[405] Cuvier, Anat. Comp. i. 430.
[406] De Geer, v. 210.
[408] De Geer, vi. 338.
[409] See MacLeay in Philos. Mag. &c. N. Ser. No. 9. 178.
[410] De Geer, vi. 65.
[411] Hist. Ins. 270.
[413] Reaumur, iii. 369.
[414] Vol. I. 137. De Geer, vi. 76. Reaumur, iv. 376. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill, ii. 46. a. t. xxxix. f. 3, h. h.
[415] De Geer, vi. 355.
[416] Reaum. iv. 416. t. xxxvi. f. 5. Comp. Clark On the Bots, &c. 48.
[417] Mr. Clark (ibid. 62) observed only rough points on the bots of the sheep, but these also have spines or hooks looking towards the anus. Reaum. iv. 556. t. xxxv. f. 11, 13, 15. I also observed them myself in the same grub.
[420] De Geer, vi. t. xxii. f. 15, i. t. xviii. f. 8, p.
[421] Reaum. v. t. vi. f. 5, mm.
[422] De Geer, vi. 395—. Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. Foreleg, a. Hind-legs, bb. Mr. W. S. MacLeay is of opinion that these legs are pedunculated spiracles, (Philos. Mag. N. Series, No. 9. 178.) but it is evident from De Geer's account that the animal uses them as legs, and like legs they are armed with hooks or claws.
[423] Lesser L. i. 96. note †.
[424] Klemann, Beitrage, 324.
[425] De Geer, i. 447— t. xxxi. f. 17.
[426] De Geer, vi. 111.
[427] Ibid. v. 233.
[428] Ibid. 228.
[429] De Geer, vi. 137. t. viii. f. 8, 9.
[430] Reaum. iii. 496. t. xlv. f. 3.
[431] Ibid. Mem. de l'Acad. Roy. des Sciences de Paris, An. 1714. p. 203.
[432] De Geer, vi. 380— t. xxiv. f. 1-9.
[433] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill, ii. 64. b.
[434] De Geer, vi. 389—.
[436] Reaum. iv. t. 43. f. 3. nn.
[437] De Geer, vi. 375. t. xxiii. f. 4, 5.
[438] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill, ii. 44. b. 47. a.
[439] For examples of larvæ having these joints, see De Geer, iv. 289. t. xiii. f. 20. t. xv. f. 14. ii. t. xii. f. 3. t. xvi. f. 5, 6. t. xix. f. 4, &c.
[440] Ibid. v. t. xi. f. 11. t. ix. f. 9. o.
[441] Lyonet, Tr. Anat. t. iii. f. 8.
[442] Mr. W. S. MacLeay, where quoted above, objects to this term; but as the organs in question are generally given to the animal to assist in its motions, and have been universally regarded as a kind of legs, it was judged best for the sake of distinction to give them a different name from perfect legs, and at the same time one that showed some affinity to them.
[443] Lyonet, 82— t. iii. f. 10-16.
[444] Ibid. t. i. f. 4.
[445] De Geer, i. 379. t. xxv. f. 1. 3.
[447] De Geer, i. 12. 40. t. i. f. 27. q. t. vi. f. 11. e.
[448] De Geer, i. 424.
[449] Kirby in Linn. Trans. v. 258.
[450] Anatom. Comp. i. 430.
[451] Rösel, I. iv. 112. vi. 14.
[452] Reaum. ii. 375—.
[453] Miger, Ann. du Mus. xiv. 441.
[454] De Geer, ii. 621.
[455] Ibid. 725—.
[456] De Geer, ii. 675— Compare Reaum. vi. 393.
[459] De Geer, iii. 284.
[460] Ibid. vi. 308.
[461] Ibid. iv. 43.
[462] Dumeril, Trait. Element. ii. 49. n. 603.
[463] Vol. I. 475; and above, p. 23.
[464] Reaum. ii. 450.
[465] Lyonet. Trait. Anat. 15—.
[467] De Geer, ii. 518—.
[468] Peck in Linn. Trans. xi. 92.
[469] Meigen considers this as an Ortalis; but its peculiar habit of constantly vibrating its wings indicates a distinct genus: especially as the habit is not confined to a single species.
[470] De Geer, vi. 335.
[472] The most common number of joints in the tarsus is from two to five; but the Phalangidæ have sometimes more than forty. In these, under a lens, this part looks like a jointed antenna.
Geoffroy, and after him most modern entomologists, has taken the primary divisions of the Coleoptera order from the number of joints in the tarsus; but this, although perhaps in the majority of cases it may afford a natural division, will not universally. For—not to mention the instance of Pselaphus, clearly belonging to the Brachyptera—both Oxytelus, Grav., and another genus that I have separated from it (Carpalimus, K. Ms.), have only two joints in their tarsi. In this tribe, therefore, it can only be used for secondary divisions.—K.
[473] iii. 284.
[474] Hist. Ins. 10.
[475] Redi Opusc. i. 80. Amoreux, 44—.
[476] Œuvr. ii. 426.
[477] Lesser, L. i. 248, note 24.
[478] Linn. Trans. xi. 13.
[479] Marsham in Linn. Trans. iii. 26—.
[480] De Geer, iii. 324—.
[481] Brit. Ent. i. t. xxx. f. 4.
[482] Cuvier, Anat. Comp. i. 496—.
[483] Oliv. Entom. n. 90. t. i.
[484] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill, i. 123. b.
[485] Aristoph. Nubes, Act. i. Sc. 2.
[486] Trost, Beiträge, 40.
[487] De Geer, iii. 161.
[488] De Geer, iii. 178.
[489] Evelyn, quoted in Hooke's Microgr. 200—.
[490] Anat. Comp. i. 498.
[491] ii. 910.
[493] De Geer, vii. 38— t. iii. f. 10. rr.
[494] This insect abounds at East Farleigh, near Maidstone.
[495] Reaum ii. 457.
[496] The insect here alluded to is figured by Olivier under the name of Tenebrio nitens (No. 57. t. i. f. 4.): his Helops æneus (No. 58. t. i. f. 7.) is a different insect.
[497] Microgr. 170.
[498] iv. 259.
[499] Physico-Theol. Ed. 13. 363, note b.
[500] Nat. Hist. ii. 274.
[501] Amœn. Acad. i. 549. The Gecko, probably, is not the only lizard that walks against gravity. St. Pierre mentions one not longer than a finger, that, in the Isle of France, climbs along the walls, and even up the glass after the flies and other insects, for which it watches with great patience. These lizards are sometimes so tame that they will feed out of the hand.—Voyage, &c. 73. Major Moor and Captain Green observed similar lizards in India, that ran up the walls and over the ceilings after the mosquitos. Hasselquist says that the Gecko is very frequent at Cairo, both in the houses and without them, and that it exhales a very deleterious poison from the lobuli between the toes. He saw two women and a girl at the point of death, merely from eating a cheese on which it had dropped its venom. One ran over the hand of a man, who endeavoured to catch it; and immediately little pustules, resembling those occasioned by the stinging-nettle, rose all over the parts the creature had touched.—Voyage, 220. M. Savigny, however, who examined this animal in Egypt, assures me that this account of Hasselquist's, as far as it relates to the venom of the Gecko, is not correct.
[502] Philos. Trans. 1816. 325. t. xviii. f. 1-7.
[503] Ibid. f. 8-11.
[504] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xi. 106. t. viii. f. 13. a.
[505] I observed this in the hind legs of a variety of Locusta migratoria.
[506] Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xix. f. 5.
[507] Ibid. p. 325.
[508] In a specimen in my cabinet of Blatta gigantea, the posterior and anterior tarsi of one side have only four joints, while the intermediate one has five. On the other side the hind leg is broken off, but the anterior and intermediate tarsi have both five joints. In another specimen one posterior tarsus has four and the other five joints.
[509] The name of this genus properly spelled is Troxallis, from the Greek Τρωξαλλις, Gryllus.
[510] This insect, which is remarkable for having the margin of its thorax reflexed, was long since well figured in Mouffet's work (130. fig. infima). It has not, however, been described by any other author I have met with. It is common in Brazil. Some specimens are pallid, while others are of a dark brown. It is to be observed that the Blattina are resolvable into several genera.
[511] De Geer, iii. 421. t. xxi. f. 13. h. This author has also noticed the cushions in this genus and Locusta, and the claw-sucker in the latter, which he thinks are analogous to those of the fly. Ibid. 462— t. xxii. f. 7-8.
[512] Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xxi. f. 8-13.
[513] See Zoolog. Jour. for 1825. No. iv. 431.
[514] Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xxi. f. 1-9.
[515] The orthography of this name is Troxallis, from the Greek Τρωξαλλις, Gryllus.
[516] De Geer, iii. 132. 173.
[517] De Geer, iii. 7.
[518] Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xix. f. 3, 4.
[519] Ibid. t. xix. f. 1-9.
[520] De Geer, vii. 91. t. v. f. 6, 7.
[521] Ibid. 96— t. v. f. 13, 14, 17, 19. t. vi. f. 2. 5.
[523] 65.
[524] Microgr. 202. It has been objected to an excellent primitive writer (Clemens Romanus), that he believed the absurd fable of the phœnix. But surely this may be allowed for in him, who was no naturalist, when a scientific natural philosopher could believe that the clouds are made of spiders web!
[525] Latreille, Hist. Nat. xii. 388.
[526] Quoted in the Athenæum, v. 126.
[527] Ray's Letters, 69. 36—.
[528] Ray's Letters, 37. 87. Lister De Aran. 80. Lister illustrates the force with which these creatures shoot their thread, by a homely though very forcible simile: "Resupinata (says he) anum in ventum dedit, filumque ejaculata est quo plane modo robustissimus juvenise distentissima vesicâ urinam."
[529] De Araneis, 8. 27. 64. 75— 79—.
[530] Ibid. 79—.
[531] Ibid. 85.
[532] Nat. Hist. i. 327.
[533] No. lii. 306—.
[534] Cuvier, Anat. Comp. i. 504.
[535] Nat. Hist. i. 325—.
[536] Neue Schriften der Naturforschenden Gessellschaft zu Halle 1810. v. Heft.
[537] Nat. Hist. i. 326.
[538] Ray's Letters, 36.
[539] Ibid. 42. Lister De Araneis, 8.
[541] Lichtenberg und Voight Magazin, 1789. vi. 53—.
[542] Neue Schriften der Naturforsch. &c. 1810. v. Heft, 41-56.
[543] De Araneis, 66.
[544] Ibid. 79.
[545] Nat. Hist. i. 326.
[546] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill, i. 24. De Geer, vii. 190.
[547] French naturalists use this term (nervure) for the veins of wings, leaves, &c. restricting nerve (nerf) to the ramifications from the brain and spinal marrow. We have adopted the term, which we express in Latin by neura, from the Greek νευρα.
[548] Jurine Hymenopt. 19.
[550] Plate XXIII. Fig. 6. e´´´.
[552] In Plate XXIII. Fig. 5. the wings of Dytiscus marginalis are represented as they appear when folded.
[553] Entomol. i. 1.
[555] Plate II. Fig. 1. It has been ascertained that the spurious elytra of these insects are serviceable in their flight. As M. Latreille now allows this, he ought to have restored its original name, which he had altered, to this order.
[557] Hist. Ins. 63.
[558] Nat. Hist. ii. 82.
[560] Plate X. Fig. 3. II. Fig. 5.
[561] Plate XV. Fig. 2. I have separated this tribe from the rest under the name of Petalopus, K. Ms.
[563] Lesser, L. i. 109, note *. De Geer, ii. 460— t. ix. f. 9.
[566] De Geer, i. 173. t. x. f. 4. Linn. Trans. i. 135—.
[567] Linn. Trans. vii. 40.
[568] Haworth Lepidopt. Brit. i. 19.
[569] Leeuw. Epist. 6. Mart. 1717.
[570] Jurine Hymenopt. t. 2-5.
[571] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. 96. 108. t. xiii. f. 19.
[572] Ibid. 96. 107. t. v. f. 8. dd.
[573] Huber, i. 38.
[574] Phys. Theol. 13th Ed. 366, note (i.)
[575] Wiedemann's Archiv. ii. 210.
[576] To those that frequent meadows and pastures (Tipula oleracea, L. &c.) they are also useful as I have before observed, as stilts, to enable them to walk over the grass. Reaum. v. Pref. i. t. iii. f. 10.
[577] 4to. iii. 36.
[579] Mr. Briggs observes that this insect appears to move all its legs at once, with wonderful rapidity, by which motion it produces a radiating vibration on the surface of the water.
[580] De Geer, iii. 314.
[582] Curtis Brit. Ent. t. ii.
[585] Plate XV. Fig. 6. s´´., v´´´.
[587] White, Nat. Hist. ii. 80. 72. 76.
[588] Linn. Trans. iv. 200—.
[589] v. 20—.
[590] vi. 104.
[591] Rai. Hist. Ins. 133. l.
[592] Lesser, L. i. 248, note 22.
[594] Reaum. vi. 484. t. xlv. f. 7.
[595] The persons observing the appearance here related were the authors of this work.
[596] Lach. Lapp. i. 194.
[597] Compare Oliv. Entomol. iii. Gyrinus 4.
[598] De Geer, ii. 638—.
[601] Syst. Nat. 550. 42.
[602] Nat. Hist. ii. 254.
[603] White, Nat. Hist. ii. 256.
[605] Rev. ix. 9.
[607] Stedman's Surinam, i. 24.
[608] De Geer, vi. 13.
[609] Wiedemann's Archiv. ii. 210. 217.
[610] Act. i. Sc. 2.
[611] Mouffet, 81.
[612] Linn. Trans. v. 255. t. xii. f. 7. b.
[613] Drury's Insects, iii. Preface.
[614] Lister's Gœdart, 244—. Compare Reaum. vi. 30.
[615] Bingley, Animal Biogr. iii. 1st Ed. 335.
[617] Philos. Trans. 1781. 48. 38.
[618] Nat. Hist. ii. 262.
[620] Bibl. Nat. Ed. Hill, i. 125.
[621] Shaw's Nat. Misc. iii. 104. Phil. Trans. xxxiii. 159. Compare Dumeril Traité Element. ii. 91. n. 694.
[622] Reaum. v. 615. Butler's Female Monarchy, c. v. § 4.
[624] Huber, i. 260. ii. 292—.
[625] Reaum. v. 617.
[626] Philos. Trans. 1792.
[627] Huber, i. 292—.
[628] Fuessl. Archiv. 8. 10.
[629] De Geer, vii. 594.
[630] Rösel, II. 208.
[631] Rai. Hist. Ins. 384. Dumeril, Trait. Element. ii. 100. n. 17.
[632] De Geer, v. 58. 69. Rösel, II. iii. 5.
[633] Rösel, ibid.
[634] Latr. Hist. Nat. x. 264.
[635] De Geer, iii. 289.
[636] Hist. Ins. 56.
[638] Naturforscher Stk. xxi. 77.
[639] III. 16.
[640] Reaum. ii. 290—.
[641] Nouv. Obs. ii. 300, note *.
[642] In Philos. Trans. 1792.
[643] Schirach, 73—.
[644] i. 226—.
[645] Aristot. Hist. Anim. l. v. c. 30. Plin. Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 26.
[646] Oliv. Entomol. i. Pref. ix.
[647] Sparrman, Voy. i. 312.
[649] Compare De Geer, iii. 512.
[650] De Geer, iii. 517. See also White, Nat. Hist. ii. 76;—and Rai. Hist. Ins. 63.
[651] Mouffet, 136.
[652] Goldsmith's Animat. Nat. vi. 28.
[653] Ins. Theatr. 134.
[654] Nat. Hist. ii. 73.
[655] Nat. Hist. ii. 81.
[656] See Kirby in Zool. Journ. p. iv. 429—.
[657] Linn. Trans. iv. 51—.
[658] De Greer, iii. 429.
[659] Ibid. 470.
[660] De Geer, iii. 471. t. xxiii. f. 2. 3.
[661] Osbeck's Voy. i. 71.
[662] Zoolog. Journ. n. iv. 429—.
[663] Stedman's Surinam, ii. 37.
[664] Hist. of Barbadoes, 65.
[665] Epigramm. Delect. 45. 234.
[666] Gr. τερετισμα.
[667] Mouffet, Theatr. 130.
[668] Ἡδνεπους Πλατων, και τεττιξιν ισολαλος.
[669] Merian Surinam. 49.
[670] Et cantu querulæ rumpent arbusta cicadæ. Georg. iii. 328.
[671] Smith's Tour, iii. 95.
[672] Collinson in Philos. Trans. 1763. Stoll, Cigales, 26.
[673] Travels, 2d Ed. 186.
[674] Plate VIII. Fig. 18. c. †. Reaum. v. t. xvi. f. 5. u u.
[675] Plate VIII. Fig. 18. q´´´. Reaum. ubi supra, t. xvi. f. 11. b.
[676] Reaum. ibid. f. 3. l l.
[677] Ibid. ubi supra, f. 3. m m.
[678] Ibid. q. q. c.
[679] Ibid. n. n.
[680] Reaum. ubi supr. f. 6. f f.