[670] Ordinances, iii. 327-329; Rot. Parl., v. 409, 410.

[671] Ordinances, iii. 239, 240; Rot. Parl., v. 410.

[672] Ordinances, iii. 240, 241.

[673] Beaufort was about to accompany Bedford to France and to go on a pilgrimage. See below, p. 192.

[674] Ordinances, iii. 242; Rot. Parl., v. 410, 411.

[675] Ordinances, iii. 195, 196.

[676] Lond. Chron., 115; Fabyan, 597; Chron. Henry VI. 9; Short, Eng. Chron., 59, 60; Harleian MS., 2256, f. 199^vo.

[677] Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 800.

[678] St. Albans Chron., i. 12, 13.

[679] Ibid., i. 13.

[680] Ordinances, iii. 267.

[681] Paston Letters, i. 12-17; St. Albans Chron., i. 16. Aslak does not appear to have been one of the six men executed, for he is spoken of in the Paston Letters as alive after 1427.

[682] St. Albans Chron., i. 16.

[683] Ibid., i. 12-17.

[684] Bibliothèque Nationale MS. français, 2, f. 511. See Appendix A.

[685] Paston Letters, i. 24-26.

[686] Cartulaire, iv. 539-541.

[687] Waurin, iii. 213; Monstrelet, 584.

[688] Ordinances, iii. 211. On March 16, 1426, the Pope’s nephew, Prospero de Colonna, was given permission to hold benefices in England, a concession for which Martin V. had sought Gloucester’s good offices two years earlier; Rymer IV. iv. 119. This was probably a propitiatory offering to Rome.

[689] Cartulaire, iv. 579-582.

[690] Cartulaire, iv. 590-593. Letter dated May 27.

[691] Dynter, iii. 480; Monstrelet, 586; Waurin, iii. 223.

[692] Cartulaire, iv. 598-601.

[693] Ibid., iv. 601.

[694] Ibid., iv. 614.

[695] Rymer, IV. iv. 128.

[696] Rot. Parl., iv. 139; Ordinances, iii. 271.

[697] Ordinances, iii. 272-276.

[698] Waurin, iii. 113, 114.

[699] Pierre de Fénin, 604; Waurin, iii. 212, 213; Monstrelet, 580.

[700] Cartulaire, iv. 622-624, July 11.

[701] Ibid., iv. 265, July 21.

[702] Cartulaire, iv. 635, 636; August.

[703] Monstrelet, 580; Waurin, iii. 212, 213. It is probably to these messengers that the St. Albans Chronicle refers, when it says that about All-Saints’-Day (November 1), 1427, foreign envoys appeared before the Council, asserting that a peace between Burgundy and Jacqueline was a necessity; St. Albans Chronicle, i. 19. The names differ from those of Bedford’s embassy.

[704] Cartulaire, iv. 632.

[705] Ibid., iv. 638, 639.

[706] Monstrelet, 580; St. Rémy, 485; Pierre de Fénin, 604, 605.

[707] Cartulaire, iv. 648.

[708] Ordinances, iii. 291, 292.

[709] Delpit, Doc. Fr., Introduction, p. lxxv, quoting Reg. K., folio 50^vo. Cf. Guild Hall Archives.

[710] ‘After Christmas and before Easter.’ Easter fell on April 20.

[711] The Market ‘called the Stokkys’ was begun in 1410. Fabyan, 575.

[712] St. Alban’s Chron., i. 20.

[713] Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 35.

[714] Rymer, IV. iv. 147.

[715] Æneas Sylvius, De Viris Illustribus, p. 52; Waurin, iii. 177.

[716] Monstrelet, 585.

[717] Eng. Chron., p. 59. This legend is copied by Robert Burton in his Anatomy of Melancholy. Cf. Shakespeare and Drayton.

[718] Chron. Henry VI., 7.

[719] Hall, 129.

[720] Monstrelet, 585.

[721] Ashmole MS., 59, f. 592.

[722] Rot. Parl., iv. 317.

[723] Ibid., iv. 326.

[724] St. Albans Chron., i. 19.

[725] Rot. Parl., iv. 326.

[726] Rot. Parl., iv. 326, 327.

[727] Rot. Parl., iv. 335. ‘Pro defectu justicie superhabundat injuriarum et oppressionum nephanda perversitas.’

[728] Rot. Parl., iv. 320, 321.

[729] St. Albans Chron., i. 20.

[730] Ibid., i. 20-22.

[731] Rot. Parl., v. 411; Devon, Issue Roll, 407.

[732] Rot. Parl., iv. 334.

[733] St. Albans Chron., i. 25.

[734] St. Albans Chron., i. 25.

[735] Ibid., i. 26; Harleian MS., 2256, f. 200^vo.

[736] St. Albans Chron., i. 31.

[737] Ibid., i. 32.

[738] Stubbs, iii. 108.

[739] Ordinances, iii. 318; St. Albans Chron., i. 33, 34.

[740] Beltz, p. lxv.

[741] Ordinances, iii. 323, 324; Rymer, IV. iv. 143.

[742] Ordinances, iii. 330-332.

[743] Ibid., iii. 339.

[744] Fabyan, 599.

[745] Ordinances, iii. 322.

[746] Cotton MS., Vespasian, C. xiv. f. 118, contains the original warrant. Rymer, IV. iv. 150; Cal. Rot. Pat., 275; Ordinances, iv. 14.

[747] Rymer, IV. iv. 151.

[748] Gregory, 168. Fabyan, 599-601, gives a detailed account of the banquet. Eng. Chron., 54; St. Albans Chron., i. 44.

CHAPTER VI

[749] Rot. Parl., iv. 337; Rymer, IV. iv. 151.

[750] Rot. Parl., iv. 338.

[751] Ibid., iv. 350.

[752] 8 Henry VI., c. 7; Statutes, ii. 243.

[753] Rot. Parl., iv. 343, 344.

[754] Ordinances, iv. 35-38; Rot. Parl., v. 416-418.

[755] Rot. Parl., v. 415.

[756] Ordinances, iv. 12; Devon, Issue Roll, p. 44.

[757] St. Albans Chron., i. 48-50; Rot. Parl., v. 415.

[758] Rymer, IV. iv. 159.

[759] Ibid., IV. iv. 160. The commission was approved in Council on April 21. Ordinances, iv. 40, 41.

[760] Eng. Chron., 54; Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 273.

[761] Ordinances, iv. 16.

[762] Ibid., iv. 53, 73-75.

[763] Ibid., iv. 68; see also Polydore Vergil, 46.

[764] Rot. Parl., iv. 367.

[765] Ordinances, iv. 79.

[766] Rot. Parl., iv. 371.

[767] Polydore Vergil, 45.

[768] Devon, Issue Roll, 413.

[769] St. Albans Chron., i. 63. The petition is printed in the Appendix to St. Albans Chron., i. 453-457.

[770] Cotton MS., Julius, B. ii. ff. 61-63^vo; Walsingham, Hist. Angl., ii. 282, 283; Redmayne, 24, 25.

[771] Capgrave, De Illustribus Henricis, 121.

[772] Eng. Chron., 54.

[773] May 17.

[774] Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 37; St. Albans Chron., i. 63, 64; Ordinances, iv. 107; Devon, Issue Roll, 415; Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd Series, i. 104, 105; William of Worcester, 455, 456; Cotton MS., Vitellius, A. xvi. f. 93^vo.

[775] St. Albans Chron., i. 61.

[776] Devon, Issue Roll, 412; Ordinances, iv. 91. Gloucester also sent one of the judges to put an end to the rebels round Kenilworth and Coventry; ibid., iv. 89.

[777] Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. ff. 36^vo, 37^vo.

[778] Henry was crowned at Paris on December 11, 1431; Chron. Henry VI., 13.

[779] Ordinances, iv. 100, 101; Rymer, IV. iv. 174, 175.

[780] Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 35.

[781] Ordinances, iv. 101; Rymer, IV. iv. 175.

[782] Ordinances, iv. 8.

[783] Ibid., iv. 105.

[784] Ibid., iv. 104; Devon, Issue Roll, 414, 415.

[785] Devon, Issue Roll, 412.

[786] Ordinances, iv. 104-106; Devon, Issue Roll, 414, 415.

[787] Rot. Parl. iv. 424.

[788] Chron. Henry VI., 13.

[789] Chron. Henry VI., 13. The entry into London is described in a poem by Lydgate printed at the end of the London Chronicle, 235-248. A prose account is to be found in Delpit, Doc. Fr., pp. 244-248, No. CCCLXXXII., giving the date as February 20. Cf. Fabyan, 603-607.

[790] Rot. Parl., v. 433.

[791] Rymer, IV. iv. 176.

[792] Ibid., IV. iv. 177.

[793] Ordinances, iv. 112.

[794] Ramsay, i. 439.

[795] See Gloucester’s indictment of Cardinal Beaufort below, p. 262.

[796] Rot. Parl., iv. 389.

[797] Rot. Parl., iv. 390, 391.

[798] Ibid., iv. 391.

[799] Ibid., iv. 391.

[800] Ibid., iv. 392.

[801] See Ordinances, iv. 238.

[802] So Stubbs, iii. 115, copied by Ramsay, i. 441.

[803] Rot. Parl., iv. 392.

[804] He had been dismissed for ‘certain reasons’ not specified. See Rymer, IV. iv. 177.

[805] Rot. Parl., iv. 392. See also Miscellaneous Rolls, Bundle xix. No. 3.

[806] Rot. Parl., iv. 396.

[807] Ordinances, iv. 136-138.

[808] De Beaucourt, ii. 462.

[809] Ordinances, iv. 158.

[810] Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 290.

[811] Rymer, IV. iv. 194; Gregory, 176.

[812] Monstrelet, 666.

[813] Ibid., 673; Lond. Chron., 120; Leland, Collectanea, i. 491; Polydore Vergil, 47.

[814] Devon, Issue Roll, 425.

[815] Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. 417, 418. This document, which is undated, is put under the year 1428 by the editor, though no reason is assigned for so doing. The fact that Beaufort is alluded to as a cardinal, and the mention of Bedford, confines the possible date of the manifesto within 1427 and 1435. This was the only occasion between these two dates that Gloucester set foot in Calais, where this document was signed.

[816] Rymer, IV. iv. 194.

[817] Lond. Chron., 120.

[818] Cal. Rot. Pat., 277; G. E. C., Peerage, iv. 44.

[819] Rot. Parl., iv. 420.

[820] Ibid., iv. 420.

[821] Ordinances, iv. 175.

[822] Rot. Parl., iv. 420.

[823] Rot. Parl., vi. 422.

[824] See the evidence of a contemporary; Chron. Henry VI., 14.

[825] Rot. Parl., iv. 423.

[826] Rot. Parl., iv. 423.

[827] Ibid., iv. 424.

[828] Ordinances, iv. 186.

[829] Rot. Parl., iv. 132-139.

[830] See Stubbs, iii. 117, 118.

[831] Rot. Parl., iv. 439.

[832] Rot. Parl., iv. 424.

[833] Register of Abbot Curteys, part of which is printed in Archæologia for the year 1806, vol. xv. pp. 66-71.

[834] Probably April 24, the last Saturday in the month.

[835] Ordinances, iv. 210, 211.

[836] Ordinances, iv. 213-215.

[837] Ordinances, iv. 211-213.

[838] Ibid., iv. 243-247.

[839] His quarrel with Gloucester never seems to have been made up, for in his will, made in 1435, the name of his brother does not once appear, and the chief executors were the Archbishop of York and Beaufort—two of Gloucester’s most determined opponents. Testamenta Vetusta, i. 242.

[840] English envoys were appointed July 20, 1435; Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 43, App. 306.

[841] Waurin, iv. 69-84.

[842] Ibid., iv. 84, 85.

[843] Chron. Henry VI., 15.

[844] Waurin, iv. 94, 95.

[845] Ibid., iv. 96-101.

[846] Ibid., iv. 97, 98.

[847] Rot. Parl., iv. 481.

[848] Ramsay, i. 475.

[849] Beckington Correspondence, i. 209-294.

[850] Rymer, IV. i. 23; Carte, ii. 285; Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 306, 307. Parliament agreed to Gloucester’s indentures for the command on October 29; Rot. Parl., iv. 483, 484.

[851] ‘Libel of English Policy,’ Political Songs, ii. 157-205.

[852] Ordinances, v. 5.

[853] Beltz, p. ccxxiii.

[854] Rymer, V. i. 36.

[855] Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 313.

[856] Rymer, V. i. 31. Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 322, calls it 1438.

[857] Rymer, V. i. 32.

[858] Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 134; Carte, ii. 289; Rymer, V. i. 34; Lords’ Reports, v. 234.

[859] London Chron., 122, 172; Short English Chron., 62; Fabyan, 610. Gregory, 179, gives July 26, and is followed by Holkham MS., p. 37—obviously the mistake of a week. Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 53^vo, gives July 27.

[860] Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. xlix.

[861] Brief English Chron., 63; Chron. Henry VI., 16. The Earl of Devonshire is included only in Lond. Chron., 122, but his indenture survives.

[862] Ten thousand, Waurin, iv. 200; Monstrelet, 473: fifteen thousand, Basin, i. 130: forty thousand, Gregory, 179: sixty thousand, Rede’s Chron., Rawlinson MS., C. 398; Brief Latin Chron., 165: fifty thousand, William of Worcester, 458. The payments in the Issue Roll printed in Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. pp. xlix seq., give Gloucester’s retinue as 4497 men, and those of the lords who accompanied him as 4132, in all 8629 men. This approximates to the 10,000 estimate.

[863] Waurin. See his Chronicle, iv. 185, 201.

[864] Waurin, iv. 160. Fourteen thousand exclusive of camp-followers and two or three thousand Picards, etc., Basin, i. 126, 127. Fifty thousand men, Chron. Henry VI., 15.

[865] Lond. Chron., 121.

[866] Engl. Chron., 55.

[867] Waurin, iv. 176-178.

[868] Ibid., iv. 171.

[869] Ibid., iv. 175-180; Basin, i. 128.

[870] Waurin, iv. 172, 173; Monstrelet, 740.

[871] Rede’s Chron., Rawlinson MS., C. 398; Brief Latin Chron., 165; Chron. Henry VI., 16; Engl. Chron., 55; Hardyng, 396.

[872] Waurin, iv. 173, 174.

[873] Ibid., iv. 186-188; Basin, i. 128, 129; Gregory, 179; Fabyan, 610, 611.

[874] Contemporary ballad on Siege of Calais; Political Songs, ii. 156.

[875] ‘The Libel of English Policy,’ written before 1437; Political Songs, ii. 170.

[876] Waurin, iv. 174; Monstrelet, 738. A good account of the siege by an eye-witness is found in a poem entitled ‘The Siege of Calais,’ Political Songs, ii. 151-156.

[877] Monstrelet, 738; Waurin, iv. 173.

[878] Basin, i. 130; Waurin, iv. 192.

[879] Monstrelet, 743, says next day to landing, i.e. August 3. Gregory, 179, and Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 53^vo, say he rested Friday, Saturday, and Sunday at Calais, and started on the Monday, i.e. the fourth day after landing. London Chron., 122, however, says that Gloucester crossed the river at Gravelines on the fourth day after coming over, which would not prevent his having left Calais on August 3, and that he only entered Flanders on August 6. William of Worcester, 458, also gives August 6 as the day of entry into Flanders. The confusion arises from the divergence of the chroniclers as to where the campaign started, and this is obvious as William of Worcester gives the campaign as lasting nine days (Gloucester was back at Guisnes on August 15), whereas others compute it at eleven or twelve days, counting in the time spent between Calais and Gravelines. Brief Latin Chron., 165; Chron. Henry VI., 16; London Chron., 122. Short Engl. Chron., 62, gives August 13 as the day of leaving Calais.

[880] Short English Chron., 62.

[881] Waurin, iv. 201; Short Engl. Chron., 62.

[882] Monstrelet, 743.

[883] Waurin, iv. 201, 202. Waurin himself marched out from Gravelines.

[884] Brief Latin Chron., 165.

[885] Waurin, iv. 203; Monstrelet, 743.

[886] Waurin, iv. 204. He gives the day as ‘Nostre Dame de Septembre,’ i.e. the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, September 8. It is obviously a mistake for the Assumption in August. Gloucester was back in England in September; Brief Latin Chron., 165.

[887] Waurin, iv. 204, 205.

[888] Monstrelet, 743.

[889] Ibid.

[890] Waurin, iv. 205, 206; Brief Latin Chron., 165.

[891] Contemporary ballad; Political Songs, ii. 156.

[892] Hardyng, 396. Cf. Ramsay, i. 488.

[893] See Issue Roll printed in Stevenson’s Letters and Papers, ii. p. xlix.

[894] Cf. Stubbs, iii. 123.

CHAPTER VII

[895] Excerpta Historica, 148-150.

[896] Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 54. There is no evidence that Catherine did oppose Gloucester. She appointed him a supervisor of her will. Rot. Parl., iv. 506.

[897] Chron. Henry VI., 17; Polychronicon, f. 336; cf. Stow, 377.

[898] Devon, Issue Roll, 431; Ordinances, v. 15.

[899] Rot. Parl., iv. 502.

[900] Ibid., iv. 496-499.

[901] Ordinances, v. 56.

[902] Ibid., v. 80.

[903] Rot. Parl., v. 438, 439: Cal. Rot. Pat., 280.

[904] Rot. Scot., ii. 303. Rymer, V. i. 17, gives date as 1437.

[905] There is a hint of a gift in 1435; Epist. Acad., 114. The first important gift of one hundred and twenty vols. is in 1439; Epist. Acad., 117-119.

[906] Lydgate’s Prologue to The Falls of Princes.

[907] Ordinances, iv. 132.

[908] Cal. Rot. Pat., 280; Dugdale, ii. 199.

[909] See the autograph inscription at the end of Oriel MS., xxxii.

[910] Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 322.

[911] See the ‘Diary of Beckington’ printed in Ordinances, v. 335-407.

[912] See Beaucourt, iii. 149-151.

[913] This document is printed by Stevenson, and is called ‘A protest against the enlargement of Orleans’; Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. 440. He copies the title and document from Ashmole MS., 856, ff. 392-405, but the title is a mistake. This is an indictment of Beaufort and the Archbishop of York, his ally, and the reasons against the release of Orleans are to be found on ff. 405-412 of the same MS. In Arnold’s Chron., pp. 279-286, where this same document is printed, the title runs more correctly ‘A complaynte made to Kynge Henry VI. by the Duke of Gloster upon the Cardinal of Winchester.’

[914] Ashmole MS., 856, ff. 392-405, printed in Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. 440-451; Arnold’s Chron., 279-286. The indictment must have been written in January or February 1440, as the month of March is referred to in the future.

[915] Plummer’s Fortescue, p. 134.

[916] Plummer’s Fortescue, notes, p. 318.

[917] Cotton MS., Vitellius, A. xvi. f. 102, says that these articles were laid to the charge of Beaufort in the Parliament which met on January 14, 1440.

[918] Ashmole MS., 856, ff. 405-412: Speed, 660, printed from a copy in the chronicler’s possession; Rymer, V. i. 76, 77. Cf. Hist. MSS. Commission, App. to Report iii., 279.

[919] Stubbs, iii. 126, and Ramsay, ii. 25, both regard the first manifesto by Gloucester as the one that influenced public opinion, but the opening words of the King’s reply to his uncle confute this theory. These two historians also fail to distinguish clearly between Gloucester’s two manifestoes, and imply that the second followed on the King’s indication of his policy.

[920] Ashmole MS., 856 ff. 417-423; Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. 451-460.

[921] Paston Letters, i. 40.

[922] Rymer, V. i. 97.

[923] Rot. Parl., v. 311.

[924] February 19, 1440; Rot. Pat., 18 Henry VI., Part ii. m. 25.

[925] Ordinances, v. 138, 139.

[926] Amundesham, Annales, ii. App. D. 295.

[927] Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. 604. Cf. de Beaucourt, iii. 179, 180. When the Duke of York was appointed Captain-General in France in 1440, he was given the same powers as the Duke of Bedford used to have ‘or as my Lord of Gloucester, or shulde have had now late.’ So it seems that the plan of commissioning Gloucester to undertake the French war had gone some way.—Stevenson, Letters and Papers (William of Worcester collections), ii. [586].

[928] Cal. of French Rolls, Rep. 48, App. 347. This appointment was not finally confirmed until August 28, 1442. Thomas Kyrel acted as Lieutenant of Calais in the interval, Ordinances, v. 205.

[929] Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii. [586].

[930] Eng. Chron., 56.

[931] Walsingham, Hist. Angl., ii. 249, 250.

[932] St. Albans Chron., i. 50.

[933] Eng. Chron., 57, gives Sunday July 25, but in 1441 Sundays fell on July 16 and 23, and the former seems the more likely day in view of subsequent dates. Moreover, the same chronicler gives July 22 as the date of Eleanor’s subsequent summons before the ecclesiastical commissioners.

[934] The Eve of St. Margaret, July 19; William of Worcester, 460. Eng. Chron., 58, gives July 25.

[935] Eng. Chron., 58; Chron. Henry VI., 30; Rymer, V. i. 110; Gregory 183, 184; William of Worcester, 468; Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 58^vo, Political Songs, ii. 207; Stow, 381. There is considerable doubt as to who Stanley was. In the various chronicles and official documents there is mention of a Sir Thomas Stanley, a Sir John Stanley, and a John Stanley, Esquire. Probably these were two men bearing the same surname, and were both concerned in the matter.

[936] Eng. Chron., 58, 59; Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 59; Lond. Chron., 129; Stow, 381.

[937] Lond. Chron., 129; Cotton MS., Cleopatra, C. iv. f. 59, 59^vo; Gregory, 184; William of Worcester, 460, 461; Stow, 182.

[938] Lond. Chron., 129; Eng. Chron., 59, 60; William of Worcester, 461; Gregory, 184; Fabyan, 614; Stow, 581.

[939] Sir Thomas Stanley was an officer of the King’s household and King of the Isle of Man (Cotton MS., Vitellius, A. xvi. f. 102^vo). Later he played a subordinate part in the arrest of Gloucester at Bury.

[940] William of Worcester, 461; Eng. Chron., 60.

[941] Ellis, Letters, 2nd Series, i. 107; Lond. Chron., 130; Devon, Issue Roll, 441.

[942] Rymer, V. i. 127; Devon, Issue Roll, 448.

[943] Ordinances, vi. 51; Fabyan, 614; Holkham MS., p. 10.

[944] Brief Notes, 154.