1 Madras Census Report, 1891.
2 Madras Census Report, 1901.
3 Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.
4 Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
5 Hobson-Jobson.
6 Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.
7 Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.
8 A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.
9 Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.
10 College History of India, 1888.
11 Manual of the South Canara district.
12 Ibid.
13 M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.
14 Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.
15 Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, 1894–7.
16 With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account of the Nambūtiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).
17 N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.
18 A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
19 The Nambūtiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.
20 The Todas, 1906.
21 Taravād or tarwad: a marumakkatāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
22 The Lusiad.
23 Chela, the cloth worn by Mūppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There are also Chela Nāyars. The word is said to mean the rite of circumcision.
24 Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.
25 In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old, and not in the existing, currency.
26 Brahmanism and Hinduism.
27 Op. cit.
28 Ibid.
29 The Nambūtiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in the Manual of Malabar, that the Vādhyar shuts the door, and locks it.
30 Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.
31 By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or by heating a piece of plāsu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting it away carefully.
32 An āmana palaga or āma palaga, literally tortoise plank, is a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a tortoise in outline.
33 The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer of Malabar are from a grandhavari.
34 Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.
35 Madras Census Report, 1901.
36 The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.
37 Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.
38 C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.
39 Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.
40 Gazetteer of the Madura district.
41 Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.
42 Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.
43 C. Hayavadana Rao, Loc. cit.
44 C. Hayavadana Rao. Loc. cit.
45 Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.
46 Malabar and its Folk.
47 Malabar and its Folk.
48 This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.
49 Madras Census Report, 1891.
50 Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
51 Manual of the Malabar district.
52 The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.
53 See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
54 E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.
55 Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.
56 New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
57 Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.
58 Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.
59 Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.
60 Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.
61 Father Coleridge’s Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.
62 History of Tinnevelly.
63 Coleridge’s Xavier.
64 Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction. Vide also Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were men of low caste.
65 Vide Glossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2, and Day’s Land of the Permauls, p. 44.
66 Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.
67 Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.
68 Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
69 A manchil is a conveyance carried on men’s shoulders, and more like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than a palanquin.
70 Tarwād or taravād, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
71 The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies (1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.
72 Travels to the East Indies.
73 Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.
74 R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of Herman Lopes de Castaneda.
75 Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.
76 T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.
77 Op cit.
78 Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
79 Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.
80 Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.
81 The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.
82 Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.
83 Op. cit.
84 Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.
85 Op. cit.
86 Gazetteer of Malabar.
87 An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division or marriage group. It is usually translated “kinsman,” but is at once wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of an Enangan’s family.
88 The aimpuli or “five tamarinds” are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.
89 The eldest male member of the taravād is called the Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravād.
90 All caste Hindus who perform the srādh ceremonies calculate the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis (day after full or new moon).
91 Nineteenth Century, 1904.
92 L’Inde (sans les Anglais).
93 Letters from Malabar.
94 January, 1899.
95 See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.
96 Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
97 The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.
98 Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.
99 Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
100 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.