[1] Το Ἡγεμονικον.
[2] See Hooper's Medical Dictionary, under Nervous Fluid, and Mr. Sandwith's useful Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology, 83.
[3] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 305—.
[4] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 362. Compare MacLeay Hor. Entomolog. 215—.
[5] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ubi. supr.
[6] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 360. MacLeay Hor. Ent. 201.
[7] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 306. MacLeay Hor. Ent. 200—.
[8] Ibid. 307. The great sympathetic nerves in fishes are said to have no ganglions. Cuv. ubi. supr. 297.
[9] They are called trisplanchnic because they render to the three cavities of the viscera:—viz. the thoracic, the abdominal and the pelvic. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 524. 527.
[10] In Hemiplegia, &c.
[11] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 307.
[12] Thus in the Molluscæ there must be a great difference in this respect, since in some of these the brain or cerebral ganglion has been cut off with the head, and another reproduced. Ibid. xvi. 306. Comp. v. 391.
[14] Comp. Plate XXX. Fig. 1. and 6. and Carus. Introd. to Comp. Anat. i. 64.
[15] Lyonet Anatom. 100.
[16] Ibid. 101.
[17] Lyonet Anatom. 100. In man and the vertebrate animals, the medullary pulp is every where homogeneous; under the microscope it appears to consist of a number of minute conglomerated globules. M. Vauquelin has analysed it, and found it to contain, of water 80 parts; of albumen in a state of demicoagulation 7·0; of phosphorus 1·50; of osmazone 1·12; of a white and transparent oily matter 4·53; of a similar red do. 0·75; of a little sulphur and some salts 5·15. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 531—.
[18] Anat. 99.
[19] Malpigh. de Bombyc. 20. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 224. a.
[20] Anat. Comp. ii. 348.
[21] Lyonet Anat. 100. t. iv. f. 6. Sandwith Introd. 59—.
[22] Plate XXI. Fig. 1. 7. 8. a.
[23] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 527.
[24] Ibid. v. 591.
[25] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 318. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxix. f. 7. Herold Schmetterl. t. ii. f. 1-10. a.
[26] Cuv. Ibid. 322. 337.
[27] Cuv. Anat. Comp. 324.
[28] Arachnid. t. i. f. 13. m.m.
[29] Cuv. ubi supr. 343. 346. Treviranus Arachnid. t. v. f. 45. a. Plate XXI. Fig. 8. a.
[31] Cuv. ubi supr. 337.
[32] Plate XXI. Fig. 8. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 36. b.
[33] Arachnid. t. v. f. 45.
[34] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xliii. f. 7.
[35] Ibid. 112. a.
[36] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 337. 343—.
[37] Ibid. 336.
[38] Herold Schmetterl. t. ii. f. 1.
[39] Lyonet Anat. 98.
[40] Cuv. ubi supr. 342. Gaede N. Act. Acad. Cæs. XL. ii. 323. Cuv. Ibid. 351.
[41] Cuv. ubi. supr. 348.
[42] Treviranus Arachnid. t. v. f. 45.
[43] Plate XXI. Fig. 7. 8. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xliii. f. 7.
[45] Lyonet Anat. 100.
[46] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxii. 522—.
[47] Lyonet ubi supr. t. ix. f. 1-4.
[48] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 339. 343.
[50] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xl. f. 5. Cuvier (ii. 332.) accuses Swammerdam of representing the spinal marrow in this grub as producing nerves only on one side; whereas he expressly states (ii. 50. b.) that a considerable number spring on each side from the eleven ganglions, but that to avoid confusion he had omitted some.
[51] Cuv. ubi supr. 325.
[52] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xv. f. 6.
[53] Treviran. Arachnid. t. l. f. 13. 1-4.
[54] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xxii. f. 7.
[55] Treviran. ubi supr. t. v. f. 45.
[57] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 346.
[59] Cuv. ubi supr. 337.
[60] Ibid. 335—.
[61] Cuv. ubi supr. 348.
[62] Ibid. 320—.
[63] Ibid. 340—.
[64] Ibid. 338—.
[65] Gaede ubi supr.
[66] Cuv. ubi supr. 323—. 327—. Mr. Bauer (Phil. Trans. 1824. t. ii. f. 1.) has figured only seven, excluding the brain, in that of the silk-worm, and Malpighi (De Bombyc. t. vi. f. 2.) ten,—Swammerdam (Bibl. Nat. t. xxviii. f. 3.) however has twelve.
[67] Ibid. 326.
[68] Ibid. 352.
[69] Ibid. 343—.
[70] Ibid. 345.
[71] Ibid. 325—.
[72] Ibid. 351.
[73] Cuv. ubi supr. 339.
[74] Ibid. 335—.
[75] Lyonet Anat. 190.
[76] Cuv. ubi supr. ii. 340. Malpigh. de Bombyc. t. vi. f. 2.
[77] Cuv. Ibid. 348.
[78] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xlviii. f. 7.
[79] Cuv. Ibid. 319.
[80] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 420.
[81] Treviran, Arachnid. t. v. f. 45. m.
[82] Plate XXI. Fig. 1. 7. 8. d.
[83] Lyonet ubi supr. t. x. f. 5. 6.
[84] Ibid. 192.
[85] Cuv. ubi supr. 323. 335.
[86] Ibid. ii. 339.
[87] Ibid. 342.
[88] Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxii. f. 6. m.m.
[89] Cuv. ubi supr. 350.
[90] Ibid. 335.
[91] Vol. III. p. 495—. Lyonet. Anat. 581.
[92] Cuv. ubi supr. 337.
[93] Cuv. ubi supr. 351.
[94] Ibid. 352.
[95] Cuvier (Ibid. 319.) seems not to have been aware that Swammerdam was the first discoverer of these nerves, since he attributes their name to Lyonet.
[96] Bibl. Nat. i. 138. b. t. xxviii. f. 2. a, b, c. f. 3. g.
[97] Ubi supr. 578.
[98] Ubi supr. 320. 339, &c.
[99] Cuv. ubi supr. 349.
[100] Lyonet Anat. t. ix. x.
[101] Plate XXI. Fig. 8. Swamm. Bibl. Nat. t. xxii. f. 6.
[102] Ibid. t. xv. f. 6.
[104] Swamm. ubi supr. t. xliii. f. 7. h, h.
[106] In Mr. Bauer's figure (Philos. Trans. 1824. t. ii. f. 1.) no less than eighteen pairs of nerves are represented as issuing from the internodes; but it should seem as if in the specimen from which his figure was taken, several of the ganglions, perhaps from some injury received in the dissection, had become obliterated, while their nerves remained: yet still, even making allowance for these, many pairs will appear to take their origin from the spinal chord.
[107] Comp. Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 102-123.; with Swamm. Expl. of Plates XXXII. t. xxviii. f. 3. k.
[108] Malpighi seems, however, to agree with him. De Bombyc. t. vi. f. 1.
[109] Lyonet ubi supr. 201. t. ix. f. 1, 2. n. 1, 2. &c.
[110] Swamm. ubi supr. 1. 139. a. t. xxviii. f. 3. s, s.
[111] In Lesser Insecto-theol. ii. 84. note *.
[112] Linn. Trans. ii. 8. Aristotle had observed this vitality of insects, and that that of the myriapods is greatest. Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 7. De Respiratione, c. 3. Reptiles have also this faculty. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxix. 161.
[113] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 283—. These are named "the upper and lower cervical ganglions."
[114] Lyonet Anat. t. ix. x. Plate XXI. Fig. 1. a. b.
[116] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 47—. v. 592. xvi. 308—.
[118] Huber Fourmis, 260—. Reaum. vi. 172—.
[120] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 279—.
[121] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 319. 337.
[122] Ibid. ii. 322, 323—; 338. 339—.
[126] Herold Schmett. t. ii. f. 6.
[127] Ibid. t. ii. f. 7.
[131] Anat. Comp. ii. 348.
[132] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvi. 313. Comp. i. 420.
[139] Antommarchi's Last Days of Napoleon.
[140] Linn. Trans. xi. 393.
[143] Zoological Journal, no. i. 5.
[144] Anat. Compar. iv. 296.
[145] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. xi. c. 3. Even Aristotle seems to have given into the common opinion. De Respirat. c. 3, 9. &c.
[146] Philos. Trans. v. 2011. Works, 4to. i. 79, 112.
[147] Aristot. Hist. Animal. l. viii. c. 27.
[148] On Air and Fire, 148, 155.
[149] Tracts, 208.
[150] Mem. on Respirat. 75.
[151] Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.
[152] F. L. A. Sorg, Respirat. Insect. et Verm. Ellis, Inquiry into Chang. prod. on Atmosph. Air by Respirat. &c. 69.
[153] Ann. de Chimie, xii. 273.
[154] Sprengel, Commentar. &c. 27—.
[155] Plate XXIII. Fig. 2. and Plates VIII. IX. XVI. XXIX. c´,h´´, m´´, A´´, D´´.
[156] Moldenhawers (Anat. der Pflanz. 314—.) affirms that the spiracles of most insects are quite closed: but Sprengel (Commentar. § 8.) has satisfactorily refuted that opinion.
[158] Sprengel, Commentar. § 7.
[159] Ibid. t. iii. f. 30.
[162] Sprengel, 7. t. iii. f. 30.
[163] Ibid. t. ii. f. 22. t. iii. f. 29.
[165] Ibid. Fig. 16. Sprengel, Ibid. 9. t. 1. f. 4-6.
[166] Ibid. 9. t. i. f. 9.
[168] Sprengel, Ibid. t. iii. f. 27.
[169] Sprengel, Commentar. 7—.
[170] Sprengel, from whom I have borrowed this quotation, expresses the time by "scripulo horæ." This word is of uncertain meaning, being scarcely ever applied to time; but as it means the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, Faber conjectures it may mean the same portion of an hour.
[171] Sorg, Disquisit. circa respirat. insect. 27, 46, 66. Sprengel ubi supr. 11—.
[172] Chabrier sur le Vol des Ins. c. l. 454.
[173] Plate XXIX. Fig. 28. A´´.
[175] Sepp. I. iv. t. ii. f. 3.
[176] Ibid. t. xiv. f. 3.
[177] Ibid. t. v. f. 6, 7.
[178] Ibid. t. i. f. 7, 8.
[179] Ibid. t. x. f. 6, 7.
[180] Ibid. v. t. i. f. 3.
[181] Sphinx Labruscæ Merian Surinam. 34.
[182] Plate XXIX. Fig. 28. A´´.
[183] Swammerd. Bibl. Nat. t. xxvii. f. 5. Compare Sturm Deutsch. Fu. i. t. v. f. r.
[184] Plate XXIX. Fig. 12. c´.
[185] De Geer, i. 81. t. v. f. 10. f.
[186] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 459.
[187] Reaum. iv. 246. t. xix. f. 8. s.
[188] In this tribe, which I forgot to remark before, (see Vol. III. p. 549—.) there seems both prothorax and collar.
[189] Vol. III. p. 550, 559. &c.
[190] Plate VIII. Fig. 14. h´´.
[191] Plate XXIX. Fig. 14, 15. m´´.
[195] Chabrier sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. t. vi. f. 4. Sa, Sp.
[200] Sprengel, Comment. 3.
[201] Ibid.
[202] vi. 398.
[203] De Geer, ii. 635.
[204] Fourmis, 22.
[205] Osservaz. &c. sullo Iulus fœtid. 14—.
[206] They are particularly visible in an undescribed East Indian species, (S. alternata K. M. S.) with scuta alternately black and yellow.
[207] Plate XXIX. Fig. 20. A´´.
[208] De Geer, vii. t. vi. f. 3.
[210] De Geer vi. 67. t. iii. f. 10. ss. 14. Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser. No. 9. 178.) says that in this grub the longitudinal trunks of the Tracheæ send off at equal distances lateral branches just as if there were spiracula to correspond with them. This is evidently a preparatory step to the formation of those that ultimately appear in the perfect insect.
[211] De Geer 66. t. iii. f. 13.
[213] Reaum. iv. 375—. t. xxvi. f. 7, 8.
[214] Ibid. 555. t. xxxv. f. 10. ss.
[215] Ibid. 519—. t. xxxvii. f. 3, 4.
[216] Plates XVI. Fig. 9. a b. XIX. Fig. 9, 10, 12, 13. a. XXIX. Fig. 3-7.
[219] Compare Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 154. t. xxxi. f. 5. Reaum. iv. 601—. t. xliii. De Geer vi. 317—. t. xvii. f. 2-8.
[220] Swamm. Ibid. t. xxxi. f. 7, 8.
[221] Reaum. iv. 607.
[223] Reaum. iv. t. xxxii. f. 2. e.
[224] Mr. W. S. MacLeay (Philos. Mag. N. Ser. n. 9. 179.) asserts that what Reaumur (iv. 487. t. xxx. f. 6. ll) calls the first pair of legs of this grub, are the usual palmated stigmata which occur on the humerus of the larvæ of Muscidæ. It does not appear whether he has himself examined this grub, but Reaumur (443) states that it has seven pairs of legs all armed with claws. If this is correct, it is not properly a palmated organ.
[225] Reaum. iv. t. xxx. f. 10.
[226] Reaum. iv. t. xxx. f. 447—.
[227] Ibid. 456. t. xxxi. f. 1-7.
[229] Bibl. Nat. ii. 44.
[231] Reaum. v. t. iv. f. 6. s, u.
[233] De Geer vi. 395—. t. xxiv. f. 16. 18. d.
[234] v. t. vi. f. 1, 2.
[235] De Geer iii. 367. t. xviii. f. 1, 2, 9.
[236] Ibid. vi. 36. 194—. t. ii. f. 2, 3. s.
[237] Plate XVI. Fig. 9. a. b.
[238] De Geer ii. 539—. t. xi. f. 12, 16, &c.
[239] De Geer i. 526—. t. xxxvii. f. 2-6.
[240] Ibid. iv. 362—. t. xiii. f. 16-19.
[241] Vol. I. p. 282—. II. 365—.
[242] See Reaum. vi. t. xlii.—xlvi. and Plate XXIX. Fig. 3-5.
[243] Reaum. Ibid. t. xlv. f. 2.
[244] Plate XXIX. Fig. 5. De Geer ii. 624—.
[245] Ibid. Fig. 4. De Geer Ibid. 647—.
[246] Ibid. Fig. 3. De Geer Ibid. 653—.
[247] Ibid. Fig. 6. De Geer Ibid. 727—.
[248] Reaum. vi. 465.
[249] Ibid. t. xlii. f. 4, 5. De Geer ii. 623.
[250] Ibid. 648. t. xvii. f. 11, 12.
[251] Vol. III. p. 154. De Geer ii. 697—. t. xxi. f. 4, 5, 12.
[252] De Geer Ibid. 666—. t. xix. f. 6.
[253] Reaum. vi. 393. t. xxxvi. f. 8, 9. t. t.
[254] Reaum. vi. 395. t. xxxvi. f. 8-9. c. c.
[256] Marcel de Serres (Mem. du Mus. 1819. 137, &c.) calls the tubular tracheæ that receive the air, arterial tracheæ, and the vesicular ones which act as reservoirs, pulmonary tracheæ.