713. Med. Dict.

714. Langstroth on Honey-Bee, p. 315, note.

715. Med. Dict.

716. Fem. Monarchie, c. x. 1.

717. B. 3, c. xv. xvi. p. 274–9. See also extract from Works of Sir J. More, London, 1707, given by Langstroth—on the Honey-Bee, p. 287, note.

718. The Koran, p. 219, note, Sale’s.

719. Ibid., p. 219.

720. Athen. Deipn., B. 2, c. 26.

721. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 29. Topsel’s Trans., p. 911.

722. Brooke’s Nat. Hist. of Ins., p. 168.

723. Quot. by Langstroth on the Honey-Bee, p. 78–9.

724. Anab., B. 4.

725. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxi. 13. Tournefort, Letters, 17.

726. Mission. Lab., p. 121.

727. Hollingsh. Chron., i. 384.

728. Hawk’s Peruvian Antiq., p. 198.

729. Voyage to C. of G. Hope, i. 255.

730. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict.

731. Wright’s Prov. Dict.

732. Epigrams, B. iv. epigr. 32.

733. Smith’s Dict. of the Bible.

734. Osbeck’s Travels, i. 32–3.

735. Josselyn’s Voy., p. 121.

736. Chambers’ Pop. Rhymes of Scot., p. 292. Edit. of 1841, p. 172.

737. Dalyell’s Superst. of Scotland, p. 563.

738. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 346–7. Wood’s Zoog., ii. 436–7.

739. Kirby’s Wonderful Museum, v. 390–1, given at length.

740. Kirby’s Wond. Museum, vi. 260–2, at length.

741. Livy, B. 34, c. 10.

742. Ibid., B. 40, c. 19.

743. Ibid., B. 43, c. 13.

744. Brown’s Book of Butterflies, i. 126.

745. Annales, p. 15.

746. Ibid.

747. Holling., i. 449. Graft., i. 37. Fabyan, p. 17.

748. Howitt’s North. Literat., i. 187.

749. Bucke on Nature, i. 277.

750. Moufet, p. 107.

751. Hone’s Ev. Day Book, p. 1127.

752. Chambers’ Domest. Annals of Scotland, ii. 489.

753. Gassendi’s Life of Peireskius, p. 123–5; and Reaumur, i. 638, 667.

754. Shaw, Zool., vi. 206.

755. The origin of red snow has likewise been a puzzle and query for ages, and many theories have been advanced by philosophers and naturalists to account for it. To those interested in the solution of this phenomenon, the following extract from the Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii. p. 322, may be curious, if not satisfactory. Mr. Thomas Nicholson, accompanied with two other gentlemen, made an excursion the 24th July, 1821, to Sowallick Point, near Bushman’s Island, in Prince Regent’s Bay, in quest of meteoric iron. “The summit of the hill,” he says, “forming the point, is covered with huge masses of granite, whilst the side, which forms a gentle declivity to the bay, was covered with crimson snow. It was evident, at first view, that this colour was imparted to the snow by a substance lying on the surface. This substance lay scattered here and there in small masses, bearing some resemblance to powdered cochineal, surrounded by a lighter shade, which was produced by the colouring matter being partly dissolved and diffused by the deliquescent snow. During this examination our hats and upper garments were observed to be daubed with a substance of a similar red colour, and a moment’s reflection convinced us that this was the excrement of the little Auk (Uria alle, Temmink), myriads of which were continually flying over our heads, having their nests among the loose masses of granite. A ready explanation of the origin of the red snow was now presented to us, and not a doubt remained in the mind of any that this was the correct one. The snow on the mountains of higher elevation than the nests of these birds was perfectly white, and a ravine at a short distance, which was filled with snow from top to bottom, but which afforded no hiding-place for these birds to form their nests, presented an appearance uniformly white.”

This testimony seems to be as clear and indisputable as the explanation given by Peiresc of the ejecta of the Butterflies at Aix. But though it will account, perhaps, for the red snow of the polar regions, it will not explain that of the Alps, the Apennines, and the Pyrenees, which are not, so far as is known, visited by the little Auk.—Vide Ins. Transf., p. 352–5.

756. Chamb. Domes. Annals of Scotl., ii. 199.

757. Chamb. Domes. Annals of Scotl., ii. 447–8.

758. Gent. Mag., xxxiv. 496.

759. Ibid., xxxiv. 542.

760. Bucke on Nature, i. 277.

761. Brown’s Bk. of Butterflies, i. 129.

762. Chamb. Domes. Annals of Scotl., ii. 448.

763. Swam. Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 40.

764. Cf. the following verses from Ex. vii. 19: “And the Lord spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.

“20. And Moses and Aaron did so, as the Lord commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.”

765. Swam. Hist. of Ins., Pt. I. p. 40.

766. Chamb. Journ., 2d S. xvii. 231.

767. Sil. Journ., xli. 403–4, and xliv. 216.

768. Naturforsch, xi. 94.

769. Travels, i. 13.

770. Royal Milit. Chron. for March, 1815, p. 452. K. and S. Introd., ii. 11.

771. Mag. of Nat. Hist., i. 387, and Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève.

772. Penny Mag., 1844, p. 3.

773. Gent. Mag., liv. 744.

774. Researches, ch. viii. p. 158.

775. Brown’s Bk. of Butterf., p. 101.

776. Lake Ngami, p. 267.

777. Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 120.

778. Tennent’s Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, ch. xii. p. 407.

779. Theatr. Ins., p. 107. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 974.

780. Bryant’s Anct. Mythol., ii. 386.

781. Fosbroke, Encycl. of Antiq., ii. 738.

782. Travels. He doubtless refers to an Indian totem.

783. N. and Q., iii. 4.

784. Du Halde, China, p. 21–2; Grosier’s China, i. 570; Williams’ Mid. Kingd., i. 273; Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iv. 512.

785. Harris’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., ii. 987.

786. Osbeck, Travels, i. 331.

787. Ibid., i. 324.

788. Stedman, Surinam, i. 279. Cf. Bancroft, Guiana, p. 229.

789. Anat. of Melanch., 1651, p. 268.

790. Life of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, p. 134.

791. The Mirror, xxv. 160.

792. Harris’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., i. 790.

793. Egypt. and Chinese, ii. 106.

794. Simmond’s Curios. of Food, p. 312.

795. Gatherings of a Nat. in Austral., p. 288.

796. Hist. of Ins., p. 3.

797. Reaumur considers this cry to be produced by the friction of the palpi against the proboscis (Memoires, ii. 293). Huber, but without mentioning the particulars, says he has ascertained that Reaumur was quite mistaken (On Bees, p. 313, note). Schroeter ascribes the sound to the rubbing of the tongue against the head; and Rösel to the friction of the chest upon the abdomen. M. de Johet thinks it is produced by the air being suddenly propelled against these scales by the action of the wings. M. Lorry states that the sound arises from the air escaping rapidly through peculiar cavities communicating with the spiracles, and furnished with a fine tuft of hairs on the sides of the abdomen (Cuv. An. Kingd.—Ins., ii. 678). Mr. E. L. Layard seems to be of the same opinion (Tennent’s Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 427). But M. Passerini, curator of the Museum of Nat. Hist. at Florence, has lately investigated the subject more minutely. He traced the origin of the sound to the interior of the head, in which he discovered a cavity at the passage where muscles are placed for impelling and expelling the air. M. Dumeril has since discovered a sort of membrane stretched over this cavity, like, as he says, to the head of a drum. M. Duponchel has also confirmed by experiment the opinions of Passerini and Dumeril, and confutes Lorry, whose notion was generally adopted, by stating that the noise is produced from the head when the body of the insect is removed (Annales des Sci. Nat., Mars., 1828).

798. Cf. Penny Encycl., sub. Sphinx, and The Mirror, xix. 212.

799. Hist. of Ins., p. 191.

800. Reaumur, ii. 289. Shaw, Zool., vi. 217.

801. Saturday Mag., xix. 102.

802. Notes and Queries, xii. 200.

803. Bonnet, Œvres, ii. 124.

804. China, p. 253. Astley’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., iv. 138.

805. Williams’ Middle Kingdom, ii. 121–2.

806. Colebrook, Asiat. Research., v. 61.

807. Aristotle, v. 17–9. Pliny, ix. 20.

808. Paus. Hist. of Greece, B. 6, c. 26.

809. Aristot. Hist. An., v. 19.

810. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xi. 23.

811. Ibid., xi. 22.

812. Tacitus, Ann., B. 2, c. 33.

813. Nat. Hist., xi. 22.

814. Cf. Gibbon’s Decl. and Fall of Rom. Em., c. 40.

815. Some authors, however, assert that the name was suggested by the resemblance of the Morea to the shape of the mulberry-leaf, a less plausible opinion by far than the former.

816. Thuanus, in contradiction to most other writers, makes the manufacture of silk to be introduced into Sicily two hundred years later, by Robert the Wise, King of Sicily and Count of Provence.

817. Burgon’s Life of Sir Thomas Gresham, 1839, i. 110, 302.

818. Stow’s Chronicle, edit. 1631, p. 887.

819. Keysler, Trav., i. 289.

820. Olin, Travels.

821. Polit. Essay on N. Spain, iii. 59.

822. Skinner’s Pres. State of Peru, p. 346, note. Southey’s Hist. of Brazil, iii. 644. Calancha’s Augustine Hist. of Peru, i. 66.

823. Cuvier, An. King.—Ins., ii. 634.

824. Pilgrims, iii. 442.

825. Darwin, Phytolog., p. 364. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 6.

826. Hollman, Travels, p. 473.

827. Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 6.

828. Med. Dict.

829. Geoffroy, Treat. on Subst. used in Physic, p. 383.

830. Twelve Years in China, p. 14.

831. Twelve Years in China, p. 14.

832. Ibid.

833. Ibid., p. 194.

834. Memoires of Robt. Houdin, p. 161.

835. Mag. of Nat. Hist., vi. 9.

836. Baird’s Encycl. of Nat. Sci. Shaw’s Zool., vi. 229.

837. Pinkerton’s Col. of Voy. and Trav., vii. 705.

838. Theatr. Ins., p. 88. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 958.

839. Moufet, p. 108. Topsel, p. 975.

840. Monthly Mag., 7 (Pt. I.) xxxix. 1799.

841. Pilgrims, ii. 1034.

842. Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 99.

843. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 7 (23).

844. Col. B. x.

845. Ælian, B. xi. c. 3.

846. Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 7 (23).

847. Vide Owen’s Geoponika, ii. 99.

848. Col. In Hort., v. 357.

849. Pallad. B. i. c. 35.

850. Theatr. Ins., p. 193. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1041 and 670.

851. Hist. of Indians of U. S., v. p. 70.

852. Hist, of Beasts, p. 30.

853. Moufet, Theatr. Ins., p. 194. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, pp. 670, 1041.

854. Med. Dict.

855. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 431.

856. Köllar’s Treat. on Ins., Lond. Trans., p. 105–36. Curtis’s Farm Insects, p. 507.

857. Lilly’s Prophetical Merlin, pub. in 1644.

858. Josselyn’s Voy., p. 116.

859. Jamieson’s Scot. Dict., ii. 144.

860. Mag. of Nat. Hist., i. 66.

861. Harper’s New Monthly Mag., xxii. 41.

862. Theatr. Ins., p. 274. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 1100.

863. On the Honey-Bee, p. 248.

864. Ibid., p. 238, note.

865. It is a philosophical fact that the female Cicadas are not capable of making any noise—the above distich evinces its early discovery.

866. Symposiaques. B. 8. Holl. Trans., p. 630.

867. Thuc. B. 1, vi. (Bohn’s ed.).

868. On Aristoph., Vesp. 230.

869. Cited by Athen., 525.

870. Cicada-combs are alluded to in Aristoph., Eq. 1331. Cf. also Philostr. Imag., p. 837. Heracl. Pont., cited by Athen., p. 512. Bloomfield’s Thucid., i. 14.

871. Cited by Athen., p. 842 (Bohn’s ed.).

872. Strabo, Geog. B. 6.

873. Iliad, iii. 152. Buckley’s translation, p. 53.

874. Georg. iii. 328. Cf. Bucol. ii. Sir J. E. Smith, Tour., iii. 95, says also that the common Italian species makes a most disagreeable and dull chirping. The Cicadas of Africa, it is said, may be heard half a mile off; and the sound of one in a room will put a whole company to silence. Thunberg asserts that those of Java utter a sound as shrill and piercing as that of a trumpet. Captain Hancock informed Messrs. Kirby and Spence that the Brazilian Cicadas sing as loud as to be heard at the distance of a mile. Introd., ii. 400. The sound of our American species, C. septemdecim, has been compared to the ringing of horse-bells. The tettix of the Greeks, says Dr. Shaw, Travels, 2d edit., p. 186, must have had quite a different voice, more soft surely and more melodious; otherwise the fine orators of Homer, who are compared to it, can be looked upon as no better than loud, loquacious scolds.

875. Theatr. Ins., p. 134. Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, p. 994. Vide Pierius’ Hieroglyph., p. 270–1. Initiatus sacris; Dicacitatis castigatio; Vana garrulitas; Nobilitas generis; Musica.

876. V. 2, c. 4, Donovan’s Ins. of China, p. 32.

877. Middle Kingd.

878. Surinam, 49.

879. Tennent, Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 432.

880. Desc. of China, i. 442.

881. Oliphant’s Lord Elgin’s Miss. to China, p. 565.

882. Hist. An., B. 5, c. 24, § 3, 4. Bohn’s edit.