1 Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
2 Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.
3 John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.
4 Madras Mail, November, 1905.
5 J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.
6 Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.
7 Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.
8 Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.
9 Nineteenth Century, 1898.
10 Malay Archipelago.
11 Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.
12 Malabar Manual.
13 Manual of the Coimbatore district.
14 Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.
15 W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.
16 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
17 Madras Census Report, 1891.
18 Manual of Malabar.
19 Manual of the North Arcot district.
20 Madras Census Report, 1891.
21 Manual of the North Arcot district.
22 A reddish formation found all over Southern India.
23 Op. cit.
24 Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.
25 Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.
26 Manual of the North Arcot district.
27 Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
28 For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
29 Madras Census Report, 1891.
30 Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.
31 Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.
32 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
33 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
34 Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.
35 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
36 Madras Census Report, 1891.
37 Manual of the Madura district.
38 G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.
39 Madras Census Report, 1901.
40 Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
41 Madras Review, 1899.
42 Madras Census Report, 1891.
43 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
44 Op. cit.
45 Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.
46 Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.
47 I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.
48 Madras Census Report, 1891.
49 Manual of the Madura district.
50 Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.
51 The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.
52 Madras Census Report, 1901.
53 Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
54 Madras Census Report, 1891.
55 Madras Mail, 1908.
56 Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
57 A lakh = a hundred thousand.
58 Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.
59 Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
60 Madras Census Report, 1891.
61 Madras Census Report, 1901.
62 Manual of the North Arcot district.
63 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
64 Manual of the North Arcot district.
65 Madras Census Report, 1891.
66 Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.
67 Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
68 Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
69 Mediæval Sinhalese Art.
70 Maduraikanchi, Line 521.
71 E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.
72 Ibid. III, i, 47, 1899.
73 Madras Census Report, 1891.
74 Madras Census Report, 1871.
75 New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.
76 Madras Mail, 1907.
77 Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.
78 Madras Census Report, 1901.
79 See the legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.
80 Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
81 Letters from Malabar.
82 Madras Census Report, 1901.
83 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
84 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
85 Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.
86 Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.
87 Unhusked rice.
88 Manual of the South Canara district.
89 Money-lender.
90 Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.
91 Indian Review, III, 1902.
92 Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.
93 According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.
94 Malabar Manual.
95 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
96 C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.
97 Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.
98 This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
99 Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.
100 Manual of the North Arcot district.
101 Madras Census Report, 1901.
102 Historical Sketches, Mysore.
103 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
104 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
105 Madras Census Report, 1891.
106 Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.
107 Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.
108 Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.
109 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
110 J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.
111 Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.
112 Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.
113 See further C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.
114 Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
115 Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.
116 Madras Mail, 1905.
117 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
118 Manual of the North Arcot district.
119 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
120 Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.
121 The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.
122 Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
123 Madras Census Report, 1901.
124 Manual of the Salem district.
125 Madras Census Report, 1901.
126 Manual of the Madura district.
127 Manual of the Tanjore district.
128 Madras Census Report, 1891.
129 Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.
130 Malabar Law and Custom.
131 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
132 Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
133 Madras Census Report, 1901.
134 Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.
135 Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
136 Indian Review, VII, 1906.
137 See Ravi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.
138 Madras Census Report, 1891.
139 Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.
140 Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.
141 Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
142 Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
143 Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.
144 The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.
145 The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).
146 Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.
147 Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.
148 Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
149 See Talboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.
150 See Tales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.
151 Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897. See also C. Hayavadana Rao, op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.
152 Madras Census Report, 1871.
153 Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.
154 Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.
155 Man. March 1902.
156 G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.
157 G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.
158 Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.
159 Madras Census Report, 1881.
160 Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.
161 Madras Mail, 1894.
162 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
163 A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.
164 The Golden Bough, 1900.
165 Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.
166 Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.
167 Manual of the Vizagapatam district.
168 Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.
169 Madras Mail, 1894.
170 Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.
171 J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.
172 J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.
173 Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.
174 Loc. cit.
175 Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.
176 Madras Mail, 1896.
177 Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.
178 Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.
179 Ibid.
180 Madras Police Report, 1904.
181 Madras Mail, 1894.
182 Madras Mail, 1908.
183 See G.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.
184 Manual of the South Canara district.
185 Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.
186 Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.
187 Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.
188 Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.
189 Ind. Ant. X, 1881.
190 Manual of the South Canara district.
191 Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.
192 Manual of the South Canara district.
193 Manual of the South Canara district.
194 M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.
195 Madras Census Report, 1891.
196 Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.
197 Tirumurukairuppadai.
198 Madras Census Report, 1901.
199 Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.
200 Cyclopædia of India.
201 Loc. cit.
202 Note on Koravas, 1908.
203 Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
204 Forest Inspection Report, 1896.
205 Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
206 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
207 F. S. Mullaly. Op. cit.
208 Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.
209 History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.
210 Madras Census Report, 1901.
211 Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
212 This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.
213 M. Paupa Rao Naidu. Op. cit.
214 Ibid.
215 Police Report, 1902.
216 Op. cit.
217 A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.
218 A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.
219 Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.
220 J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.
221 Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
222 Madras Census Report, 1871.
223 Madras Census Report, 1901.
224 India. Trübner. Oriental Series.
225 Ind. Ant., III, 1874.
226 Madras Mail, 1907.
227 For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.
228 Madras Mail, 1908.