24 On the purpose of the Prince, cf. Burd, Il Principe, Introduction. Cambridge Modern History, c. 6.

25 Chiavenna, Bormio, and the Valtelline, were held till 1797. The others since 1803 have formed the Swiss canton of Ticino.

26 Bramante began St. Peter’s under Julius II., Michael Angelo added the dome under Leo. X.