[170] Herminjard, Correspondance, i. 78, 84, 85 n.

[171] It does not seem to be generally known that Lefèvre travelled to Germany in search of manuscripts of some of the earlier mystical writers, and that he published in 1513 the first printed edition of Hildegard of Bingen’s Liber Quoscivias (Peltzer, Deutsche Mystik und deutsche Kunst (Strassburg, 1899), p. 35), under the title Liber trium virorum et trium spiritualium virginum (Paris, 1513).

[172] Herminjard, Correspondance, i. 37 n., 47, 48 n., 63 and n., 64, etc.

[173] Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François I. 1515-1536 (Paris, 1854), p. 104.

[174] Herminjard, Correspondance, i. 153 ff.

[175] Journal d’un Bourgeois, etc. p. 169.

[176] Herminjard, Correspondance, i. 84, 105; cf. 85 n.

[177] The depredations of those bands of brigands are frequently referred to in the Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris, pp. 119, 159, 166, 176, 185, 201, 249, 257, 402, 196.

[178] Cf. Journal d’un Bourgeois, etc. p. 276.

[179] Journal d’un Bourgeois, etc.: “Fut sonné par deux trompettes et crié au Palays sur la pierre de marbre, que s’il y avoit personne qui sceut enseigner celuy ou ceulx qui avoient fisché les dictz placars, en révélant en certitude, il leur seroit donné cent escus par la cour” (p. 442).

[180] Ibid. pp. 442-444. The Dauphin, the Dukes of Orléans and Angoulême, and a young German, Prince de Vendôme, carried the four batons supporting “un beau ciel” over the Host.

[181] Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme français for 1858, pp. 166 ff.

[182] H. M. Bower, The Fourteen of Meaux (London, 1894).

[183] Cf. above, pp. 92 ff. What follows on Calvin’s influence on the Reformation in France has been borrowed largely from M. Henri Lemonnier, Histoire de France, etc. (Paris, 1903-4) V. i. pp. 381-383, ii. pp. 183-187, etc.; only a Frenchman can describe it and him sympathetically.

[184] The Venetian Ambassador at the Court of France, writing in 1561 to the Doge, says, “Your Serenity will hardly believe the influence and the great power which the principal minister of Geneva, by name Calvin, a Frenchman and a native of Picardy, possesses in this kingdom. He is a man of extraordinary authority, who by his mode of life, his doctrines and his writings, rises superior to all the rest” (Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80, p. 323).

[185] Calvin did not lack imagination. The sanctified imagination has never made grander or loftier flight than in the thought of the Purpose of God moving slowly down through the Ages, making for redemption and for the establishment of the Kingdom, which is the master-idea in the Christian Institution. It was de Bèze (Beza), not Calvin, who was the father of the seventeenth century doctrine of predestination,—a conception which differed from Calvin’s as widely as the skeleton differs from the man instinct with life and action.

[186] Henri Lemonnier, Histoire de France, etc. (Paris, 1903) V. i. 383.

[187] “Calvin fut un très grand écrivain. Je dirais même que ce fut le plus grand écrivain du 16^e siècle si j’estimais plus que je ne fais le style proprement dit.... Encore est-il qu’il me faut bien reconnaître que le style de Calvin est de tous les styles du 16^e siècle celui qui a le plus de style.... Reste qu’il parle l’admirable prose, si claire, limpide et facile, du 15^e siècle, avec ce quelque chose de plus ferme, de plus nourri et de plus viril que l’étude des classiques donne à ceux qui ne poussent pas jusqu’à l’imitation servile et à l’admirature des menus jolis détails. Reste qu’il parle la langue du 15^e siècle avec quelques qualités déjà du 17^e. C’est précisément ce qu’il a fait, et il est un des bons, sinon des sublimes, fondateurs de la prose française” (Emile Faguet, Scizième Siècle: Études Litéraires, pp. 188-89, Paris, 1898).

[188] Cambridge Modern History, ii. 366.

[189] La Catéchisme français, p. 132. Opera, v. 319.

[190] The term was adopted from the edicts, “ladite religion prétenduë réformée,” with the qualifying adjectives left out.

[191] Henri Lemonnier, Histoire de France, etc. (Paris, 1903) V. ii. 187.

[192] Sources in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: Lettres inédites de Diane de Poitiers, publiées avec une introduction et des notes par G. Guiffrey (Paris, 1866); Mémoires de Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes, 1530-73 (published in the Collection of Michaud and Poujoulat, viii.); Mémoires de François de Guise (in the same collection, vi.); Lettres de Catherine de Médicis and Papiers d’État du Cardinal de Granvelle (in the Collection des Documents inédits de l’Histoire de France); Lettres d’Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d’Albret (in the publications of the Société de l’Histoire de France); Les Œuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme (edit. by L. Lalanne for the Société de l’Histoire de France, important for the persons and morals of the times); C. Weiss, La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de Conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II. 1540-50 (Paris, 1889). Layard, Dispatches of Michele Suriano and Marcantonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassadors at the Court of France (Lymington, 1891, pub. by the Huguenot Society of London). Teulet, Relations politique de la France et de l’Espagne avec l’Écosse (Paris, 1862); and Papiers d’État relatifs a l’Histoire de l’Écosse (Bannatyne Club, Paris, 1851); Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle (Brussels, 1877-96); Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80 (London, 1890, etc.)

Later Books in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: A. de Ruble, Le Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis (Paris, 1889); A. W. Whitehead, Gaspard Coligny, Admiral of France (London, 1905); the Bulletin historique et littéraire de l’histoire du protestantisme français, edited by Weiss, is a mine of information on all matters connected with the Reformation in France. A. de Ruble, Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d’Albret (Paris, 1881-82), and Le Colloque de Poissy (Paris, 1889); F. Decrue, Anne de Montmorency (Paris, 1885-89).

[193] The Parlements were the highest judicial courts in France. By far the most important was the Parlement of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over Picardie, Champagne, l’Ile-de-France, l’Orléanais, Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou, Aunis, Berri, La Bourbonnais, Auvergne, and La Marche—almost the half of France. The other Parlements in the time of Henry II. were those of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Dauphiné, Provence, Languedoc, Guyenne, and, up to 1559, Chambéry and Turin. The Parlements are frequently mentioned under the names of the towns in which they met; thus the Parlement of Normandy is called the Parlement of Rouen; that of Provence, the Parlement of Aix; that of Languedoc, the Parlement of Toulouse.

[194] Weiss, La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II., 1540-50 (Paris, 1889), is very valuable from the collection of documents which it contains. Crespin’s Histoire des martyrs, etc., when tested by the official documents now accessible, has been found to be almost invariably correct, and without exaggeration. Weiss, “Une Semaine de la Chambre ardente” (1-8 Oct. 1549), in the Bulletin historique et littéraire de la société de l’histoire du protestantisme français for 1899; and Des cinq escoliers sortis de Lausanne brulez a Lyon (Geneva, 1878).

[195] Institutio Christianæ Religionis, IV. iii. iv.

[196] Athanase Coquerel fils, Précis de l’histoire de l’église réformée de Paris (Paris, 1862)—valuable for the numerous official documents in the appendix.

[197] Antoine de Chandieu, Histoire des persécutions et martyrs de l’Église de Paris, depuis l’an 1537 (Lyons, 1563).

[198] Œuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme, edited by L. Lalanne for the Société de l’Histoire de France (11 vols., Paris, 1864-82), ix. 161-62.

[199] It is more probable that only twelve Churches were represented—Paris, Saint-Lô, Rouen, Dieppe, Angers, Orléans, Tours, Poitiers, Saintes, Marennes, Châtellerault, and Saint-Jean-d’Angely. H. Dieterlen, La Synode générale de Paris, 1559 (Montauban, 1873): this was published as a thesis for the Theological Faculty (Protestant) of Montauban.

[200] The Confession will be found in Schaff, The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches (London, 1877), pp. 356 ff.; Müller, Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche (1903), p. 221; the various texts are discussed at p. xxxiii.

[201] The Consistories sometimes condescended to details. In the calmer days after the Edict of Nantes, the pastor and Consistory of Montauban thought that the arrangement of Madame de Mornay’s hair was trop mondaine: Madame argued with them in a spirited way; cf. Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay (Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1868-69), i. 270-310.

[202] Bulletin de la Société de l’hist. du protestantisme français, 1854, p. 24.

[203] Hauser, “La Réforme et les classes populaires en France au XVI^e siècle” in the Revue d’hist. mod. et contemp. i. (1899-1900).

[204] The best book on Renée is Rodocanchi, Renée de France, duchesse de Ferrare (1896).

[205] For the Chatillou brothers, see Whitehead, Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France (London, 1905).

[206] The singing of Clement Marot’s version of the Psalms was not distinctively Protestant. The first edition of the translation, including thirty Psalms, appeared in Paris in 1541 and in Geneva in 1542. The Geneva edition had an appendix, entitled La maniére d’administrer les sacrements selon la coutume de l’Église ancienne et comme on l’observe à Genève, and was undoubtedly a Protestant book; but the Paris edition contained instead rhymed versions of the Lord’s Prayer, of the Apostles’ Creed, and of the angel’s salutation to the Virgin. The book was a great favourite with Francis I., who is said to have sung some of the Psalms on his deathbed. It was very popular at the Court of Henri II., where it became fashionable for the courtiers to select a favourite Psalm, which the King permitted them to call “their own.” Henri’s “own” was Ps. xlii., Comme un cerf altéré bramc après l’eau courante. He was a great huntsman. Catherine de Medici’s was Ps. vi. The Psalm-singing at the Pré-aux-Clercs, however, was regarded as a manifestation against the Court, and d’Andelot was imprisoned for his persistent attendance.

[207] The family of Guise, who played such a leading part in French history from the reign of Henry II. on to the downfall of the League, became French in the person of Claude, the fifth son of René, Duke of Lorraine, who inherited the lands of his father which were situated in France. Francis I. had loaded him with honours and lands. The family had always been devoted to the Papacy, and had profited by their devotion. The brother of Claude, Jean, had been made a Cardinal when he was twenty, and had accumulated in his own person an immense number of benefices. These descended to his nephews, Charles, who was first Cardinal of Guise and then Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis, who was Cardinal of Guise. The accumulated benefices enjoyed by Charles amounted to over 300,000 livres. The Guises did not serve the Roman Church for nothing.

[208] The street Marais-Saint-Germain was called petite Genève, because it was supposed to be largely inhabited by Protestants. It was selected because of its remoteness from the centre of Paris, and because it was partly under the jurisdiction of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and of the University—two corporations excessively jealous of the infringements of their rights of police. Cf. Athanase Cocquerel fils, “Histoire d’une rue de Paris,” in the Bulletin historique et littéraire de la Société de l’histoire du protestantisme français for 1866, pp. 185, 208.

[209] Les Mémoires du prince de Condé (The Hague,1743); Duc d’Aumale, Histoire des Princes de Condé pendant les xvi^me et xvii^me siècles, i. 57 (Paris, 1863-64; Eng. trans., London, 1872); Armstrong, The French Wars of Religion (London, 1892).

[210] Le Chansounier Huguenot du xvi^e siècle (Paris, 1871), pp. 204, 245.

[211] Buchot, Catherine de Médicis (Paris, 1899); Edith Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici and the French Reformation (London, 1905).

[212] Catherine’s children were—Francis II., 1544-60; Elizabeth (married to Philip II. of Spain in 1559), 1545-68; Claude (m. to Charles III.), Duke of Lorraine (1558), 1547-75; Louis, Duke of Orléans, 1548-50; Charles IX., 1550-74; Henri III. (first Duke of Orléans, then Duke of Anjou), 1551-89; Francis (Duke of Alençon, then Duke of Anjou), 1554-84; Marguerite (married Henri IV.), 1552-1615; and twins who died in the year of their birth, Victorie and Jeanne, b. 1556.

[213] Some say that Catherine either invented or made fashionable the modern ladies’ side-saddle; during the Middle Ages ladies rode astride, or on pillion, or seated sideways on horseback with their feet on a board which was suspended from the front and rear of the saddle.

[214] G. Picot, Histoire des États Généraux, ii. (Paris, 1872).

[215] Jeanne d’Albret wrote remonstrating strongly; cf. Lettres d’Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d’Albret, pp. 233 f.

[216] For the Colloquy of Poissy, cf. Ruble, “Le Colloque de Poissy” (in Mémoires de la Société de l’histoire de Paris et de l’Ile de France), vol. xvi., (Paris, 1889); Kliptfel, Le Collogue de Poissy (Paris and Metz, 1867).

[217] Lavisse, “Le Massacre, fait à Vassy” in Grandes Scènes historiques du xvi^e siècle (Paris, 1886).

[218] Lettres d’Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d’Albret (Paris, 1877), pp. 305 ff. (Letter to Catherine de’ Medici); pp. 322 ff. (letters to Protestants outside La Rochelle). In her letter to Catherine Jeanne demands for the Protestants liberty of worship and all the rights and privileges of ordinary citizens: if these are not granted there must be war.

[219] For the attempted assassination of Coligny, cf. Whitehead, Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France (London, 1905), pp. 258, ff.; Bulletin de l’histoire du Protestantisme Français, xxxvi. 105; Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire de Paris, etc. xiv. 38.

[220] For the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, cf. Bonnardot, Registres des Délibérations du Bureau de la Ville de Paris (1568-1572), vii. (Paris, 1893); Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay, publ. by the Société de l’histoire de la France (1868); Mémoires et Correspondance de Du Plessis-Mornay (1824), ii.; Bordier, Saint Barthélemy et la critique moderne; Whitehead, Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France (London, 1905), pp. 253, ff.; Froude, History of England (London, 1887), ix.-x.; Mariéjol, Histoire de France, etc., VI. i. 114, ff.

[221] The existence of this medal has been unblushingly denied by some Roman Catholic controversialists. It is described and figured in the Jesuit Bonani’s Numismata Pontificum (Rome, 1689), i. 336. Two commemorative medals were struck in France, and on the reverse of one of them Charles IX. is represented as Hercules with a club in the one hand and a torch in the other slaying the seven-headed Hydra. They are figured in the Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire du Protestantisme Français for 1855, pp. 139, 140.

[222] La Ferrière, Catherine de Médicis et les Politiques (Paris, 1894).

[223] Pierre de l’Estoile, Journal de Henri III. (Paris, 1875-84); Michelet, Histoire de France, vols. xi. and xii; Jackson, The Last of the Valois (London, 1888).

[224] Dialogue d’entre le Maheustre et le Manant; contenant les raisons de leurs débats et questions en ces présens troubles au royaume de France 1594; this rare pamphlet is printed in the Satyre Menippée, de la vertu du Catholicon d’Espagne, Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709, iii. 367 ff. Mémoires de la Ligue, contenant les événemens les plus remarquables depuis 1576 jusqu’ à la paix accordée entre le roi de France et le roi d’Espagne en 1598 (Amsterdam, 1758); Pierre de l’Estoile, Journal de Henri III. (Paris 1875-84), and Journal du règne de Henri IV. (The Hague, 1741); Robiquet, Paris et la Ligue (Paris, 1886); Victor de Chalambert, Histoire de la Ligue (Paris, 1854); Maury, “La Commune de Paris de 1588” (in Rev. des Deux Mondes, Sept. 1, 1871).

[225] The scenes on the Day of the Barricades are described in a contemporary paper printed in Satyre Menippée (ed. of 1709), iii. 39 ff.

[226] Brown, “The Assassination of the Guises as described by the Venetian Ambassador” (Eng. Hist. Review, x. 304).

[227] Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu’ à la Revolution (Paris, 1904), VI. i. 298, f., by H. Mariéjol.

[228] They argued: “Je vous demande, voudriez-vous bailler une fille pudique, honneste, belle, verteuse et modeste, à un homme desbauché, et abandonné à tous vices, sous ombre qu’il vous diroit qu’il s’amenderoit, et qu’il n’y retournoit estant marié, que vous luy osteriez vostre fille? Je crois que tout bon pere de famille ne se mettroit en ce hazard, ou feroit un tour d’homme sans cervelle. Or c’est l’Eglise Catholique, Apostolique et Romaine qui est une pucelle, belle et honneste en cette France qui n’a jamais eu pour Roy un hérétique, mais tons bons Catholiques et assidez à Jesus-Christ son espoux. Voudriez-vous done bailler cette Eglise que les François ont tant fidélement servie et honourée sous leur Rois Catholiques, aujourd’huy la prostituer entre les mains d’un hérétique, relaps et excommunie?”—“Dialogue d’entre le Maheustre et le Manant” (Satyre Menippée, iii. 387.)

[229] Sources: Recueil des Lettres Missives de Henri IV. (Collection de Documents inédits, Paris, 1843-72), 8 vols.; Alberi, Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti (Florence, 1860, etc.); Charles, Duc de Mayenne, Correspondance, 2 vols. (Paris, 1860); Sir H. Upton, Correspondence (Roxburgh Club, London, 1847); Du Plessis-Mornay, Mémoires, 4 vols. (Amsterdam, 1624-52); Madame Du Plessis-Mornay, Mémoires sur la Vie de Du Plessis-Mornay (Paris, 1868-69, Soc. Hist. de France); Maréchal de Bassompierre, Journal de marie 1579-1640, 4 vols. (Paris, 1870-77, Soc. Hist. de France); Satyre Menippée, 3 vols. (Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709); Bénoit, Histoire de l’édit de Nantes.

Later Books: Baird, The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre (London, 1887); Jackson, The First of the Bourbons, 2 vols. (London, 1890); Lavisse, Histoire de France, VI. i. ii. (Paris, 1904-5).

[230] Sources: Brandt, The History of the Reformation and other ecclesiastical transactions in and about the Low-Countries (English translation in 4 vols. fol., London, 1720: the original in Dutch was published in 1671); Brieger, Aleander und Luther (Gotha, 1894); Kalkoff, Die Despatchen des nuntius Aleander (Halle, 1897); Poullet Piot, Correspondance du Cardinal Granvelle, 12 vols. (Brussels, 1878-97); Weiss, Papiers d’État du Cardinal Granvelle, 9 vols. (Paris, 1841-52); Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays Bas, 5 vols. (Brussels, 1848-79); Correspondance de Marguerite d’Autriche avec Philippe II., 1554-68 (Brussels, 1867-87); Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d’Orange, 6 vols. (Brussels, 1847-57); van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la Maison d’Orange-Nassau, in two series, 9 and 5 vols. (Utrecht, 1841-61); Renon de France, Histoire des troubles des Pays-Bas, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1886-92); Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas, 1565-80 (in the Collection, dcs Mémoires sur l’histoire de Belgique).

Later Books: Armstrong, Charles V. (London, 1902); Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic (London, 1865); Putnam, William the Silent (New York, 1895); Harrison, William the Silent (London, 1897); Cambridge Modern History, III. vi. vii. (Cambridge, 1904).

[231] Brandt, The History of the Reformation, etc. i. 49; cf. Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris, p. 185.

[232] A collection of their chansons d’amour, jeux-partis, pastourelles, and fabliaux will be found in Scheler’s Trouvères Belges (Bruxelles, 1876).

[233] Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, i. 321, 327, 379; Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, ii. 161, 168.

[234] Van der Meersch, Recherches sur la vie et les travaux des imprimeurs belges et hollandaís, pp. 142-144; cf. Walther, Die deutsche Bibelüberseztungen des Mittelalters, p. 652.

[235] Aleander, writing to the Cardinal de’ Medici (Sept. 8th, 1520), attributes the spread of Lutheranism in the Netherlands to the teaching of Erasmus and of the Prior of the Augustinians at Antwerp.—Brieger, Aleander und Luther, 1521; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen (Gotha, 1884), p. 249.

[236] Kalkoff, Die Depeschen des nuntius Aleander (Halle a S. 1897), p. 20.

[237] Brieger, Aleander und Luther; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen, pp. 249, 252, 262.

[238] Graphæus’ appeal to the Chancellor of the Court of Brabant is printed in full in Brandt’s History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries (London. 1720), i. 42.

[239] Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ällesten Zeit bis an zu Anfang des xvii. Jahrhunderts, iii. 3.

[240] Brandt, History of the Reformation in the Low Countries (London, 1720), p. 51.

[241] The history of the struggle with the Anabaptists of the Netherlands is related at length by S. Blaupot ten Cate in Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland (Leeuwarden, 1839); Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Groningen (Oberijssel, 1842); Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Holland en Gelderland (Amsterdam, 1847). A summary of the history of the Anabaptists is given in Heath’s Anabaptism (London, 1895), which is much more accurate than the usual accounts.

[242] Cf. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII., IV. iii. 2685 (Halket to Tuller).

[243] Cf. below, pp. 432 f.

[244] Cf. i. 96 ff.

[245] Several references to the Anabaptists of the Low Countries are to be found in the Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Hackett, writing to Cromwell, says that “divers places are affected by this new sect of ‘rebaptisement,’” vii. p. 136. He tells about the shiploads of emigrants (pp. 165, 166), and says that they were so sympathised with, that it was difficult to enlist soldiers to fight against them; that the Regent had sent 10,000 ducats to help the Bishop of Münster to crush them (p. 167); and a wild report was current that Henry VIII. had sent money to the Anabaptists of Münster in revenge for the Pope’s refusing his divorce (p. 185).

[246] The Royal Academy of Belgium has published (Brussels, 1877-96) the Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle in 12 volumes, and in the Collection de documents inêdits sur l’Histoire de France there are the Papiers d’État du Cardinal de Granvelle in 9 vols., edited by C. Weiss (Paris, 1841-52). These volumes reveal the inner history of the revolt in the Netherlands. The documents which refer to the revolt in the Papiers d’État begin with p. 588 of vol. v. They show how, from the very first, Philip II. urged the extirpation of heresy as the most important work to be undertaken by his Government; cf. Papiers d’État, v. 591.

[247] “Philip struck the keynote of his reign on the occasion of his first public appearance as King by presiding over one of the most splendid auto-da-fés that had ever been seen in Spain (Valladolid, Oct. 18th, 1559).” Cambridge Modern History, iii. 482. It is a singular commentary on sixteenth century Romanism, that to burn a large number of fellow-men was called “an act of faith.”