The following is a list of the plants which I noticed in the Maine woods, in the years 1853 and 1857. (Those marked * not in woods.)
1. Those which attained the Height of Trees
Alnus incana (speckled or hoary alder), abundant along streams, etc.
Thuja occidentalis (American arbor-vitæ), one of the prevailing.
Fraxinus sambucifolia (black ash), very common, especially near dead water. The Indian spoke of “yellow ash” as also found there.
Populus tremuloides (American aspen), very common, especially on burnt lands, almost as white as birches.
Populus grandidentata (large-toothed aspen), perhaps two or three.
Fagus ferruginea (American beech), not uncommon, at least on the West Branch. (Saw more in 1846.)
Betula papyracea (canoe birch), prevailing everywhere and about Bangor.
Betula excelsa (yellow birch), very common.
Betula lenta (black birch), on the West Branch in 1853.
Betula alba (American white birch), about Bangor only.
Ulmus Americana (American or white elm), West Branch and low down the East Branch, i. e. on the lower and alluvial part of the river, very common.
Larix Americana (American or black larch), very common on the Umbazookskus; some elsewhere.
Abies Canadensis (hemlock spruce); not abundant; some on the West Branch, and a little everywhere.
Acer saccharinum (sugar maple), very common.
Acer rubrum (red or swamp maple), very common.
Acer dasycarpum (white or silver maple), a little low on East Branch and in Chesuncook woods.
Quercus rubra (red oak), one on an island in Grand Lake, East Branch, and, according to a settler, a few on the east side of Chesuncook Lake; a few also about Bangor in 1853.
Pinus Strobus (white pine), scattered along, most abundant at Heron Lake.
Pinus resinosa (red pine), Telos and Grand Lake, a little afterwards here and there.
Abies balsamea (balsam fir), perhaps the most common tree, especially in the upper parts of rivers.
Abies nigra (black or double spruce), next to the last the most common, if not equally common, and on mountains.
Abies alba (white or single spruce), common with the last along the rivers.
Pinus Banksiana (gray or Northern scrub pine), a few on an island in Grand Lake.
Twenty-three in all (23).
2. Small Trees and Shrubs
Prunus depressa (dwarf cherry), on gravel-bars, East Branch, near Hunt’s, with green fruit; obviously distinct from the pumila of river and meadows.
Vaccinium corymbosum (common swamp blueberry), Bucksport.
Vaccinium Canadense (Canada blueberry), carries and rocky hills everywhere as far south as Bucksport.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum (dwarf-blueberry?), Whetstone Falls.
Betula pumila (low birch), Mud Pond Swamp.
Prinos verticillatus (black alder), 1857, now placed with Ilex by Gray, 2d ed.
Cephalanthus occidentalis (button-bush).
Prunus Pennsylvanica (wild red cherry), very common at camps, carries, etc., along rivers; fruit ripe August 1, 1857.
Prunus Virginiana (choke-cherry), riverside, common.
Cornus alternifolia (alternate-leaved cornel), West Branch, 1853.
Ribes prostratum (fetid currant), common along streams; on Webster Stream.
Sambucus Canadensis (common elder), common along riversides.
Sambucus pubens (red-berried elder), not quite so common; roadsides toward Moosehead, and on carries afterward; fruit beautiful.
Ribes lacustre (swamp-gooseberry), swamps, common; Mud Pond Swamp and Webster Stream; not ripe July 29, 1857.
Corylus rostrata (beaked hazelnut), common.
Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis (American yew), a common undershrub at an island in West Branch and Chesuncook woods.
Viburnum lantanoides (hobble-bush), common, especially in Chesuncook woods; fruit ripe in September, 1853, not in July, 1857.
Viburnum Opulus (cranberry-tree), on West Branch; one in flower still, July 25, 1857.
Viburnum nudum (withe-rod), common along rivers.
Kalmia glauca (pale laurel), swamps, common, as at Moosehead Carry and Chamberlain Swamp.
Kalmia angustifolia (lambkill), with Kalmia glauca.
Acer spicatum (mountain maple), a prevailing underwood.
Acer striatum (striped maple), in fruit July 30, 1857; green the first year; green, striped with white, the second; darker, the third, with dark blotches.
Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), prevailing shrub on shore of West Branch; fruit still white in August, 1857.
Pyrus Americana (American mountain-ash), common along shores.
Amelanchier Canadensis (shad-bush), rocky carries, etc., considerable fruit in 1857.
Rubus strigosus (wild red raspberry), very abundant, burnt grounds, camps, and carries, but not ripe till we got to Chamberlain dam and on East Branch.
Rosa Carolina (swamp rose), common on the shores of lakes, etc.
Rhus typhina* (staghorn sumach).
Myrica Gale (sweet-gale), common.
Nemopanthes Canadensis (mountain holly), common in low ground, Moosehead Carry, and on Mount Kineo.
Cratægus (coccinea? scarlet-fruited thorn), not uncommon; with hard fruit in September, 1853.
Salix (near to petiolaris, petioled willow), very common in Umbazookskus meadows.
Salix rostrata (long-beaked willow), common.
Salix humilis (low bush willow), common.
Salix discolor (glaucous willow) (?).
Salix lucida (shining willow), at island in Heron Lake.
Dirca palustris (moose-wood), common.
In all, 38.
3. Small Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants
Agrimonia Eupatoria (common agrimony), not uncommon.
Circæa alpina (enchanter’s nightshade), very common in woods.
Nasturtium palustre (marsh cress), var. hispidum, common, as at A. Smith’s.
Aralia hispida (bristly sarsaparilla), on West Branch, both years.
Aralia nudicaulis (wild sarsaparilla), Chesuncook woods.
Sagittaria variabilis (arrowhead), common at Moosehead and afterward.
Arum triphyllum (Indian turnip), now arisæma, Moosehead Carry in 1853.
Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed), Umbazookskus River and after; redder than ours, and a different variety from our var. pulchra.
Aster acuminatus (pointed-leaved aster), the prevailing aster in woods, not long open on South Branch, July 31; two or more feet high.
Aster macrophyllus (large-leaved aster), common, and the whole plant surprisingly fragrant, like a medicinal herb; just out at Telos Dam, July 29, 1857, and after to Bangor and Bucksport; bluish flower (in woods on Pine Stream and at Chesuncook in 1853).
Aster Radula (rough-leaved aster), common, Moosehead Carry and after.
Aster miser (petty aster), in 1853 on West Branch, and common on Chesuncook shore.
Aster longifolius (willow-leaved blue aster), 1853, Moosehead and Chesuncook shores.
Aster cordifolius (heart-leaved aster), 1853, West Branch.
Aster Tradescanti (Tradescant’s aster), 1857. A narrow-leaved one, Chesuncook shore, 1853.
Aster, longifolius-like, with small flowers, West Branch, 1853.
Aster puniceus (rough-stemmed aster), Pine Stream.
Diplopappus umbellatus (large diplopappus aster), common along river.
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (bear-berry), Kineo, etc., 1857.
Polygonum cilinode (fringe-jointed false-buckwheat), common.
Bidens cernua (bur-marigold), 1853, West Branch.
Ranunculus acris (buttercups), abundant at Smith’s dam, Chesuncook, 1853.
Rubus triflorus (dwarf raspberry), low grounds and swamps, common.
Utricularia vulgaris* (greater bladderwort), Pushaw.
Iris versicolor (larger blue flag), common, Moosehead, West Branch, Umbazookskus, etc.
Sparganium (bur-reed).
Calla palustris (water-arum), in bloom July 27, 1857, Mud Pond Swamp.
Lobelia cardinalis (cardinal-flower), apparently common, but out of bloom August, 1857.
Cerastium nutans (clammy wild chickweed) (?).
Gaultheria procumbens (checkerberry), prevailing everywhere in woods along banks of rivers.
Stellaria media* (common chickweed), Bangor.
Chiogenes hispidula (creeping snowberry), very common in woods.
Cicuta maculata (water hemlock).
Cicuta bulbifera (bulb-bearing water hemlock), Penobscot and Chesuncook shore, 1853.
Galium trifidum (small bed-straw), common.
Galium Aparine (cleavers) (?), Chesuncook, 1853.
Galium, one kind on Pine Stream, 1853.
Trifolium pratense (red clover), on carries, etc.
Actæa spicata, var. alba (white cohosh), Chesuncook woods, 1853, and East Branch, 1857.
Actæa, var. rubra (red cohosh), East Branch, 1857.
Vaccinium Vitis-Idæa (cow-berry), Ktaadn, very abundant.
Cornus Canadensis (dwarf cornel), in woods Chesuncook, 1853; just ripe at Kineo, July 24, 1857, common; still in bloom, Moosehead Carry, September 16, 1853.
Medeola Virginica (Indian cucumber-root), West Branch and Chesuncook woods.
Dalibarda repens (dalibarda), Moosehead Carry and after, common. In flower still, August 1, 1857.
Taraxacum Dens-leonis (common dandelion), Smith’s, 1853; only there. Is it not foreign?
Diervilla trifida (bush honeysuckle), very common.
Rumex Hydrolapathum (?) (great water dock), in 1857; noticed it was large-seeded in 1853; common.
Rumex crispus (?) (curled dock), West Branch, 1853.
Apocynum cannabinum (Indian hemp), Kineo (Bradford) and East Branch, 1857, at Whetstone Falls.
Apocynum androsæmifolium (spreading dogbane), Kineo (Bradford).
Clintonia borealis (clintonia), all over woods; fruit just ripening, July 25, 1857.
A Lemna (duckweed), Pushaw, 1857.
Elodea Virginica (marsh St. John’s-wort), Moosehead, 1853.
Epilobium angustifolium (great willow-herb), great fields on burnt lands; some white at Webster Stream.
Epilobium coloratum (purple-veined willow-herb), once in 1857.
Eupatorium purpureum (Joe-Pye-weed), Heron, Moosehead, and Chesuncook lake shores, common.
Allium (onion), a new kind to me in bloom, without bulbs above, on rocks near Whetstone Falls (?), East Branch.
Halenia deflexa (spurred gentian), carries on East Branch, common.
Geranium Robertianum (herb-robert).
Solidago lanceolata (bushy goldenrod), very common.
Solidago, one of the three-ribbed, in both years.
Solidago thyrsoidea (large mountain goldenrod), one on Webster Stream.
Solidago squarrosa (large-spiked goldenrod), the most common on East Branch.
Solidago altissima (rough hairy goldenrod), not uncommon both years.
Coptis trifolia (three-leaved gold-thread).
Smilax herbacea (carrion-flower), not uncommon both years.
Spiræa tomentosa* (hardhack), Bangor.
Campanula rotundifolia (harebell), cliffs, Kineo, Grand Lake, etc.
Hieracium (hawkweed), not uncommon.
Veratrum viride (American white hellebore).
Lycopus Virginicus (bugle-weed), 1857.
Lycopus Europæus (water horehound), var. sinuatus, Heron Lake shore.
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters), Smith’s.
Mentha Canadensis (wild mint), very common.
Galeopsis tetrahit (common hemp-nettle), Olamon Isle, abundant, and below, in prime, August 3, 1857.
Houstonia cærulea (bluets), now Oldenlandia (Gray, 2d ed.), 1857.
Hydrocotyle Americana (marsh pennywort), common.
Hypericum ellipticum (elliptical-leaved St. John’s-wort), common.
Hypericum mutilum (small St. John’s-wort), both years, common.
Hypericum Canadense (Canadian St. John’s-wort), Moosehead Lake and Chesuncook shores, 1853.
Trientalis Americana (star-flower), Pine Stream, 1853.
Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco).
Spiranthes cernua (ladies’-tresses), Kineo and after.
Nabalus (rattlesnake-root), 1857; altissimus (tall white lettuce), Chesuncook woods, 1853.
Antennaria margaritacea (pearly everlasting), common, Moosehead, Smith’s, etc.
Lilium Canadense (wild yellow lily), very common and large, West and East Branch; one on East Branch, 1857, with strongly revolute petals, and leaves perfectly smooth beneath, but not larger than the last, and apparently only a variety.
Linnæa borealis (linnæa), almost everywhere in woods.
Lobelia Dortmanna (water lobelia), pond in Bucksport.
Lysimachia ciliata (hairy-stalked loosestrife), very common, Chesuncook shore and East Branch.
Lysimachia stricta (upright loosestrife), very common.
Microstylis ophioglossoides (adder’s-mouth), Kineo.
Spiræa salicifolia (common meadow-sweet), common.
Mimulus ringens (monkey-flower), common, lake-shores, etc.
Scutellaria galericulata (skullcap), very common.
Scutellaria lateriflora (mad-dog skullcap), Heron Lake, 1857; Chesuncook, 1853.
Platanthera psycodes (small purple fringed orchis), very common, East Branch and Chesuncook, 1853.
Platanthera fimbriata (large purple fringed orchis), very common, West Branch and Umbazookskus, 1857.
Platanthera orbiculata (large round-leaved orchis), very common in woods, Moosehead and Chamberlain carries, Caucomgomoc, etc.
Amphicarpæa monoica (hog peanut).
Aralia racemosa (spikenard), common, Moosehead Carry, Telos Lake, etc., and after; out about August 1, 1857.
Plantago major (common plantain), common in open land at Smith’s in 1853.
Pontederia cordata* (pickerel-weed), only near Oldtown, 1857.
Potamogeton (pondweed), not common.
Potentilla tridentata (mountain cinquefoil), Kineo.
Potentilla Norvegica (cinquefoil), Heron Lake shore and Smith’s.
Polygonum amphibium (water persicaria), var. aquaticum Second Lake.
Polygonum Persicaria (lady’s-thumb), log-path, Chesuncook, 1853.
Nuphar advena (yellow pond-lily), not abundant.
Nymphæa odorata (sweet water-lily), a few in West Branch, 1853.
Polygonum Hydropiper (smart-weed), log-path, Chesuncook.
Pyrola secunda (one-sided pyrola), very common, Caucomgomoc.
Pyrola elliptica (shin-leaf), Caucomgomoc River.
Ranunculus Flammula (spearwort, var. reptans).
Ranunculus recurvatus (hooked crowfoot), Umbazookskus landing, &c.
Typha latifolia* (common cat-tail or reed-mace), extremely abundant between Bangor and Portland.
Sanicula Marylandica (black snake-root), Moosehead Carry and after.
Aralia nudicaulis (wild sarsaparilla).
Capsella Bursa-pastoris (shepherd’s-purse), Smith’s, 1853.
Prunella vulgaris (self-heal), very common everywhere.
Erechthites hieracifolia (fire-weed), 1857, and Smith’s open land, 1853.
Sarracenia purpurea (pitcher-plant), Mud Pond Swamp.
Smilacina bifolia (false Solomon’s-seal), 1857, and Chesuncook woods, 1853.
Smilacina racemosa (false spikenard) (?), Umbazookskus Carry, July 27, 1853.
Veronica scutellata (marsh speedwell).
Spergula arvensis (corn-spurry), 1857, not uncommon, 1853, Moosehead and Smith’s.
Fragaria (strawberry), 1853, Smith’s; 1857, Bucksport.
Thalictrum Cornuti (meadow-rue), very common, especially along rivers, tall, and conspicuously in bloom in July, 1857.
Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle), abundant at camps and highway-sides in the north of Maine.
Cirsium muticum (swamp thistle), well in bloom, Webster Stream, August 31.
Rumex acetosella (sheep sorrel), common by river and log-paths, as Chesuncook log-path.
Impatiens fulva (spotted touch-me-not).
Trillium erythrocarpum (painted trillium), common West Branch and Moosehead Carry.
Verbena hastata (blue vervain).
Clematis Virginiana (common virgin’s-bower), common on river-banks; feathered in September, 1853; in bloom July, 1857.
Leucanthemum vulgare (whiteweed).
Sium lineare (water-parsnip), 1857, and Chesuncook shore 1853.
Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), by river and log-paths, and Smith’s.
Desmodium Canadense (Canadian tick-trefoil), not uncommon.
Oxalis Acetosella (common wood-sorrel), still out July 25 1853, at Moosehead Carry and after.
Oxalis stricta (yellow wood-sorrel), 1853, at Smith’s and his wood-path.
Liparis liliifolia (tway-blade), Kineo (Bradford).
Uvularia grandiflora (large-flowered bellwort), woods, common.
Uvularia sessilifolia (sessile-leaved bellwort), Chesuncook woods, 1853.
In all, 145.
4. Of Lower Order
Scirpus Eriophorum (wool-grass), very common, especially on low islands. A coarse grass, four or five feet high, along the river.
Phleum pratense (herd’s-grass), on carries, at camps and clearings.
Equisetum sylvaticum (sylvatic horse-tail).
Pteris aquilina (brake), Kineo and after.
Onoclea sensibilis (sensitive fern), very common along the riversides; some on the gravelly shore of Heron Lake Island.
Polypodium Dryopteris (brittle polypody).
Woodsia Ilvensis (rusty woodsia), Kineo.
Lycopodium lucidulum (toothed club-moss).
Usnea (a parmeliaceous lichen), common on various trees.