State Constitutions, formation of, I. 116.
State Governments, how formed, I. 36.
State Sovereignty, early assertion of, I. 90.
Stop Laws. See Debts.
Story, Joseph, views of, respecting President's power to adjourn Congress, II. 420.
Suffrage, Rule of, Governor Randolph's resolution respecting, II. 35. Change in, opposed by Delaware, 36. In Continental Congress, 42. In Confederation, 42. In Senate, 48. For House of Representatives, great debate on, 135. According to Virginia plan, 145. Different in different States, 174, 198. Not universal in any State, 471.
Sullivan, General, president of New Hampshire Convention, II. 541.
Sullivan, James, Governor of Massachusetts, II. 541.
Superintendent of the Finances, appointed, I. 174. See Robert Morris.
Supremacy of United States, meaning and scope of, II. 376. Of States, extent of, 377. Of Constitution, as affecting national growth, 383.
Supreme Court, tenure of office of, II. 67. Judges of, not removable by address, 68, 73; compensation of, 68; by whom appointed, 68. To determine constitutional questions, 74. Functions of, compared with those of State courts, 74. Judges of, proposed appointment of, by Senate, 223, 230, 410. Appointment of, proposals concerning, 234. Sole interpreters of Constitution, 380. Judges of, to be nominated by President, 418; tenure of office and salaries of, 423. One, under Constitution, 423. Original and appellate jurisdiction of, 424. Appellate jurisdiction of, ambiguity concerning, 428. Doubts about conferring power upon, to declare law unconstitutional, 434.
Talleyrand, Prince, opinion of, respecting Hamilton, I. 410.
Taxation, right of, denied to Parliament, I. 20. How distinguished from regulation of trade, 20. Inseparable from representation, 20, II. 157. Difficulty of applying combined rule of wealth and numbers to, 158. Report of committee of detail respecting, 290. By general government, Mason's objections to, 557. See Colonies.
Taxes, odious to the people of United States, I. 180. Power of Congress to collect, II. 322.
Tender, State laws respecting, restraint on, II. 365.
Tender Law of Massachusetts, I. 268. See Debts.
Territory, power of Congress over, under the Confederation, I. 141. Authority of Congress over, under Constitution, II. 340; purpose of provision respecting, 355; diverse views concerning, 358. See Western Territory and Northwestern Territory.
Territorial Governments, power to frame, in Ordinance of 1787, II. 345.
Theory, danger of adhering too firmly to, II. 129.
Thompson, Charles, Secretary of first Continental Congress, I. 14.
Ticknor, George, cited for a saying of Jefferson concerning the Revolutionary Congress, I. 64; for a saying of Talleyrand about Hamilton, 410.
Tonnage, duty on, States prohibited to lay, II. 370; proposed exception respecting, 370.
Tories, how dealt with by Continental Congress, I. 36; in New Hampshire, 65. Washington's opinion respecting, 65. Movements of, in the neighborhood of New York, 66; how met by Washington, 66. Steps taken by Congress to disarm, 68. Misunderstanding respecting, between Washington and Congress, 69. Subject referred to local authorities, 72. Relations of persons and property of, to the Union, 251.
Trade, inter-colonial, before the Revolution, I. 9. Regulation of, by Parliament, distinguished from taxation, 20. With Colonies prohibited by Parliament, December, 1775, 38. See Colonies, Commerce, Continental Congress, and Parliament.
Treason, definition of, in Constitution, origin and purpose of, II. 384. Nature of evidence of, 386. Punishment of, to be declared by Congress, 386; how limited by Constitution, 386. President's power to pardon, different views respecting, 414.
Treasury Department, first established, I. 35.
Treaty of amity and commerce with France, Sweden, and the Netherlands, I. 279. Negotiation for, with the Netherlands, 280; with Sweden, 281.
Treaty of Alliance with France, I. 156.
Treaty of Peace signed and ratified, I. 155, 187, 235, 237. Objects secured by, 249. How violated by certain States, 254, 257. Southern boundary of the United States fixed by, 312. Accompanied by a secret article, 312, 313. Question respecting, II. 415.
Treaty Power under the Confederation, I. 325.
Treaties, supreme law of land, II. 170, 372, 374. Proposition that Senate should make, 223. Negotiation of, by numerous body, embarrassing, 232. Making of, proposals concerning, 234. Provision respecting, origin of, 240; how modified, 414. Rule of Confederation respecting, 416. May be proposed by Senate, 417. Jurisdiction over cases arising under, 430. Cases arising under, how settled, 440. Power to make, under Confederation, 440.
Trial by Jury, of the vicinage, one of the rights of the Colonies, I. 23. Under Constitution, II. 424. Provision for, in civil cases, not in Constitution originally, 427; supplied by amendment, 427. Guaranty of, required by many States, 429. For crimes, provisions respecting, 431. Omission to secure, a strong argument with some against Constitution, 498.
Tucker, George, cited about Madison, I. 421.
Tyler, John, opposed to Constitution, II. 506.
Union, origin of, I. 3. Unknown to the colonial condition, 7. Power to form, a result of the Revolution, 8. Proposal of, in 1754, 8. Proposed in 1773, 10. Virginia recommends, 11, II. 12. As established by the Confederation, I. 142. Saved by the proposal of the revenue scheme, 188. Necessary to preserve the good faith of the country, 189. Of the people, idea of, 373. Change in character of, II. 4. Necessarily republican, 10. Preservation of, essential to independence of States, 10. Purposes of, at first indefinite, 12. Previous history of, important, 13. "Exigencies of," 13; how only to be provided for, 19. Objects of, embraced in two classes, 13; how ascertained, 13; different views respecting, 39. Proposed power in, to protect and uphold governments of States, 79. Dissolution of, Madison's views respecting, 136; Hamilton's views respecting, 136; at one time probable, 140. General interests of, power to legislate for, 170. Success of, to what attributable, 380. Sovereignty of, and of States, no conflict between, 380. Capacity of, for territorial expansion, cause of, 381. Theory of, respecting domestic institutions of States, 451.
"United Colonies," term of, first adopted, I. 33.
United States of America, title of, adopted, I. 52, 142.
United States, character of, at stake, I. 179. Laws and treaties of, supreme law of States, II. 170, 372. Guaranty by, of State institutions, 177. Became proprietor of crown lands, 352. Title of, to vacant lands, 357. Officer of, not to accept present, &c. from foreign king, &c., 362. Resolutions respecting supremacy of government of, 372, 373. Supremacy of, meaning and scope of, 376. Government of, unlike any other, 379; determines its own powers, 379; safeguard of, 379; success of, to what attributable, 379. Constitution, no impediment to growth of, 383. Treason against, definition of, 385. Importance of preserving federal character of government of, 392. Relation of government to citizens of, 432. A party to a suit, jurisdiction of cases of, 444.
Valuation. See Land and Contribution.
Vermont, provision for admission of, II. 353. Within asserted limits of New York, 353.
Vessels, entry and clearance of, II. 324. Payment of duties by, 324.
Veto, an essential power, II. 57. Bill may be passed notwithstanding, 264. Of President qualified, 265. Of king of England absolute, 265; how signified, 265; in disuse since William the Third, 266. History of, in Constitutional Convention, 267. Meaning of "two thirds" in provisions respecting, 267. Power of, proposed to be given to Council of Revision, 438.
Vice-President, ex officio President of Senate, II. 264. Has only casting vote in Senate, 264, 396. Choice of, embarrassments respecting, 390. Reasons for having, 395. Ultimate election of, by Senate, 396, 401. When to act as President, 400. Changes in appointment of, 400. Qualifications for, 401.
Virginia, a provincial government, I. 4. Advises a Continental Congress, 11. Elects delegates, 12. Constitution of, formed, 120. Effect of claim of, to Western Lands, 132. Cedes the Northwestern Territory, 137, 295. Repeals her act granting imposts, 175. Stop-law of, 253. Action of, concerning Western posts, 258. Opposes the surrender of the Mississippi, 315. Action of, leading to a general commercial convention, 340, 343. Appoints and instructs delegates to the Convention, 367. Measures of, respecting commerce, 423. First to declare for Union, II. 12. Plan of government proposed by, 89; Hamilton's doubts respecting, 99; inconsistency in, 101, 103; reported to Convention, 109; vote on, 109; chasm in, 133. Opposed to election of Senators by State legislatures, 135; to equality of suffrage in House of Representatives, 138; to equality of States in Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had ten Representatives in first House, 149. In favor of census of free inhabitants, 153; of executive holding office during "good behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting citizenship as qualification for office, 209; money bills, 216, 218. Opposed to each State having one vote in Senate, 227; to impeachments being tried by Senate, 262; to taxing exports, 296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade, 305. Cession by, in 1784, 342. Strong opposition to Constitution in, 504. Statesmen of, 504. Character of people of, 504. Great influence of Washington in, 505. Effect of action of New Hampshire on, 510. Convention of, meets at Richmond, 510, 549; parties in, nearly balanced, 529, 568; anxiety respecting action of, 542, 549; eminence of members of, 551; responsibility resting on, 551; discussion on Constitution in, 554. Had ratified Constitution before news from New Hampshire, 578. Convention of, final propositions of friends of Constitution in, 579. Ratification of Constitution by, how finally effected, 579. Form of amendments and Bill of Rights proposed by, 581. Address prepared by opponents of Constitution in, 582. Adoption of Constitution by, rejoicings at, 582.
Virginia and Maryland, efforts of, to regulate the trade of the Potomac and the Chesapeake, I. 341.
Virginia Reservation, note on, I. 296.
Voters, qualifications of, in different States, II. 198.
War, power to declare, proposed to be given to two branches of Congress, II. 231. To be declared by Congress, 332, 413. When States may engage in, 371. Ships of, not to be kept by States in time of peace, 371. And peace, power of President to make, 411. To be prosecuted by President, 413.
Washington, appointed and commissioned commander-in-chief, I. 33. Arrives at Cambridge, 33. Mode of his appointment as commander-in-chief, 41. Previous history and character of, 41. Embarrassments of, in the early part of the war, 55. Opinions and actions of, respecting Tories, 65. Urges Congress to establish prize court, 75. On the necessity for a standing army, 91. Leaves Boston for New York, 91. Compelled to abandon New York, 91. Retreats through New Jersey, 96. Complains of his situation, 96. Asks for extraordinary powers, 100. Dictatorial powers conferred on, 100; apology for, 101. Requires oath of allegiance to United States, 106. Proclamation by, at Morristown, in 1777, 106. Powers conferred on, in 1776, jealousy respecting, 106. Opinion of, respecting an oath of allegiance, 108. Third effort of, to raise a new army, 109. Embarrassments of, 110. Thwarted by the local authorities, 112. Adheres to a plan for the campaign, 112. Anxious about the falling off of Congress, 127. Letters of, to the States, in 1782, 157; to the President of Congress, 158, 162. Situation of, 158. Warns Congress respecting the officers, 167. Painful position of, 167. Proceedings of, upon the Newburgh Addresses, 168. On the want of a revenue power, 182. Relations of, to the country during the war, 200. Opinions of, at the close of the war, 200. Address of, to the States, on resigning, 201. On a peace establishment, 218, 219. Resigns as commander-in-chief, 235. Address to, 235. On the insurrection in Massachusetts, 274. Plans communications with Western settlements, 310. Opinions of, respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, 311, 315. Opinions of, in 1785, on the state of the country, 333. Connection of, with the plan of a general Convention, 341. Pressed to attend the general Convention, 365, 397. On the idea of a monarchical government for the United States, 370. At Mount Vernon, 393. Views of, on public affairs, 394. Declines to attend the general Convention, 399; reconsiders and attends, 399. Reception of, at Philadelphia, 401. Placed in the chair of the Convention, 401. Opinions of, 401. Character of, as a statesman, 404. Meets the Alexandria commissioners at Mount Vernon, 425. Failure of civil power to sustain, II. 14. Difficulty experienced by, as President, in preserving neutrality and excluding foreign influence, 82. In Convention, confined himself to duties of presiding officer, 213. Suggestion of, respecting ratio of representation in Congress, adopted, 213. In favor of tax on exports, 284. Early nominated for President, 391. Received no pay as commander-in-chief, 405. Practice of, respecting cabinet, 409. Leading man in Constitutional Convention, 476. Tradition respecting words of, before signing Constitution, 487. Views of, respecting consequences of rejection of Constitution, 487. Unbounded confidence of people in, 498. Great influence of, in Virginia, 505. Copies of Constitution sent by, with expression of opinion, 509. Opinion of, respecting action of Maryland on Constitution, 542. Not a member of Virginia convention, 551. Justifies course of Federalists in New York convention, 590. Administration of, topics appropriate to history of, 604.
Washington, City of, an object of affection and pride, II. 277. See Seat of Government.
Webster, Daniel, compared with Hamilton, I. 419.
Webster, Noah, recommends a new government, I. 350.
Webster, Pelatiah, recommends a general Convention, I. 350.
Weights and Measures, standard of, fixed by Congress, II. 328.
West Florida, secret article respecting, in the Treaty of Peace, I. 312.
West Point, academy at, suggested, I. 218.
Western Lands, claims of the States to, I. 131. Conflicting interests of the States concerning, 132. Surrender of claim to, by New York, 133. Cessions of, urged by Congress in 1780, 134. Motives of the cession of, 137. Surrender of claim to, by Virginia, 137. Become the bond of the Union, 140. Power of Congress over, under the Confederation, 141.
Western Posts. See Military Posts.
Western Settlements, position of, after the peace, I. 309. Connection of, with the Atlantic coast, 310. Alarm of, about the Mississippi, 318.
Western States, prospective character of, II. 300. Vast resources of, 310.
Western Territory, controversy respecting, before the adoption of Articles of Confederation, I. 291. Cessions of, invited, 292; Congress declares certain trusts respecting, 293. States to be formed in, 293. Power of Congress to deal with, 293. Cession of, by New York, 293; by Virginia, 295. Further legislation respecting, and further trusts declared, 296. Admission of States from, 298. Further cessions of, urged, 299. Proposition by Rufus King to exclude slavery from, 299. Cession of, by Massachusetts, 299; by Connecticut, 300. Ordinance for disposing of lands in, 300. Cessions of, by Virginia, modified, 300; by South Carolina, 301; by North Carolina, 301; by Georgia, 301. See Northwestern Territory.
West Indies, trade with, II. 309.
Whale Fishery in Massachusetts before the Revolution, I. 135.
Williamsburg, convention at, I. 12.
Williamson, Hugh, views of, respecting rule of suffrage for House of Representatives, II. 135; money bills, 218.
Wilson, James, birth and career of, I. 462. Sent to the Constitutional Convention, 462. Services of, 462. Made a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 465. Death of, 465. His defence of the Constitution, 465. In favor of larger House of Representatives, II. 213; tax on exports, 284. One of the ablest framers of the Constitution, 520. Position and arguments of, in Pennsylvania convention, 521. Views of, respecting Bill of Rights, 522.
Wolcott, Oliver, influence of, in Connecticut convention, II. 529.