[324] Takahashi, p. 178.
[326] U. S. Proclamation, April 26, 1898; Spain, Decree of April 23, 1898.
[327] Treaties U. S., p. 1176 ff.
[328] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 5. Appendix, p. 402.
[329] Captain C. H. Stockton, "Submarine Telegraph Cables in Time of War," Proceed. U. S. Naval Inst., Vol. XXIV., p. 451.
[330] For the discussion of the laws and customs of war, at The Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 134 et seq.
[341] Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 et seq., 455.
[343] See Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 93 et seq., 461.
[344] For form, see United States v. Baker, 5 Blatchford, 6; 2 Halleck, 110.
[345] See article of Dr. Stark on "Privateering," in Columbia University Publications (1897), Vol. VIII., No. 3.
[346] 1 Kent Com., 97.
[348] Proclamation and Decrees (April 25, 1898), p. 77.
[349] Hall, p. 547, § 181.
[350] R. D. I., IV., 695.
[351] See Act of May 10, 1892; 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, 27.
[352] Treaties of U. S., pp. 905, 906.
[353] 3 Whart., § 342.
[355] Ibid.
[356] The "Grotius," 9 Cr., 368, 370.
[357] See rules of the "Inst. of Int. Law," 1882; "Annuaire," 1883, p. 221.
[358] Justinian, I., xii., 5.
[359] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 4652.
[360] The "Two Friends," 1 C. Rob., 271.
[366] For details, see Geneva Convention, Appendix, p. 395; Holls, "Hague Peace Conference," 120 et seq.; U. S. Naval War Code, Appendix, p. 406.
[368] "International Law," Naval War College, 2d ed., p. 93.
[369] The "Venus," 4 C. Rob., 355.
[371] Halleck (3d ed.), 325.
[372] The "Sea Lion," 5 Wall., 630.
[373] Hall, § 196, pp. 575-578.
[374] § 192, p. 565.
[375] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 314 et seq.
[376] Calvo, "Droit Int.," §§ 2440-2446.
[377] 2 Halleck (3d ed.), 310 et seq.
[378] Lawrence, p. 453.
[379] See 1 Halleck (3d ed.), 277.
[380] Heffter-Geffcken, "Droit Int.," II., §§ 176-190.
[382] Case of Hesse Cassel, Hall, § 204, p. 588.
[383] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1742.
[384] The Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, between U. S. and Great Britain is a marked exception. See Treaties of U. S., 399; Wheaton, "Hist. Int. Law," 585; Schurz, "Henry Clay," I., pp. 105 et seq.
[385] Treaty between Spain and U. S., Dec. 10, 1898; 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1754.
[386] Case of Swineherd, 1801, 1 Kent Com., 173, note (b); "Sophie," 1 Kent Com., 174; 6 C. Rob., 138.
[387] Hall, § 198, p. 579.
[388] Treaties of U. S., 386.
[389] Lawrence, § 239.
[390] Lawrence, p. 566.
[391] 1 Hertslet, 64.
[392] Ibid., 370; see also "La Neutralité de Suisse," S. Bury, R. D. I., II., 636.
[393] 2 Hertslet, 863.
[394] 3 ibid., 1592.
[395] Art. XXXV., Treaty of Dec. 12, 1846; Treaties of U. S., 204.
[396] Art. XV., Treaty of Jan. 21, 1867; Treaties of U. S., 1784.
[397] Parl. Papers, 1889, Commercial, No. 2. See also Holland, "Studies in Int. Law," p. 216.
[400] "De Jure Belli ac Pacis," Lib. III., C. XVI., iii., 1.
[401] "Le Droit de la Nature et des Gens," Liv. VIII., C. VI., vii., n. 2.
[402] "Quaestiones Juris Publici," I., ix.
[403] "Droit des Gens," III., viii.
[404] 5 Speeches, 50.
[405] 1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 156.
[406] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5281-5291, see Appendix, p. 417. For cases, see 1 Gould and Tucker, 990, and 2 ibid., 627.
[407] 33 and 34 Vict., c. 90, p. 560. See also 2 Lorimer, 490.
[408] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 31.
[409] Proc. and Decrees during the war with Spain, p. 63. President Cleveland's neutrality proclamations as to the late war in Cuba are given in 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 870, 881.
[410] Wheat., D., p. 509.
[411] "Internat. Law," Naval War College, p. 118.
[412] Case of the "Gen. Armstrong," 2 Whart., § 227; the "Anne," 3 Wheat., 435; 3 Whart., § 399.
[413] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39.
[414] 3 C. Rob., 164.
[415] Hall, § 221, p. 627.
[416] 3 Phillimore, 287-299.
[419] Perels, "Droit Maritime," § 39, p. 244. The Netherlands Proclamation of Neutrality prescribed, in 1898, that "If ships of war, pursued by the enemy, seek refuge within our territory, they shall liberate their prizes."
[420] 7 Attorney-generals' Opinions, 122.
[421] As to the British Neutrality Regulations, see 2 Ferguson, Appendix F, p. 77; 2 Lorimer, 446.
[422] 3 Whart., § 402; U. S. For. Rel., 1870.
[423] Proc. and Decrees of the war with Spain, Brazil, XVI, p. 15.
[424] Wheat, D., § 425; Dana, contra, note 203; 1 Kent Com., pp. 49, 116; Bluntschli, § 759; Woolsey, § 165.
[425] Hall, § 217, p. 621.
[426] 15 U. S. Sts. at Large, 259.
[427] 3 Whart., § 391.
[428] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 5288.
[429] 1 Amer. State Papers, 116.
[430] p. 627, § 221.
[432] 3 Whart., § 402 a, p. 632.
[433] Bonfils, "Droit Int. Public," § 1494 ff.; Despagnet, "Droit Int. Public," § 682 ff.
[434] Walker, "Science of Int. Law," p. 296.
[435] See Treaties of U. S. under respective dates.
[437] For the discussion of "the immunity of private property on the high seas," at the Hague Peace Conference, see Holls, 306 et seq.
[438] Proclamations and Decrees during the war with Spain, pp. 77, 93.
[439] 3 Whart., § 391.
[441] "De Jure Belli," Bk. III., Ch. i., 5; The "Petershoff," 5 Wall., 28, 58.
[442] Woolsey, "Int. Law," § 194.
[443] U. S. Naval War Code, Arts. 34, 36; Appendix, p. 412; see Propositions Institute Int. Law, Cambridge, 1895, §§ 3 and 4.
[444] The "Commercen," 1 Wheat., 382.
[445] See article of John Bassett Moore in Review of Reviews, May, 1899.
[446] The "Jonge Tobias," 1 C. Rob. 329.
[447] The "Staadt Embden," 1 C. Rob. 26; Takahashi, p. 94.
[448] Perels, "Manuel Droit Maritime," § 46, p. 283.
[449] p. 690, § 247.
[450] In some cases, belligerents exercise the so-called right of using or destroying belligerent property on the plea of necessity, giving compensation. This practice is called "angary" or "prestation," and is by most jurists either condemned or regarded with disfavor. An illustration is the sinking, during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, by the Germans, of several British merchant ships in the Seine to prevent French gunboats from going up the river. During the same war, the Germans seized in Alsace, for military purposes, certain railway carriages of the Central Swiss Railway and certain Austrian rolling stock, all of which remained in the possession of the Germans for some time. See Lawrence, § 252; Hall, p. 765, § 278. See Appendix, p. 402.
[451] 6 C. Rob. 440, 454.
[453] The "Orozembo," 6 C. Rob. 430.
[454] Wheat., D., p. 648.
[455] The "Kow-Shing," Takahashi, 24-51.
[456] 1 C. Rob. 340, 359.
[457] The "Marianna Flora," 11 Wheat., 1.
[458] "International Law," Naval War College, p. 164; Lawrence, §§ 124, 210.
[461] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 33; Appendix, p. 410. Most of the forms are given in Glass's "Marine International Law."
[462] Hall, p. 644, § 277.
[463] Takahashi, 16-23.
[464] Gessner, "Le droit des neutres sur mer," Ch. IV.; Perels, "Manuel Droit Maritime," § 56.
[465] U. S. Naval War Code, Art. 30.
[466] Takahashi, p. 13.
[468] Walker, "Science of Int. Law," p. 304.
[470] President McKinley's Proclamation of Blockade, during the war with Spain, is given in Proclamations and Decrees, p. 75, and President Lincoln's, during the war with the South, in 12 U. S. Sts. at Large. Appendix, ii, iii.