[248] Papiers d’État du Cardinal de Granvelle, v. pp. 558, 591.
[249] Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne (Letters from the Regent to Philip II.), i. 382-86.
[250] Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, etc. ii. 42f., 106-110, 170.
[251] He wrote to Philip about their excesses as early as Dec. 29th, 1555, Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, i. 282, and about the exasperation of the Netherlanders in consequence (ibid. i. 291).
[252] In a letter to the Regent (March 16th, 1566), William declared that the heads of the policy of Philip which he most strongly disapproved of were: l’entretènement du concile de Trente, favoriser les inquisiteurs ou leur office et exécuter sans nulle dissimulation les placars. Correspondance, etc. ii. 129.
[253] Brandt, The History of the Reformation, etc. i. 150.
[254] Brandt, The History of the Reformation, etc. i. 160.
[255] Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, ii. 434 ff.
[256] At meals they sang:
William of Orange wrote to the Regent that he was met in Antwerp by crowds, shouting Vive les Gueux (Correspondance, ii. 136, etc.).
[257] Brandt’s History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries (London, 1720), i. 172.
[258] Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, ii. 136 ff.
[259] Brandt, History of the Reformation, etc. i. 191.
[260] For this and earlier disturbances at Antwerp, cf. Correspondance de Philippe II., etc. i. 321, 327, 379.
[261] Brandt, History of the Reformation, etc. i. 261, 266. The executions were latterly accompanied by additional atrocious cruelty. “It being perceived with what constancy and alacrity many persons went to the fire, and how they opened their mouths to make a free confession of their faith, and that the wooden balls or gags were wont to slip out, a dreadful machine was invented to hinder it for the future: they prepared two little irons, between which the tongue was screwed, which being seared at the tip with a glowing iron, would swell to such a degree as to become immovable and incapable of being drawn back; thus fastened, the tongue would wriggle about with the pain of burning, and yield a hollow sound” (i. 275).
[262] Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, iii. 17.
[263] Cf. William’s letters, Correspondance, etc. iii. 47-73.
[264] Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou Correspondance inédite de la Orange-Nassau (Utrecht, 1841-61).
[265] The small principality of Orange-Chalons was situated in the south of France on the river Rhone, its south-west corner being about ten miles north of the city of Avignon. Henry of Nassau, the uncle of our William of Orange, had married Claude, the sister of Philibert, the last male of the House of Orange-Chalons; and Philibert had bequeathed his principality to his nephew René, the son of Henry and Claude. The principality was of no great value compared with the other possessions of the House of Nassau, but as it was under no overlord, its possessor took rank among the sovereign princes of Europe.
[266] Putnam, William the Silent, the Prince of Orange, the moderate man of the Sixteenth Century, 2 vols., New York, 1895.
[267] Gachard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d’Orange, ii. 110.
[268] It is said that William’s reticence on hearing this news, which moved him so much, gained him the name of “The Silent” (le taciturne): it is more probable that the soubriquet was given to him by Cardinal de Granvelle.
[269] Maurice succeeded his father as Stadtholder, and became Prince of Orange in 1618 on the death of his elder brother, Philip William, who was kidnapped from Louvain and brought up as a Roman Catholic by Philip II. William was married four times:
a. In 1550, to Anne of Egmont, only child of Maximilian of Buren. Her son was Philip William; she died in March 1558.
b. In 1561, to Anne, daughter of the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and granddaughter of Philip of Hesse. She early developed symptoms of incipient insanity, which came to a height when she deserted her husband in 1567 and went to live a disreputable life in Cologne. She became insane, and her family seized her and imprisoned her until she died in 1573. She was the mother of Maurice.
c. In 1571, Charlotte de Bourbon, daughter of the Due de Montpensier. She had been a nun, had embraced the Reformed faith, and fled to Germany. The marriage was a singularly happy one. She was scarcely recovered from childbirth when William was almost killed by Jaureguy, and the shock, combined with her incessant toil in nursing her husband, was too much for her strength; she died in 1582 (May 5th).
d. In 1583, to Louise de Coligny, daughter of the celebrated Admiral Coligny. She had lost both her parents in the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. She was a wonderful and charming woman, beloved by her stepchildren and adored by her adopted country; she survived her husband forty years.
[270] Lindsay, The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries, 2nd ed. (London, 1903), pp. 198, 204f., 259, 330 n., 339.
[271] Müller, Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche (Leipzig, 1903), p. 233; Schaff, The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches, 383.
[272] Ibid. p. 682.
[273] Sources:—Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547-1603 (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign (London, 1863, etc.); Acts of the Parliament of Scotland, ii. (1814); Register of the Great Seal of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1886); Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, i. (Edinburgh, 1877); Labanoff, Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1839), and Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie Stuart (London, 1844); Pollen, Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots (Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1901); Teulet, Papiers d’état ... relatifs à l’histoire de l’Écosse (Bannatyne Club, 1851), and Relations politiques de la France et de l’Espagne avec l’Écosse (Paris, 1862); Lesley, History of Scotland (Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1888); John Knox, Works (edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1846-55); The Book of the Universal Kirk (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1839); Gude and Godlie Ballatis (edited by Mitchell for Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897); (Dunlop), A Collection of Confessions of Faith, etc. ii. (Edinburgh, 1722); Calderwood, History of the Kirk of Scotland (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842-49); Row, History of the Kirk of Scotland (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842); Spottiswoode, History of the Church and State of Scotland (Spottiswoode Society, Edinburgh, 1851); Scott, Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ (Edinburgh, 1866-71); Sir David Lindsay, Poetical Works (edited by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1879); The Book of Common Order of the Church of Scotland (edited by Sprott and Leishman, Edinburgh, 1868); Rotuli Scotiæ; Calvin’s Letters (Corpus Reformatorum, xxxviii.-xlviii.).
Later Books: D. Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots from her birth until her flight into England (London, 1897), The Scottish Reformation (Edinburgh, 1904), and The Story of the Scottish Covenants (Edinburgh, 1904); P. Hume Brown, John Knox (London, 1895), and George Buchanan (Edinburgh, 1890); MacCrie, Life of Knox (Edinburgh, 1840); Grub, Ecclesiastical History of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1861); Cunningham, The Church History of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1882); Lorimer, Life of Patrick Hamilton (Edinburgh, 1857), John Knox and the Church of England (London, 1875).
[274] Cf. Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge, 1903), ii. 551-58.
[275] Rotuli Scotiæ, i. 808, 815, 816, 822, 825, 828, 829, 849, 851, 859, 877, 881, 886, 891, 896, ii. 8, 20, 45, 100.
[276] Wyntoun, Orygynale Cronykil, ix. c. xxvi. 2773, 2774.
[277] For a collection of these references, cf. The Scottish Historical Review for April 1904, pp. 266 ff. Purveys revision of Wiclifs New Testament was translated by Murdoch Nisbet into Scots. It is being published by the Scottish Text Society, The New Testament in Scots, i. 1901, ii. 1903. The translation was made about 1520.
[278] Row, History of Kirk of Scotland from the year 1558 to August 1637 (Edinburgh, 1842), p. 6.
[279] Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 295.
[280] Hay Fleming, The Scottish Reformation, p. 12.
[281] Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 341.
[282] Luther says so himself; cf. letter to Lange of April 13th, 1519; De Wette, Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Sendschreiben, etc. (Berlin, 1825-28) i. 255; and Herminjard, Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française (Geneva and Paris, 1866-97), i. 47, 48.
[283] These theses were translated from the Latin into the vernacular by John Firth, and published under the title of Patrick’s Places. They are printed in Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, and by Knox in his History of the Reformation in Scotland; The Works of John Knox collected and edited by David Laing (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 19, ff. For Patrick Hamilton, cf. Lorimer, Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation (Edinburgh, 1857).
[284] Buchanan, Rerum Scoticarum Historia, xiv. (p. 277 in Ruddiman’s edition).
[285] Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 371, ii. 443.
[286] The Works of John Knox, collected and edited by David Laing (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 218.
[287] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 125-45.
[288] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 192.
[289] Dr. Hay Fleming has settled the vexed question of the date of Knox’s birth in his article in the Bookman for Sept. 1905, p. 193; cf. Athenæum, Nov. 5th and Dec. 3rd, 1904.
[290] Works of John Knox, etc. i. 349.
[291] Calderwood, The History of the Kirk of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1843-49) i. 280-81.
[292] Lorimer, John Knox and the Church of England (London, 1875), pp. 98 ff. The rubric is to be found in The Two Liturgies with other Documents set forth by Authority in the reign of King Edward the Sixth (Cambridge, 1842), p. 283. The volume is one of the Parker Society’s publications.
[293] The questions will be found in the volumes, Original Letters, published by the Parker Society (Cambridge, 1847), p. 745; and in The Works of John Knox, etc. iii. 221.
[294] Calvin to Knox (April 23rd, 1561); Calvin to Goodman (April 23rd, 1561); The Works of John Knox etc. vi. 124, 125; cf. Calvini Opera (Amsterdam, 1667), ix. Epistolæ et Responsa, p. 150.
[295] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 251; D. Hay Fleming, The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 6.
[296] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 273.
[297] For the Covenants of the Scottish Church, cf. D. Hay Fleming, The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline (Edinburgh, 1904).
[298] Cecil, writing to Throckmorton in Paris (July 9th, 1559), says that in Scotland “they deliver the parish churches of altars, and receive the service of the Church of England according to King Edward’s book” (Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, 1558-59, p. 367).
[299] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 275.
[300] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 300.
[301] Ibid. etc. i. 301-12.
[302] Ibid. etc. i. 313.
[303] The correspondence will be found in The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 267, ff., iv. 251 ff.
[304] The Works of John Knox, etc. iv. 349.
[305] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, on the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60, pp. 73, 77; 1558-59, pp. 306, 310.
[306] The Works of John Knox, etc. v. 5.
[307] This summary has been taken from Dr. Hay Fleming’s admirable little book, The Scottish Reformation (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 44.
[308] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 319.
[309] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1558-59, pp. 245, 259; 1559-60, p. 182. The whole of Dr. Mundt’s correspondence is interesting, and shows that after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis continual incidents occurred showing that the Romanists were regaining the hope of repressing the whole Protestant movement.
[310] Ibid. 1559-60. p. 68: “All good men hope that England, warned by the dangers of others, will take care, by dissimulation and art, that the nation near to itself, whose cause is the same as her own, shall not be first deserted and then overwhelmed” (Dr. Mundt to Cecil, Oct. 29th, 1559).
[311] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60, p. 84.
[312] Ibid. 1558-59, p. 365, Cecil to Croft, July 8th, 1559.
[313] Ibid. 1559-60, p. 79.
[314] Ibid. p. 352.
[315] Cf. his pathetic letter offering to resign. Ibid. p. 186 n.
[316] The Duke of Châtellerault (Earl of Arran) was next in succession after Mary and her offspring; cf. a curious note on him and his doings, ibid. p. 24 n. For the Treaty, cf. Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 403, and The Works of John Knox, etc. ii. 45 ff.
[317] Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1560-61, pp. 172-78.
[318] The Works of John Knox, etc. vi. 309, 313, 314.
[319] “Matters of religion to be passed over in silence” (Calendar of State Papers, etc. p. 178).
[320] The Works of John Knox, etc. i. 344.
[321] Ibid. i. 382.
[322] Ibid. ii. 61.
[323] Cf. Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 456-62.
[324] The Works of John Knox, etc. ii. 88.
[325] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 461.
[326] Spottiswoode, History of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1847), i. 325.
[327] The Works of John Knox, etc. ii. 89.
[328] Ibid. ii. 95; (Dunlop’s) Collection of Confessions of Faith, etc. (Edinburgh, 1722) ii. 17, 18.
[329] Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 526-35.
[330] Lesley, De Rebus Gestis Scotorum (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh), p. 537.
[331] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 472, in a letter from Randolph to Cecil of Aug. 25th.
[332] The Works of John Knox, etc. ii. 128.
[333] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 471, 472.
[334] The Scots Confession is to be found in (Dunlop’s) Collection of Confessions of Faith, Catechisms, Directories, Books of Discipline, etc., of Public Authority in the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1722), ii. 13, ff., where the Scots and the Latin versions are printed in parallel columns; in Schaff’s Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches (London, 1877), pp. 437 ff.; and the Latin version alone in Niemeyer, Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis Reformatis publicatarum (Leipzig, 1840), pp. 340, ff. For a statement of its characteristics, cf. Mitchell, The Scottish Reformation (Baird Lecture for 1899, Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 99, ff.
[335] As Edward Irving, cf. Collected Writings (London, 1864), i. 601, ff.
[336] (Dunlop’s) Collection of Confessions, etc. pp. 15-18.
[337] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 477, 478.
[338] The Works of John Knox, etc. ii. 121.
[339] Calendar of State Papers, etc. i. 465, Maitland to Cecil (August 18th).
[340] Ibid. i. 467, Randolph to Cecil (August 19th).
[341] Ibid. i. 479, Maitland to Cecil (September 13th).
[342] For a description of the First Book of Discipline, cf. Mitchell, The Scottish Reformation, etc. pp. 144 ff. The document itself is to be found in (Dunlop’s) Collection of Confessions, etc. ii. 515 ff.
[343] For the Book of Common Order, cf. Mitchell’s Scottish reformation, pp. 133, ff. The Book itself is to be found in (Dunlop’s) Collection of Confessions, ii. 383, ff. It has been published with learned preface and notes by Sprott and Leishman (Edinburgh, 1868).
[344] Bonar’s Catechisms of the Scottish Reformation (London, 1866); (Dunlop’s) Collection of Confessions, etc. ii. 139-382.
[345] The Works of John Knox, etc. vi. 95.
[346] Ibid. vi. 78, Knox to Mrs. Anna Locke (Sept. 2nd, 1559).
[347] The Works of John Knox, vi. 88, Knox to Gregory Railton (Oct. 23rd, 1559).
[348] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 507, 536.
[349] Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1897), pp. 23, 24, and 210, 211.
[350] Ibid. pp. 25, 212.
[351] Mariéjol, Histoire de France depuis les Origines jusqu’ à la Revolution, vi. i. 18 (Paris, 1904).
[352] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 543.
[354] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 551.
[355] Ibid. i. 547.
[356] That is the impression which his letters give me. Cf. Calendar, etc. pp. 565-609.
[357] “If there be not in her a proud mind, a crafty wit, and an indurate heart gainst God and His truth, my judgment faileth me” (The Works of John Knox, etc. ii. 286).
[358] The Works of John Knox, etc. vi. 132, Letter from Knox to Cecil (Oct. 7th, 1561).
[359] Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, i. 565.