145, 155
Quechuas, 44, 45, 77, 83
Quenigo, 285
Quilca, 105, 117, 226, 266
Quillabamba, opp. p. 74
Quillagua, 260

Railroads, 74, 75, 76, 93, 101-102, 149;
Bolivia, 93;
Cuzco to Santa Ana, 69-70
Raimondi, 77, 78, 109, 110, 135, 155, 170, 316
Rain, 115, 119, 120, 122, 124-125;
coast region seasonal variation, 131-137;
eastern border of Andes, belts (diagrs.), 148;
effect of heavy, 138-140;
effect of sea-breeze, 131-132;
heaviest, 147-148;
Morococha (with diagrs.), 173-176;
periodic variations, 137;
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), 164-166;
unequal distribution in western Peru, 145-147
Regional diagrams, 50;
index map, 23;
note on, 51
Regions of Peru, 1, 7
Reiss, 205, 208
Revolutions, geographic basis, 88-109
Rhone glacier, 205
Rice, 76
Robledo, L. M., 9, 30, opp. p. 78
Rock belts, outline sketch along 73d meridian, 235
Rocks, Maritime Cordillera, pampas and Coast Range structural relations (sketch section), 254;
Maritime Cordillera, western border (geologic section), 257;
Moquegua, structural relations (diagr.), 255;
Urubamba Valley, succession (diagr.), 249
Rosalina, 8, 9, 10, 11, 37, 42, 71, 73, 80, 82, 153, 237
Rubber, 18;
price, 32, 33
Rubber forests, 22-35
Rubber gatherers, Italian, 18, 81
Rubber plant (ill.), opp. p. 75
Rubber trees, 152
Rueda, José, 78
Rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. 68
Rumbold, W. R., 321
Russell, I. C., 205
Ruwenzori, 206, 274

Sacramento, Pampa del, 37
Sahuayaco, 77, 78, 80, 83, 179;
forests (ills.), opp. p. 90;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Salamanca, 54, 56, 105, 106, 180, 181;
forest, 285;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180;
terraced hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. 58;
view (ill.), opp. p. 107
Salaverry, 119
Salcantay, 64, 72, opp. p. 3 (ill.)
San Geronimo, 276
Sand. See Dunes
“Sandy matico” (ill.), opp. p. 90
San Gabriel, Hacienda, 316
Santa Ana, 69, 72, 78, 79, 80, 82, 93, 153, 179, 237;
clouds (ill.), opp. p. 180;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Santa Ana Valley, 10, 82
Santa Lucia, temperature ranges (diagrs.), insert opp. p. 162;
unusual weather conditions, 169-170;
weather data (with diagrs.), 161-171
Santo Anato, 40, 42, 82, 179;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Schists and Silurian slates, 236-241
Schrund. See Bergschrunds
Schrundline, 300-305
Schuchert, Chas., 321
Sea and land. See Land and sea
Sea-breeze, 129-132
Shepherd, highland, 4
Shepherds, country of, 46-67
Shirineiri, 36, 38
Sierra Nevada, 305
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 205
Sievers, W., 143, 176, 205, 263
Sihuas, Pampa de, 114, 198
Sillilica, Cordillera, 190, 260
Sillilica Pass, 275
Silurian fossils, 321
Silurian slates, 236-241
Sintulini rapids, 19
Sirialo, 8, 15
Slave raiders, 14
Slavery, 24, 25
Slopes, composition at Puquiura (ill.), opp. p. 198;
composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), 191;
smooth grassy (ill.), opp. p. 79;
see also Mature slopes
Smallpox, 14, 38
Snow, 212;
drifting, 278;
fields on summit of Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. 268
Snow erosion. See Nivation
Snow motion, curve of (diagr.), 293;
law of variation, 291
Snowline, 52, 53, 66, 122, 148, 203, 205-206, 274-285;
canting (with diagr.), 279;
determination, 282;
difference in degree of canting (diagr.), 281;
glacial period, 282;
view of canted, Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. 280
Snowstorm, 170
Soiroccocha, 64, 72, 214;
view (ill.), opp. p. 154
Solimana, 4, 202, 317;
glaciation, 307
Soray, 64
Sotospampa, 243
South Pacific Ocean, 125
Spanish Conquest, 62, 63, 77
Spruce (botanist), 153
Steinmann, 249, 276
Streams, Coast Range, 145-147;
physiography, 192;
see also Water
Structure. See Rocks
Stübel, 209
Sucre, 93
Sugar, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82-83, 92
Sullana, 119
Survey methods employed in topographic sheets, 315

Tablazo de Ica, 198
Tarai. See Urubamba Valley
Tarapacá, Desert of, 260
Tarapoto, 153
Taurisma, 317;
geologic sketch map and cross-section, 248
Taylor, Capt. A., 126, 128
Temperature, Abancay curve (diagr.), opp. p. 180;
Callao (with diagr.), 126-129;
Cochabamba, 176-178;
Cochabamba (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 178;
curves at various points along 73d meridian, 178-181;
La Joya curves (diagr.), 134;
Mollendo curves (diagr.), 134;
Morococha, 171-173;
Morococha (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 172;
progressive lowering of saturation, in a desert (diagr.), 127;
Santa Lucia, 161-164;
Santa Lucia (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 162
Tempests, 169-170
Terraces, coastal, 225-232;
physical history and physiographic development (with diagrs.), 228-230;
profile at Mollendo (diagr.), 227
Terraces, hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. 58
Terraces, marine (ill.), opp. p. 226
Terraces, valley (ills.), opp. p. 56, opp. p. 57, opp. p. 66;
Huaynacotas (ill.), opp. p. 199
Terral, 130
Tertiary deposits, 249, 251-267;
coastal, 253
Ticumpinea, 36, 38, 251
Tierra blanca, 254, 266
Timber line, 69, 71, 79, 148
Timpia, 36, 38, 252;
canoe at mouth (ill.), opp. p. 19
Titicaca, 161, 176, 195, 321
Titicaca basin, 107
Titicaca-Poopó basin, 251
Tocate. See Abra Tocate
Tola bush (ill.), opp. p. 6
Tono, 36
Topographic and climatic cross-section (diagr.), opp. p. 144
Topographic and structural section of northeastern border of Andes (diagr.), 241
Topographic map of the Andes between Abancay and the Pacific Coast at Camaná, insert opp. p. 312
Topographic profiles across typical valleys (diagrs.), 189
Topographic regions, 121-122;
map, 123
Topographic sheets, survey method employed, 315;
list of, with page references, xi
Topographical outfit, 315
Torontoy, 10, 70, 71, 72, 82, 158, 220
Torontoy Canyon, 272, opp. p. 3 (ill.);
cliff (ill.), opp. p. 10
Trail (mountain-side) (ill.), opp. p. 78
Transportation, 73-74, 93, 152;
rains and, 142
Trees, 150;
see also Forests
Tucapelle (ship), 117
Tucker, H. L., ix
Tumbez, 119
Tunari peaks, 276

Ucayali, 42, 44
Uplift, recent, 190
Upper Carboniferous fossils, 322
Urubamba, 1, 41, 42, 62, 187;
village, 70, 73
Urubamba River, 72;
fossils, 322;
physiographic observations, 252-253;
rapids and canyons, 8-21;
shelter hut (ill.), opp. p. 11
Urubamba Valley, 72, 153, 238;
alluvial fans, 270;
alluvial fill, 272-273;
below Paltaybamba (ill.), opp. p. 74;
canyon walls (ill.), opp. p. 218;
dissected alluvial fans (sketch), 271;
floor from Tarai (ill.), opp. p. 70;
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. 3;
geologic sketch map of the lower, 237;
line of unconformity of geologic structure (ill.), opp. p. 250;
rocks, 250;
rocks, succession (diagr.), 249;
sketch map, 9;
slopes and alluvial deposits between Ollantaytambo and Torontoy (ill.), opp. p. 269;
temperature curves (diagrs.), 178-179;
terraced valley slopes and floor (ill.), opp. p. 66;
vegetation, distribution (ill.), opp. p. 79;
view below Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. 155;
wheat and bread, 71

Valdivia, Señor, 161
Vallenar, 49
Valley climates in canyoned region (diagr.), 59
Valley planters. See Planters
Valley profiles, abnormal, 305-313
Valleys, eastern;
see Border valleys of the Eastern Andes;
see also Dry valleys, Inter-Andean valleys;
topographic profiles across, typical in Southern Peru (diagrs.), 189
Vegetation, 141;
belts (map), 123;
distribution in Urubamba Valley (ill.), opp. p. 79;
shrubbery, mixed with grass (ill.), opp. p. 154;
Tocate pass (ill.), opp. p. 19;
see also Forests
Vicuña, 54
Vilcabamba, 66;
rounded slopes (ill.), opp. p. 72
Vilcabamba pueblo, 211, 277, 296
Vilcabamba Valley, 189
Vilcanota knot, 276
Vilcanota Valley, alluvial fill, 272
Vilcapampa, Cordillera, 15, 16, 22, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67, 197, 204-224, 233;
batholith and topographic effects, 215-224;
canted snowline (ill.), opp. p. 280;
climatic barrier, 73;
composite geologic section (diagr.), 215;
glacial features, 204-214;
glaciers, 304;
highest pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. 7;
regional diagram, 65;
regional diagram of the eastern aspect, 68;
schrundline, 302;
snow movement, 287-289;
snow fields on summit (ill.), opp. p. 268;
snow peaks (ill.), opp. p. 72;
snowline, 277, 279;
southwestern aspect (ill.), opp. p. 205;
summit view (ill.), opp. p. 205
Vilcapampa Province, 77
Vilcapampa Valley, bowldery fill, 269
Vilque, 176
Violle, 309
Virazon, 130
Vitor, Pampa de, 114, 318
Vitor River, 92, 117, 226, 266, 267
Volcanic country, 199
Volcanic flows, geologic sketch, 244
Volcanoes, glacial erosion, 311;
post-glacial, 306-307;
recessed southern slopes (ill.), opp. p. 287;
snowline, 281;
typical form, 310;
views (ills.), opp. p. 204
Von Boeck, 176
Vulcanism, 199;
see also Volcanoes

Ward, R. De C., 126, 143
Water, 59, 60, 116, 139;
projected canal from Atlantic to Pacific slope of the
Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), 118;
streams of coastal desert, intermittent and perennial, diagrams of depth, 119
Water skippers, 17
Watkins, Mr., 317, 318
Weather. See Meteorological records
Western Andes, 199-203
Whymper, 205
Wind belts, 122;
map, 123
Wind roses, Callao (diagrs.), 128;
Caraveli (diagrs.), 136;
Iquique (diagrs.), 131;
La Joya (diagrs.), 135;
Machu Picchu (diagrs.), 159;
Mollendo (diagrs.), 129;
Santa Lucia (diagrs.), 167;
summer and winter of 1911-1913 (diagrs.), 130
Winds, 114, 116;
directions at Machu Picchu, 158-159;
geologic action, 262-267;
prevailing, 125;
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), 166-168;
trade, 122, 124;
sea-breeze, 129-132
Wine, 116, 117
Wolf, 205

Yanahuara pass, 170
Yanatili, 41, 42, 44;
slopes at junction with Urubamba River (ill.), opp. p. 79
Yareta (ill.), opp. p. 6
Yavero, 30, 31, 36, 38, 42, 179;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Yavero (Paucartambo) River, rubber station (ill.), opp. p. 24
Yuca, growing (ill.), opp. p. 75
Yunguyo, 176
Yuyato, 36, 38