply with requisitions of Congress, 572. See New States.