Fig. 199. A Roman Quadrans (?).
Fig. 200. A Coin of Herod Agrippa I.
Fig. 201. A Shekel of the Revolt of a. d. 70.
Plate 65
Fig. 202. Cave-Dwellers’ Place of Sacrifice, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 203. Plan of Caves at Semitic High Place, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 204. “Pillars” of the High Place at Gezer.
Plate 66
Fig. 205. Rock-Altar at Megiddo (after Schumacher).
Fig. 206. The “Beth-el” of Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 207. The Supposed Serpent-Pen at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Plate 67
Fig. 208. The Rock-Altar at Jerusalem (after Dalman).
Fig. 209. The Laver at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Plate 68
Fig. 210. The Terra-cotta Altar from Taanach (after Sellin).
Fig. 211. Supposed High Place at Taanach (after Sellin).
Plate 69
Fig. 212. High Place at Tell es-Safi (after Bliss and Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 213. Libation Bowl from Taanach (after Sellin).
Fig. 214. An Astarte Plaque from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Plate 70
Fig. 215. Plan of the High Place at Petra (after Brünnow).
Fig. 216. Plan of Herod’s Temple at Samaria (after Lyon).
Plate 71
Fig. 217. The Altar at Petra (after Brünnow).
Fig. 218. The “Round Altar” at Petra (after Brünnow).
Fig. 219. Supposed “Pillars” at Petra (after Brünnow).
Plate 72
Fig. 219a. A Brazen Serpent from Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 220. Plan of Supposed Semitic Temple at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 221. Walls of Herod’s Temple, Samaria (after Reisner).
Plate 73
Fig. 222. “Pillars” of a Supposed Temple, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 223. Chapel of the Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher).
Plate 74
Fig. 224. Voluted Capital (probably Philistine) from Megiddo (after Schumacher).
Fig. 225. Incense-Burner from Megiddo (after Schumacher).
Plate 75
Fig. 226. Philistine Graves, Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 227. A Rock-hewn Tomb at Siloam (after Benzinger).
Fig. 228. A Shaft-Tomb (after Bliss and Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 229. A Cistern-Burial at Gezer (after Macalister).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Plate 76
Fig. 230. A Columbarium at Petra (after Dalman).
Fig. 231. Entrance to the Tomb of the Judges.
Plate 77
Fig. 232. A Sunken-Door Tomb (after Mitt. u. Nach. d. Deutsch. Palästina-Vereins).
Fig. 233. Kokim in the Tomb of the Judges.
Plate 78
Fig. 234. Plan of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 235. A Cross-Section of the Tomb of the Judges.
Plate 79
Fig. 236. Architectural Decoration of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 237. Plan of the Upper Floor of the Tomb of the Judges.
Plate 80
Fig. 238. A Tomb with a Rolling-Stone at Beit Jibrin (after Moulton).
Fig. 239. Interior of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Plate 81
Fig. 240. The Hills and Valleys of Jerusalem (after Vincent).
Plate 82
Fig. 241. Underground Jebusite Tunnel at Gihon, Jerusalem (after Vincent).
Fig. 242. Maudsley’s Scarp, Jerusalem.
Plate 83
Fig. 243. Plan of Solomon’s Buildings, Jerusalem (after Stade).
Fig. 244. Phœnician Quarry-Marks, Jerusalem (after Warren).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Plate 84
Fig. 245. Shaft at the Southeast Corner of the Temple Area (after Warren).
By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund.
Fig. 246. Examining Ancient Walls in an Underground Tunnel (after Warren).
By permission of Palatine Exploration Fund.
Plate 85
Fig. 247. Front Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade).
Fig. 248. Side Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade).
Plate 86
Fig. 249. Plan of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade).
Fig. 250. The Seven-branched Lamp-Stand from the Arch of Titus.
Plate 87
Fig. 251. The Brazen Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade).
Fig. 252. A Portable Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade).
Plate 88
Fig. 253. Stone-Work of a Wall of Jerusalem built in the Fifth Century a. d.
Fig. 254. Stone-Work in Nehemiah’s Wall, Jerusalem.
Plate 89
Fig. 255. Restoration of the Asmonæan Bridge over the Tyropœon Valley (after Hanauer).
Fig. 256. Front of “David’s Tower” (Herod’s Palace) Today (after Breen).
Plate 90
Fig. 257. Reconstruction of Herod’s Temple (after Caldecott).
Fig. 258. “Solomon’s Stables.”
Plate 91
Fig. 259. One of the Supposed Pools of Bethesda (after Hanauer).
Fig. 260. Front of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
Plate 92
Fig. 261. “Gordon’s Calvary,” looking toward Jerusalem (after Breen).
Fig. 262. “Gordon’s Calvary,” from the City Wall (after Breen).
Plate 93
Fig. 263. Outside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen).
Fig. 264. Inside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen).
Plate 94
Fig. 265. The Barada (Abana), Damascus.
Fig. 266. The Street Called Straight, Damascus.
Plate 95
Fig. 267. Palace at Kanatha (after Brünnow).
Fig. 268. Circular Forum and Colonnaded Street, Gerasa.
Plate 96
Fig. 269. Temple of the Sun, Gerasa.
Fig. 270. Site of Rabbah Ammon.
Plate 97
Fig. 271. Theater at Amman (Palestinian Philadelphia).
Fig. 272. Roman Forum at Athens.
Plate 98
Fig. 273. Mars’ Hill, Athens.
Fig. 274. Fountain in the Agora, Corinth.
Plate 99
Fig. 275. Lintel of Jewish Synagogue, Corinth (after Richardson).
Fig. 276. Lechæum Road, Corinth (after Richardson).
Plate 100
Fig. 277. Parthenon, Athens, from the East.
Fig. 278. Main Street at Ephesus.
Plate 101
Fig. 279. Site of the Temple of Diana, Ephesus, in 1902.
Fig. 280. The Theater, Ephesus.
Plate 102
Fig. 281. The Amphitheater, Ephesus.
Fig. 282. The Stadium, Ephesus.
Plate 103
Fig. 283. Pergamum (after Ramsay).
Fig. 284. The Acropolis and partly Excavated Temple, Sardis (after Butler).
Plate 104
Fig. 285. Excavated Temple, Sardis, looking toward the Hermus Valley (after Butler).
Plate 105
Fig. 286. A Christian Church at Sardis (after Butler).
Fig. 287. Smyrna (after Ramsay).
Plate 106
Fig. 288. A Ruin at Laodicea (after Ramsay).
Fig. 289. A Bridge over the Jordan on the Line of a Roman Road.
Plate 107
Fig. 290. Fragment of a Creation-Tablet.
Fig. 291. Assyrian Sacred Tree Conventionalized.
Fig. 292. Hammurapi Receiving the Laws from the Sun-God.
Fig. 293. The So-called Adam and Eve Seal.
Plate 108
Fig. 294. A Tablet from Nippur. Relating the Beginnings of Irrigation and Agriculture (after Langdon).
Fig. 295. Top of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser.
Fig. 296. Jehu of Israel Doing Homage to Shalmaneser.
Plate 109
Fig. 297. The Siloam Inscription.
Fig. 298. Sennacherib Receiving Tribute at Lachish (after Ball).
Plate 110
Fig. 299. An Altar to Unknown Gods (after Deissmann).
Fig. 300. The Moabite Stone.
Plate 111
Fig. 301. Papyrus Containing Sayings of Jesus (after Grenfell and Hunt).
Plate 112
Jerusalem of Solomon
Early Jerusalem
Plate 113
Jerusalem from Uzziah to the Exile
Jerusalem of Nehemiah
Plate 114
Asmonæan Jerusalem
Jerusalem of Herod and of Christ
Footnotes:
[1] Century Dictionary, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293.
[2] The chronology of Archbishop Usher, printed in the margin of many Bibles, is not a part of the Biblical text, but a collection of seventeenth century calculations and guesses.
[3] For fuller accounts of the history of Egypt, see Breasted’s History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, Scribner’s, 1908; or Breasted’s History of Egypt, second edition, 1909, New York, Scribner’s.
[4] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, London, 1906.
[5] See Naville, The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, 4th ed., London, 1903.
[6] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, p. 28, f.
[7] See Petrie, The Palace of Apries, London, 1909.
[8] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, p. 191, ff.
[9] See Annals of Archæology and Anthropology, VII, Liverpool, 1914, pp. 1-10.
[10] So called from the name of the mountain on which it is written.
[11] First published by Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. XX, No. 47; cf. p. 46.
[12] See Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, Nos. 2-5, and Historical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 73-140.
[13] It is the prevailing view of scholars that Arabia was the cradle-land of the Semites. The reasons for this view as well as a résumé of other views will be found in G. A. Barton’s Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious, New York, 1902, Chapter I.
[14] In Gen. 10:11 it is by implication said that the city was founded by Nimrod.
[15] For a discussion of the reasons for the view here stated, and a presentation of other views, see Part II, p. 374, ff.
[16] The Chaldæans were a Semitic people who came into the marsh-lands of southern Babylonia from Arabia. We can first detect their presence in Babylonia about 1000 B. C.
[17] Those who desire fuller accounts of the history should read L. W. King’s History of Sumer and Akkad, London, 1910, and R. W. Rogers’ History of Babylonia and Assyria. 2d ed., New York, 1915.
[18] In the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1899, Heft. 4.
[19] In the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, Hefte 4 and 5.
[20] See Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan, Washington, 1908, I, p. 50, f.
[21] See L. W. King, Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings, London, 1907, Vol. II, p. 22.
[22] History of Egypt, II. 404, 405.
[23] Expository Times, November, 1914, p. 91.
[24] Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern, 319, note 3.
[25] Ancient Records, Egypt, I, 227, 228.
[26] Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, II, § 773.
[27] Winckler in Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1913, Heft 4, p. 81.
[28] Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem, Paris, 1811.
[29] Travels in Syria, 1821.
[30] Souvenirs, impressions, el paysages, pendant un voyage en Orient, Paris, 1835.
[31] For a more complete account see F. J. Bliss, The Development of Palestine Exploration, New York, 1906.
[32] See Official Report of the United States Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, Baltimore, 1852.
[33] See his “Identification of Pisgah” in the third Statement of the American Exploration Society, 1870.
[34] See his East of the Jordan, New York, 1883.
[35] Warren’s results were first published in The Recovery of Jerusalem, London, 1870, and more fully in Jerusalem, London, 1889, one of the Memoirs of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The arch mentioned is called “Robinson’s Arch,” because its significance was first perceived by Robinson.
[36] Across the Jordan, London, 1886; Jaulan, London, 1886, and Abila, Pella, and Northern Aijlun, London, 1889.
[37] Die Provincia Arabia, Strassburg, 1904-1909 (3 volumes).
[38] Petra, Leipzig, 1908, and Neu-Petra Forschung, Leipzig, 1912.
[39] Archæological Researches in Palestine, London, 1896-1899.
[40] Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petræa, London, 1886.
[41] See Petrie, Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), London, 1891.
[42] See his Mound of Many Cities, London, 1894.
[43] See Bliss, Excavations at Jerusalem, London, 1898.
[44] An artificially made precipice on which a fortress once stood. It is named from an Englishman, Maudsley, who first perceived its true nature.
[45] Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900, London, 1902.
[46] See his Archæological Researches in Palestine, II, p. 251, f.
[47] This is the period called by Petrie and Bliss “Seleucid.”
[48] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London, 1912, II, 381-403.
[49] Ibid., 406-408.
[50] Ibid., I, 256-268.
[51] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London, 1912, II, 200-223.
[52] Ibid., 236-266.
[53] See the Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Vols. I and II, for the details here given, and for many others.
[54] Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins.
[55] See Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, V, pp. 7-204.
[56] See Schumacher und Steuernagel, Tell el-Mutesellim, Leipzig, 1908.
[57] Sellin, Tell Taanek, Wien, 1904.
[58] See Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, No. 29, Berlin, 1905, p. 14, f.
[59] See Sellin und Watzinger, Jericho, Leipzig, 1913.
[60] See Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XXII, Boston, 1903, pp. 164-182; XXIV, 196-220; XXV, 82-95.
[61] See Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge, Mass., I, 1908, p. 92.
[62] Ibid., II, 102-113; III, 136-138, 248-263.
[63] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, xiii, 10, 2 and 3; Wars of the Jews, i, 2, 7.
[64] Revue biblique, 1912 (Paris), pp. 86-116.
[65] Biblical World, Vol. XXXIX, Chicago, 1912, pp. 295-306.
[66] See Germer-Durand in Revue biblique, 1914, pp. 71-94, and Frontispiece.
[67] See Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1914, p. 167, f. Additional material on Ophel and Balata is given in the Appendix, p. 446.
[68] First noticed by Prof. George L. Robinson, of McCormick Seminary, Chicago, and afterward by Prof. Samuel Ives Curtis, of the Chicago Theological Seminary; see Chapter XI, p. 173, f.
[69] Discovered in 1902 by Dr. J. P. Peters and Dr. Thiersch; see their Painted Tombs of Marissa, London, 1905.
[70] Reference should also be made to the expedition from Princeton University, referred to on p. 107, led by Prof. H. C. Butler, which went out in 1899-1900, in 1904-1905, and in 1909, and examined the ruins in the Hauran (or region east of the Sea of Galilee), in the Lebanon Mountains, and in that part of Syria to the east of Lebanon. The expedition gathered many inscriptions, most of which belong to the Christian period. The results of this exploration are published in The Publications of an Archæological Expedition to Syria in 1899-1900, New York, 1904, and Publications of the Princeton Archæological Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909, Leyden, 1908-1914.
[71] See R. A. S. Macalister, History of Civilization in Palestine, Cambridge University Press, 1912, pp. 10, 11.
[72] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, p. 143.
[73] See Barton, in the Biblical World, Chicago, 1904, Vol. XXIV, p. 177.
[74] See Conder, Survey of Eastern Palestine, I, pp. 125-277, and Mackenzie in the Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund, I, pp. 5-11.
[75] See Gen. 14:5; 15:20.
[76] See H. S. Cowper, The Hill of the Graces, a Record of Investigation among the Trilithons and Megalithic Sites of Tripoli, London, 1897, and Brandenburg, Über Felsarchitektur im Mittelmeergebiet in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellchaft, 1914.
[77] See the Annals of Archæology and Anthropology, Vol. V, Liverpool, 1913, pp. 112-128.
[78] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 72-152.
[79] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 145-152.
[80] Ibid., 236, ff.
[81] R. A. S. Macalister, Bible Side-lights from the Mound of Gezer, London, 1906, Chapter II.
[82] See P. E. Mader in Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, Vol. XXXVII, 1914, pp. 20-44.
[83] See Amos 4:4; 5:5.
[84] See Dr. Masterman, in Biblical World, XXXIX, 301, f.
[85] See the legend concerning him translated in Part II, p. 310, f.
[86] See Clay, Amurru, Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 102, 103.
[87] See Recueil de travaux relatifs à phil. et à arch. egpt. et assyr., XXXIV, 105-108.
[88] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago, 1906, § 315.
[90] Translated in Part II, p. 313, f.
[94] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 233, f.
[95] See Barton, Commentary on Job, New York, 1911, pp. 5-7, and Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 238, note a.
[96] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, § 680, and Barton in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XXVIII, p. 29.
[97] Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 238-243 and 253.
[98] Tell el-Mutesellim, Tafeln, vii-xi.
[100] See Chapter II, p. 59, f.
[102] See Chapter III, p. 75, f.
[103] See Chapter IV, pp. 89, 91.
[104] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, III, § 616.
[105] Translated from W. Max Müller’s publication in the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, Heft 7.
[106] Hammath means “hot.”
[108] See pp. 79, 80, and 345.
[109] See the letters of its king translated in Part II, p. 345, f.
[111] See Chapter III, p. 78, f.
[113] See Breasted’s History of Egypt, New York, 1909, p. 414.
[114] See Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, III. §§ 81 and 140.
[115] Translated from W. Max Müller’s Egyptological Researches, Washington, 1906, pl. 59, ff.
[117] See Sir Arthur Evans. Scripta Minoa, Oxford, 1909, pp. 280, 282, and R. A. S. Macalister in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXX, § C, p. 342; also his Philistines, Their History and Civilization, London, 1913, pp. 84, 85.
[118] See Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy, 1909, p. 1022, f.
[119] Caphtor is the same as Keftiu of the Egyptian inscriptions, but it is uncertain whether Keftiu refers to Crete or Asia Minor.
[120] Translated from W. Max Müller’s Egyptological Researches, I, pl. 64, f.
[121] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, p. 21.
[124] See the books of I and II Samuel.
[125] See Chapters VI, IX, and XI.
[126] See Part II, Chapter XVII.
[128] See J. A. Montgomery, The Samaritans, the Earliest Jewish Sect, Their History, Theology, and Literature, Philadelphia, 1907.
[129] For the narrative of the struggle, see the book of I Maccabees, and S. Mathews, History of the New Testament Times in Palestine, New York, 1908.